单株立木材积测定方法的研究

单株立木材积的测定对林业生产和科学研究工作有着重要的作用,主要的测定方法是通过胸径、树高、上部直径或上部直径的高度来计算干形指数,然后计算单株立木材积。而不同的方法所用上部直径不同。本文用5个树种的解析木,分别对较常见的5种测定方法的测定精度进行了研究。得出的结论为:3/4形点法、0 5形点法、胸高形率法精度较高,绝对形率法、望高法精度较低。建议对干形饱满的树种采用3/4形点法、0 5形点法;对干形尖削的树种采用0 5形点法、胸高形率法。     

DQS—1A无标尺测树仪在累高法测定立木材积应用中的探讨

1 引言DQS—1A 无标尺测树仪研制成功以来,解决了立木上部直径测定的许多问题,促进了干形及立木材积测定方法的应用,收到了良好的效果。但是,该测树仪由于机理限制,仍不能直接应用到望高法、累高法等测定立木材积的方法中,其原因是:该仪器测定上部直径是由透镜中的分划刻度格数确定的,而每一格的格值又必须由测视距离确     

马尾松望高和树高相关关系的研究

望高是良好的干形指标和树干材积指标,用望高-树高相关关系式代入望高法求积式导出二元立木材积式是一种简便、易行和有效的方法。本文研究的马尾松望高H_R=1.0447929+0.577728 332H(r=0.9880)的平均误差为-1.4％,导出的二元立木材积式V=0.385g(H+3)=0.000030d~2(H+3)的平均误差为-1.49％,不仅克服了测定望高的困难,还可以提高二元立木材积式的精度。     

测定单株立木材积的形点法

为了测定单株立木材积,普雷斯勒提出了望高法。其优点是简便易行,缺点是望点较高,通视较差,观测困难,且实际误差较大。希费尔提出了胸高形率法,琼森提出了绝对形率法。它们的优点是精度高,缺点是测定中央直径较麻烦。受上述方法的启示,根据干形特点,我们提出了形点法。用林分速测镜即可简便容易地测出较精确的立木材积。一、形点法的测树原理和方法 (一)基本原理令胸径为D,树高为h,胸高(1.3m)以上树干某点直径为aD(0<α<1),干顶到aD点的干长为h_1,aD到D点的干长为h_2。按孔兹干曲线式y~2=px~r有     

马尾松望高和树高相关关系的研究

望高是良好的干形指标和树干材织指标，用望高－树高相关关系式代入望高法求积式导出二元立木材积式是一种简便、易行和有效的方法。     

水杉幼林立木干形指标调查简报

形率和形数是测算立木材积的两个主要干形指标。为了比较水杉幼林材积的生产水平,我们对水杉幼林的两个主要干形指标——形率和形数进行了调查和测算,大大方便了立木材积的计算,现将结果整理如下。1 调查方法调查在1986年以来营造的687ha 水杉速生丰产林内进行,选设8块标准地,总株数为1667株,调查株数共254株,占标准地总株数的15%。     

改进望高法测定立木材积的意见

望高法(德国普雷斯勒,1855)测定单株立木材积,虽被沿用至今,但其望点处的直径因树冠或枝条影响测量而得不到广泛应用。通过对望高法的研究,我们认为,望点处的直径只要便于测量,不一定是胸高直径的一半,于是将所测到的直径称可测径(dk),将可测径距树干基部的部位称可测高(hk)(可测径和可测高可用林分速测镜、DCW—300型     

枝下高与树干干形关系的研究

该文利用3块桦树标准地的79棵标准木和3块山杨标准地的70棵标准木材料,研究了2个树种枝下高与干形指标间的关系。结果表明:山杨与桦树的带皮和去皮干形指标虽然有差别,但是差别并不明显。桦树和山杨带皮和去皮的胸高形数和胸高形率均随枝下高的增加而逐渐变小,也有一定的波动性。     

林木干形变化规律的研究

利用450株桦树标准木和63株落叶松标准木材料对林木的干形进行了研究,旨在探索林木干形的变化规律,为林木材积的测算提供理论依据。结果表明,林木的各干形指标均因径阶的不同而不同,并且胸高形数和胸高形率均随直径的增大而又变小的趋势。     

用DQL－1型测树罗盘仪进行立木不等分区分求积的方法

本文提出了一种利用ＤＱＬ—１型测树罗盘仪测定立木材积的不等分区分法。说明了测定原理和测定过程。利用该法测定立木材积，不需实测仪器到树木的实际距离，高度和直径测量准确．区分段数目相同时，该法测定精度要高于等长区分法。该法具有操作简单、实用性强的特点，值得推广应用。     

基于树木望高比的材积计算方法研究

分析望高法计算树木材积的原理、适用范围,但因为望高点可能被遮挡,以及测望高效率较低问题,尝试用树高代替望高进行求积。为此,在利用既有解析木的有效数据研究形率系列（q）和形状指数（r）的基础上,提出了直接测算望高比（B）的方法,解决了测望高（h_R）较为困难及效率较低的问题。     

帽儿山地区山杨次生林林木竞争关系的研究

基于山杨（Poptdus davidianaD．）次生林固定标准地M712、M720的每木检尺数据,采用Hegyi单木竞争指数对帽儿山林场天然山杨次生林的种内、种间竞争强度进行定量分析。研究结果表明：山杨次生林林木所受到的竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小。山杨次生林种内竞争较与伴生树种枫桦的种间竞争弱。山杨次生林种内和种间竞争强度的顺序为：枫桦〉白桦〉蒙古栎〉杏树〉黄菠萝〉山杨〉胡桃楸〉槭树〉榆树〉水曲柳〉椴树〉暴马丁香〉桦树〉花楸〉花曲柳〉色木。     

冀北山地不同树种组成桦木林枯落物及土壤水文效应

为弄清不同树种组成的林分对林地枯落物及土壤持水能力的影响,采用浸泡法和双环法对冀北山地5种不同树种组成的桦木林进行研究,结果表明:1林地枯落物半分解层储量均大于未分解层,总储量变化范围为12.85~20.87t/hm~2,白桦纯林储量最大,阔叶混交林最小;2枯落物最大持水量变化范围为73.27~106.99t/hm~2,有效拦蓄量变化范围为59.22~81.86t/hm~2,均为杨桦混交林最大、落桦混交林最小;3枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈对数关系,随时间推移逐渐增大,而吸水速率与浸泡时间呈指数关系,随浸泡时间推移而逐渐下降;4土壤容重是油松白桦林最大、杨桦混交林最小,总孔隙度是杨桦混交林最大(60.66%)、阔叶混交林次之(59.31%)、油松白桦林最小(45.43%),土壤最大持水量和有效持水量均是杨桦混交林最大、阔叶混交林次之、油松白桦林最小;5土壤入渗速率和入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系。综合来看,杨桦混交林和阔叶混交林枯落物和土壤持水能力较强。     

大叶山杨引种育苗试验研究

大叶山杨是吉林市林科所从长白山地区的山杨种群中选育出来的优良变种，该树种上具有生长迅速、成材早、耐寒、耐瘠簿、适宜地山地生长等优良特性。阜新地区为了丰富山地造要的树种资源，进行了引种育苗试验。结果表明，１年生播种苗和２年生移植苗均表现出原产地原种的优良特性，１年生苗高和地径分别比省标高出８０％和５３％，苗木合格率达９４％；１年生苗总干重大于标准４０．３％，根茎的干重比达１．５６，比一般苗木高出４２     

An improved technique for non-destructive measurement of the stem volume of standing wood

An improved technique, cheaper and less time-consuming, to measure standing wood volume by using an electronic theodolite was tested, by which greater information from the forest could be acquired accurately and non-destructively. This was achieved by recording the diameter at breast height and ground-level diameter of a tree as well as the included angle between the electronic theodolite and the left and right tangents of the stem at any point. The standing wood volume then was computed precisely by section. In addition, the factors that influence the precision of the method (observable distance and number of segments) were also analysed. In the study, 175 Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. trees and 190 Populus tomentosa Carrière trees chosen randomly for sampling were measured with the electronic theodolite, and then were cut down for measurement of the average cross-section volume. Based on the data acquired from 100 sample trees, a standard volume table was compiled, and then the data for the remaining random 10 sample trees in each group were selected for a comparison test. The results indicated that the optimal distance for indirect observation should be as high as the sample tree, and the optimal visual distinguished section was about 2?m. The correlation coefficient between the value measured non-destructively and the value of the felled trees of L. gmelinii was 0.97, with an average relative error of 1.62%. With regard to P. tomentosa, the correlation coefficient between the two values obtained by the two methods was 0.905 with an average relative error of 8.40%. It was concluded that the standard volume model based on the non-destructive measurement technique meets the requirements for precision in forest surveys. The precision of the standard volume model for L. gmelinii (a coniferous tree) was superior to that of the model for P. tomentosa (a broad-leaved tree). The electronic theodolite method provides an alternative technique for measuring trees without destructive sampling and is widely applicable for forest surveys.     

利用伐根估算杨树立木材积方法研究

通过对小黑杨的伐根直径、立木地径和胸径的大量调查和回归分析,估算小黑杨伐根的立木材积。建立了小黑杨的伐根直径与胸径的经验方程,制定了小黑杨的伐根立木材积表,为杨树利用伐根估算立木材积提供借鉴方法。     

庞泉沟自然保护区主要树种直径正态分布拟合研究

通过对庞泉沟自然保护区的华北落叶松、油松、山杨、白桦和辽东栎5种主要树种直径实测调查,利用χ2检验及曲线分布趋势来确定它们总体分布是否服从正态分布。对于服从正态分布的树种利用极大似然估计和最优同变估计对未知参数进行估计。分析和比较得知,最优同变估计对未知参数进行估计能使正态分布在林分直径分布拟合中更为精确。结果表明:华北落叶松、油松、山杨、白桦的直径服从正态分布,而辽东栎不服从正态分布。并对该区服从正态分布的树种直径总体进行了动态预测。     

Changes in stem taper for birch plants growing in tree shelters

Plantings with pendula (Betula pendula Roth) and pubescent (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) birches were studied on five localities (Lat. 57–60 ° N) in Sweden. Seedlings were planted in 1988 or 1989. The experiment contained 50 plants per parcel and five replications per treatment. Among treatments harrowed area and birches covered with tree shelter were included. In spring 1993 five plants growing on harrowed area, with and without tree shelter, respectively were randomly chosen on each parcel. A total of 25 birches per treatment, species and locality were used. The trial was replicated in 1994 and 1995. The plant height was estimated and diameter at 20 and 60% of tree height was measured each year for 4 yr. The stem taper was calculated by the quotient D₆₀/D₂₀. The stem taper for birches without tree shelter was 0.5 for both species on all localities. The quotients for birches, which have grown in tree shelter, were 0.6–0.75 the first years of the trial. Then the quotients decreased and 2–3 years later they were on the same level as for birches planted without tree shelters. The results of the studies indicate that tree shelters should be removed two to three years after the plant has reached the top of the shelter. The height of the tree shelter might be shortened to 0.8–1.0 m to stabilise the plant earlier than with the conventional shelter height of 1.2 m.     

兴隆山保护区山杨生长规律研究

在兴隆山保护区,实测105棵山杨的15年胸径数据统计分析得出:山杨平均胸径年增长0.15 cm,生长较慢.生长受树龄、气候和立地条件制约.