福建耕地土壤磷素富集空间差异及其影响因素

利用1∶250 000福建省耕地土壤类型空间数据库以及1982年1 676个和2008年200 322个耕地土壤调查样点数据资料,借助GIS技术与灰色关联分析模型,探讨了26年间研究区耕地耕层土壤有效磷富集程度空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明:26年来福建省耕地土壤有效磷呈明显富集趋势,全省92.81%的耕地有效磷处于不同程度富集状态,有效磷平均富集量和年均富集率分别高达24.38 mg?kg-1和10.01%,并呈较明显的空间差异。地处南亚热带的厦门市耕地有效磷富集程度最大,中亚热带的南平市富集程度最小;有效磷富集程度较高的土类为紫色土、潮土、水稻土和赤红壤,较小的土类为滨海盐土和石灰土;富集程度较大的亚类包括淹育水稻土、灰潮土和漂洗水稻土,较小的亚类包括棕色石灰土和滨海盐土。研究区耕地土壤磷素富集及其空间差异主要受年均磷肥施用量、p H、年均气温和土壤黏粒含量显著影响,灰色关联系数0.722。根据研究区耕地土壤磷素富集程度及其空间差异制定磷肥优化管理措施是十分必要的。     

重庆市潼南区耕地质量现状及应对措施建议

2015年,重庆市潼南区一、二等地面积有221.646 km~2,占全区耕地面积的30%,三、四、五等地面积有517.861 km~2,占全区耕地面积的70%,耕地质量状况处于较低水平。2015年与第二次土壤普查相比:1)土壤pH值有所改善;2)耕层有机质含量呈略升趋势;3)耕层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量有所增加。提出应对措施:大力推进高标准农田建设;调整农业产业结构,实行耕制改革;有机无机肥结合,减少化肥用量;推广测土配方施肥技术,改变农民传统施肥习惯;搞好污染治理工作,确保耕地可持续生产能力;严格实施耕地质量管理,加强质量监测体系建设;加大投入,完善监测机制;大力宣传,增强全民保护耕地意识;完善耕地保护法律,增强法律对耕地保护的严肃性。     

基于高精度土壤数据库的福建省耕地磷储量估算研究

准确估算农田土壤磷密度及储量可为区域养分的科学管理提供理论依据。本研究以位于我国亚热带地区的福建省耕地为研究区,分别在全省9个地级市分别选取1个典型县(厦门市同安区、泉州市安溪县、莆田市城厢区、漳州市龙海市、三明市三元梅列区、南平市的浦城县、宁德市蕉城区、龙岩市永定县和福州市连江县),利用这些县2008年农业部测土配方施肥项目29695个实测样点建立的1∶5万土壤数据库,以及利用尺度上推的方法估算了全省耕层土壤(0～15 cm)全磷和有效磷密度及储量。结果表明:福建省耕层土壤全磷储量达到2279 Gg(1 Gg=109g),密度为1140 g m-3,而有效磷储量达到92 Gg,密度为46 g m-3;其中,分布面积最广的水稻土全磷和有效磷储量最大,分别为2056 Gg和84 Gg,占全省耕地总储量的90%和91%。进一步的生态风险评估表明,福建省69%的水稻土已达到或超过磷素富集风险值(20～50 mg kg-1),流失负荷大,污染风险高,以潴育水稻土和渗育水稻土亚类最为明显。因此,今后将面积较大而磷含量高的潴育水稻土和渗育水稻土作为磷素生态风险重点防治对象,并适度降低磷肥施用强度是十分必要的。     

珠江三角洲平原土壤磷剖面分布及形态特征研究

以珠江三角洲平原由三角洲沉积物、河流沉积物和滨海沉积物发育形成的水耕人为土(水稻土)为对象,研究了水田、果园、菜地3种利用方式下不同发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有机磷(Po)、有效磷(AP)、无机磷(Pi)组分的含量和剖面分布特征,并利用液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术测定了耕层土壤中磷形态分布。结果表明,珠江三角洲平原农田土壤全磷、有机磷、有效磷和各形态无机磷含量随土层深度增加呈减小的趋势,耕层土壤中全磷、有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P明显富集;菜地和果园耕层土壤中全磷、有效磷、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P含量均高于水田。土壤磷素以无机磷形态为主,无机磷、有机磷占全磷比例平均值分别为71.3%和28.7%。土壤无机磷组分以O-P和Fe-P为主,Al-P最低。Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、O-P与全磷呈极显著或显著正相关,有效磷与Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、全磷呈极显著正相关;Fe-P和Al-P是土壤有效磷的主要贡献者。31P-NMR结果表明,耕层土壤磷形态均以正磷酸盐为主;土地利用方式影响土壤磷组分,菜地耕层土壤中磷形态包括正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯和焦磷酸盐,水田和果园包括正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐;水田土壤中正磷酸盐所占比例最低,磷酸单酯和磷酸二酯所占比例最高;成土母质对水田耕层土壤各形态磷所占比例影响很小。     

紫色土坡耕地侵蚀耕层土壤养分变化特征

通过设置侵蚀模拟小区,研究紫色土坡耕地耕层质量退化过程中土壤养分的变化特征。以三峡库区紫色土坡耕地侵蚀耕层土壤为研究对象,基于铲土侵蚀模拟法建立5种侵蚀程度(0,5,10,15,20 cm)和2种管理措施[不施肥(CK)、常规耕作(F)]的原位试验,采用田间原位检测、土壤化学性质分析等手段,对常规耕作侵蚀耕层土壤养分的恢复效应和土壤养分的年际变化趋势进行研究。结果表明：(1)耕层土壤养分各项指标均表现为F>CK,表明F较CK改善土壤养分效果较好,且对有机质、全氮和有效磷改善效果明显。(2)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤养分主要富集在0—20 cm表土层,整体随侵蚀程度加剧,随剖面呈下降的趋势,F下0—30 cm土层土壤养分含量增加明显,对10—20 cm土层有机质含量增幅效果最优。(3)经过连续4年的定位试验,CK下有机质、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较背景值增长4.33%～15.89%,全氮含量较背景值无明显变化,全磷含量较背景值降低11.78%;F土壤养分含量较背景值增长4.51%～49.46%。研究成果可为坡耕地合理耕层调控途径、提高土地生产力提供基础参数。     

宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属含量及其潜在生态风险评价

以调查宿州市矿区与耕地土壤的重金属污染状况数据为基础,按照有关标准和方法,对宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果表明:宿州市矿区土壤重金属含量均值除Pb外,其它都大于耕地,且Hg、Cr含量远远超过耕地;从单因子污染指数看,矿区土壤重金属污染主要是Hg、Cr的污染,而耕地整体状况良好;从内梅罗综合污染指数的均值来看,矿区土壤全部被污染,耕地仅有6%中度污染,8%轻度污染;从潜在生态风险指数来看,矿区土壤属于中等风险等级,耕地属于低风险等级,各重金属元素对矿区土壤潜在生态风险贡献大小顺序为:矿区土壤Hg>Cd>As>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb,Hg潜在生态风险最大。     

近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化

【目的】磷是限制黄土高原地区农业生产的重要元素,研究黄土高原已治理小流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化对该区耕地的评价与管理有着重要的指导意义。【方法】在实地调查研究的基础上,通过细致试验、微观分析和流域信息反馈检验,在不同时间、空间尺度上,计算整理归纳了近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的变异性,并对引起变异的有关因素进行了分析。【结果】从时间上看,近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤全磷含量呈现加速下降趋势,有效磷含量呈现先上升后下降的波动变化。土壤全磷含量随时间的变异与作物产量和施磷量的改变有关,1980—1998年耕地施用农家肥和磷肥较多,土壤磷的“输入”与“输出”较平衡,土壤全磷含量稳定在1.31~1.34g/kg之间;1998—2015年农家肥和磷肥投入减少,氮肥和复合肥投入增多,农作物产量持续增加,土壤全磷含量降低了27.1%。土壤有效磷含量的时间变异与施肥结构和速效磷肥施用量的改变有关,1980—2004年耕地速效磷肥的投入量增加了120kg/hm^2,土壤有效磷含量随之提高了2.6倍;2004—2015年由于施肥结构改变,速效磷肥的投入量减少,土壤碱性增强,土壤有效磷含量降低了24.7%。从空间上看,土壤磷素含量的空间变异主要受土壤侵蚀和土地管理的综合影响。均整坡耕地上土壤磷素含量呈现坡上<坡下,全坡面断面上呈现塬地>塬畔地>沟底地>沟坡地,全流域呈现平耕地>坡耕地>新修梯田。整坡耕地上土壤侵蚀使径流挟带泥沙和养分顺坡单向迁移,因为有效磷的迁移性比全磷强,所以差异性为有效磷>全磷;全坡面断面上靠近分水岭的塬地由于靠近居民区管理较为精细,土壤培肥程度高,土壤有效磷含量比其他位置耕地高出1倍以上;通过治理,全流域耕地的地形条件差异逐渐缩小,梯田面积由1980年的100hm^2增加至现在的250hm^2,坡耕地面积由1980年的250hm^2降低到现在的50hm^2;新修梯田由于受到土壤扰动的影响,其土壤磷素含量接近母质,比老梯田和坡耕地低。【结论】流域经历近20年的治理和10年以上的社会化自由管理,耕地土壤全磷含量呈现降低的趋势,土壤有效磷含量依然主要依赖于速效磷肥的补给,这将是流域农业发展的重大隐患。随着农村劳动力的季节性流动,耕地利用管理需要在省工省时的基础上得到优化,调整施肥结构,实现集约化经营将是今后该区农业发展的重要方向。     

江苏如皋市农田土壤速效钾时空变化与平衡施肥技术研究

通过分析江苏省如皋市1982年~2002年耕层土壤速效钾含量,研究了农田土壤速效钾时空变化及水稻钾肥适宜用量。结果表明,20年间该市耕层土壤速效钾含量已发生明显变化。2002年含量仅为50.51mg kg-1,比1982年降低了5.5mg kg-1,降低9.80%。耕地速效钾含量分级已从20年前的以Ⅳ、Ⅴ为级为主转变为Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级为主,60%以上的耕地面积已发生速效钾缺乏现象。土壤肥力动态监测结果表明,随着秸秆还田和平衡施肥技术的逐步推广,速效钾快速下降势头得到有效遏止,下降速度趋缓。     

黑龙江海伦市农田土壤重金属与磷素含量的特征研究

海伦市是以农业为主导产业的黑龙江省县级市,为了解该市土壤重金属及磷素现状,2008年采集了农田耕层土样95个、亚耕层土样95个和土壤剖面分层土样92个,分析了其中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni等重金属全量和磷的含量。在前期结果的基础上,2009年又选取8个土壤剖面来进一步研究磷在垂直深度上的分布特征。结果表明,该市耕层土壤重金属含量总体较低,与松嫩平原土壤元素背景值相比较,出现一定程度的富集。与第二次土壤普查结果相比较,有效磷的富集趋势明显。从空间分布图上可以看出总磷和有效磷的分布与重金属的分布呈现了完全不同的趋势,重金属主要来源可能来自土壤母质,化学磷肥对重金属的含量有一定影响,但不是主要因素。大量施加磷肥也是该地区有效磷大幅增加的主要原因之一。重金属和磷含量随着土层的加深都呈现先下降再上升的趋势,有效磷的含量在各发生层差异比较明显。进一步的磷剖面结果显示:有效磷和水溶磷含量总体趋势是随着深度的增加都先急剧下降,表层磷富集趋势明显,并有向下迁移的趋势,随后呈现含量稳定、缓慢上升或者巨大波动3种趋势,这与耕作历史、耕作方式及所种植的作物类型等有关。     

潮土区农田土壤肥力的变化趋势

自1986年起,农业部全国农业技术推广服务中心在全国典型潮土区开展了耕地土壤的肥力动态监测,以了解潮土区耕地地力的动态变化趋势。1987～2006年的土壤肥力动态监测结果表明,潮土区土壤有机质和全氮含量均有所增加,1987～1997年全国潮土区土壤有机质和全氮含量年均分别增加2.04%和2.59%;1998～2006年全国潮土区土壤有机质含量年均分别增加0.62%,全氮含量年均降低0.39%;土壤有效磷和速效钾含量年均增加0.77%～1.47%和1.61%～2.73%;土壤pH值降低0.28个单位,有酸化的趋势。随着潮土区土壤有效磷和速效钾含量的快速上升,说明可以适当降低磷、钾肥的施用量。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.