光叶紫花苕的营养价值与饲用价值研究

研究测定了光叶紫花苕Vicia villosa routh var.的营养成分含量和消化能(牛、猪)、代谢能(鸡)能值,并进行了饲养试验.结果表明,紫花苕干物质中粗蛋白含量在20%以上,氨基酸、矿物质、维生素比较丰富,消化能分别为DE(牛)12.4 MJ/kg,DE(猪)11.9 MJ/kg,ME(鸡)10.7 MJ/kg;在肉牛精料中用紫花苕草粉代替全部麦麸,平均日增重增加92 g/d(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高9.5%;在肉猪日粮中用紫花苕草粉代替20%配合饲料,平均日增重增加81 g/d(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高13.16%;在肉鸡日粮中用紫花苕草粉代替10%～15%配合饲料,平均每只增重提高252 g/只(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高12.8%.从而认为紫花苕草粉且有较高的饲用价值.     

喀斯特山区肉牛育肥技术研究

作者结合喀斯特山区草地资源特点，研究肉牛育肥养殖模式，随机选择45头西杂2代肉牛，分成3个组进行60 d的育肥试验。结果表明全草型育肥组肉牛增重饲草饲料成本最低，为5.08元/kg，而精料育肥组成本达到7.48元/kg，对照组达5.72元/kg；全草型育肥组平均日增重为1.06 kg，比对照组提高39%的增长幅率。     

架子牛育肥补饲配合精料配方筛选试验

为了筛选出适合攀枝花地区肉牛圈养模式下架子牛育肥补饲配合精料配方,试验选择12~15月龄、体重250 kg左右的健康西杂牛24头,随机分成3组,开展架子牛育肥补饲配合精料配方筛选试验。结果表明:经45 d的育肥,1,2,3组增重差异极显著(P0.01);1,2,3组增重1 kg头均饲料成本分别为15.30元、13.30元、19.80元,头均纯收入分别为369.9元、513.6元、178.2元,其中2组在增重效果、饲料报酬、经济效益方面均优于1,3组。说明2号精料配方是西杂肉牛育肥较为理想的配合精料配方。     

反刍动物用微生态制剂对西杂肉牛育肥效果的影响

[目的]为了降低肉牛育肥饲养成本,研究反刍动物用微生态制剂对西杂肉牛育肥增重的效果。[方法]试验选择了体况基本相同的西杂公牛24头,采用随机区组设计将牛分为对照组,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组在精饲料中加入0.2%的反刍动物用微生态制剂,试验Ⅱ组在精饲料中加入0.4%的反刍动物用微生态制剂,试验Ⅲ组在精饲料中加入0.6%的反刍动物用微生态制剂,对肉牛进行90天育肥试验后,统计分析增重效果和经济效益。[结果](1)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组对照组相比日增重显著提高(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组相比日增重显著提高(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅱ组相比日增重效果不明显(P0.05).(2)所有试验组肉牛的日增重均高于对照组,其中精料中加入0.4%的反刍动物用微生态制剂时头均日盈利19.13元,比对照组高4.66元,经济效益最好。[结论]反刍动物用微生态制剂在西杂肉牛育肥中可提高饲料的消化利用率,降低肉牛育肥成本,提高肉牛养殖效益。     

紫花苜蓿草粉替代部分精料饲喂舍饲育肥肉牛试验

[目的]为了在舍饲育肥肉牛精料中找到合适的紫花苜蓿草粉替代量,降低饲养成本。[方法]将20%、15%、10%的紫花苜蓿草粉分别替代试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组中等量的精料,Ⅳ组(对照组)不添加苜蓿草粉,舍饲育肥肉牛。[结果]表明:在相同量的精料饲喂条件下,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(对照组)日采食粗料的量分别为3.65kg、3.62kg、3.51kg和3.54kg,日采食粗料量Ⅰ组Ⅱ组Ⅳ组(对照组)Ⅲ组;经过50d的试验,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(对照组)增重分别为60.5kg、59.5kg、56.5kg和57.5kg,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比Ⅳ组对照组分别提高3.3%、2.4%和-1.6%;育肥牛每增重1kg体重,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(对照组)饲料成本总计分别为7.33元、7.49元、7.87元和7.99元。[结论]用15%～20%的紫花苜蓿草粉来替代等同量的精料舍饲育肥肉牛,可以降低肉牛饲养成本,提高经济效益。     

光叶紫花苕对杂交肉牛生长代谢的影响研究

试验测定了用紫花苕作为精料原料喂养的杂交牛血液生化指标,并与肉牛增重与饲料利用率进行比较分析。结果表明:试验1组血清总蛋白含量和谷草转氨酶比对照组高3.95%(P0.05)和7.38%(P0.05),而谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量分别比对照组低34.33%(P0.01)和9.24%(P0.05),增重比对照组高9.4%(日增重1 070∶978,P0.05),饲料干物质消耗减低7.5%(饲料干物质采食量/增重5.7∶6.3,P0.05);试验2组血清总蛋白含量比对照组高18.58%(P0.05),谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量最低,分别比对照组低30.04%(P0.01)、19.72%(P0.05)和28.76%(P0.01),增重比对照组高18.4%(平均日增重1 153∶978,P0.01),饲料干物质消耗降低18.9%(饲料干物质采食量/增重5.3∶6.3,P0.01)。从而认为,血清总蛋白,谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量与杂交肉牛的增重和饲料利用率有关。血清总蛋白含量高,谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量低,肉牛的增重速度快,饲料转化率高,在肉牛精料中采用30%的紫花苕草粉有提高血清总蛋白含量,降低谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶含量,提高增重和饲料利用率的作用。如果精料中加入适当的油脂,这一效果更明显。     

精补料豆粕添加量对西杂肉牛育肥性能和成本的影响

选择48头体重相近[(220.42±30.86)kg]的8~10月龄西门塔尔杂交肉牛随机分为4个试验组,饲喂添加从0%到18%豆粕的4组等蛋白、等能量的玉米干酒精糟+玉米精补料,探讨4组不同豆粕添加量的精补料饲喂杂交肉牛的育肥性能和成本。133 d育肥试验的结果表明,饲喂0%和5%豆粕精补料的杂交肉牛增重和料重比均优于饲喂18%豆粕精补料的杂交肉牛;单位增重成本均低于18%豆粕精补料,分别降低了13.01%和10.59%;饲喂0%和5%豆粕精补料的各项试验指标最好,饲喂13%豆粕精补料的较差,饲喂18%豆粕精补料的最差(P0.05、P0.01)。显著性差异来自线性效应。由此,随着提高精补料豆粕添加量,西杂肉牛没有改善总增重和日增重、料重比及体增重成本,精补料蛋白质品质对肉牛育肥性能作用甚微;通过比较肉牛育肥效果和成本,玉米干酒精糟(DDGS)是豆粕最佳替代蛋白饲料。     

菜籽粕代替豆粕作蛋白质原料对杂交牛育肥增重效果观察

为充分开发利用我省丰富的菜籽粕饲料资源,降低肉牛的生产成本,给我省的肉牛饲料生产提供科学依据,我们用西门塔尔杂交牛开展了为期60 d的短期育肥试验。结果显示:用菜籽粕取代豆粕后,菜籽粕组与豆粕组60 d平均总增重都在76 kg左右,日增重均达到1.27 kg左右,增重并未受到影响,而饲养成本的投入菜籽粕组可减少10%左右。     

不同蛋白源饲料对杂交肉牛的育肥性能和产肉效益的影响

为了分析不同蛋白源饲料对肉牛生产性能的影响,选择40头体重相近(415.4±38.0)kg的周岁杂交肉牛,随机分为4个试验组,分别饲喂豆粕、玉米酒糟(DDGS)、棉粕和尿素为单一蛋白源饲料的4组精补料,经过187d育肥试验之后屠宰,探讨不同蛋白源饲料饲喂杂交肉牛的育肥性能和产肉效益。结果表明:饲喂DDGS组和豆粕组的杂交肉牛全期日增重分别为1.23kg和1.21kg,精料重比分别为4.54和4.60,而尿素组依次为0.92kg和6.24;饲喂DDGS组和豆粕组的杂交肉牛净肉率分别为47.15%和46.32%,肉骨比分别为4.80和4.78,而尿素组依次为45.59%和4.30(P0.05);饲喂棉粕组的杂交肉牛育肥和产肉指标略低于DDGS组和豆粕组(P0.05)。尿素组在育肥和产肉指标最差、在血清转氨酶和蛋白质代谢指标不占优势,而棉粕组的牛胴体三项肉色指标最差(P0.05)。试验结果表明,在相同能量和蛋白质水平条件下,提高饲料必需氨基酸浓度有助于提高杂交肉牛育肥性能、产肉量和产肉效益;尿素和棉粕不适宜作为杂交肉牛育肥的唯一蛋白源饲料;试验期延长可以确保稳定的试验结果。     

木薯秸秆粉对舍饲山羊育肥饲喂效果

试验选用40头体重为16kg左右的努隆杂一代黑山羊,随机分为5个组,每个组8只,组Ⅰ[精料(60%)+杂交臂形草粉(40%)]为对照组,组Ⅱ[(精料(60%)+木薯秸秆粉(10%)+杂交臂形草粉(30%)]、组Ⅲ[(精料(60%)+木薯秸秆粉(20%)+杂交臂形草粉(20%)]、组Ⅳ[(精料(60%)+木薯秸秆粉(30%)+杂交臂形草粉(10%)]和组Ⅴ[(精料(60%)+木薯秸秆粉(40%)]为试验组,试验期为60d。采用协方差分析来校正受试山羊始重差异,通过测定木薯秸秆粉代替不同比例杂交臂形草粉对舍饲努隆杂一代黑山羊育肥饲喂效果的影响,确定木薯秸秆粉代替杂交臂形草粉的可行性。结果表明。通过Lsmeans程序处理后,试验各组的增重和日平均增重略低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验各组间增重和日平均增重差异不显著(P>0.05)。平均日采食量试验各组都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,木薯秸秆粉作为部分粗料饲喂舍饲努隆杂一代黑山羊是切实可行的。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.