玉米瘤黑粉病发生与防治探讨

近年来,随着玉米种植面积的扩大和种植品种的增多,玉米瘤黑粉病在许多地方严重发生,区域不断扩大,损失日益增加,危害程度呈逐年加重的趋势。武威市2005年玉米瘤黑粉病发生面积达2.98万hm^2,占玉米种植面积的70.5％,重发面积达到1.58万hm^2,     

红叶茎枯病在江西星子县棉田大发生的原因及防治

2004年8月13日,一场“热带风暴”带来了66.6mm的降水,对棉花带了毁灭性灾害,造成了红叶茎枯病的发生和蔓延。星子县种植棉花2300hm2,受害面积为80%,减产达50%。该病危害之重,发生面积之广,是我县建国以来首次棉农每公顷减收达5700余元。因此,笔者通过大量的调查,对该病发生症状、原因及防治方法作一简析。1症状表现2004年8月15日后,叶片由绿色变为淡黄色,最后转为深黄色脱落,落花落蕾,成为有铃无叶片的光秆棉花。有的叶片50%面积边缘失水干枯变褐,向下卷曲,影响叶片正常的光合作用,造成蕾、伏桃小,早秋桃座不住;到9月中旬以后,开始萌发新叶…     

斜纹夜蛾发生特点与气象条件的关系

1970年以来，星子县曾发生了4次斜纹夜蛾爆发为害，发生的年份是1972年、1975年、1989年、2003年，2003年受害面积有2000hm^2，受害农作物和树木有10多种。现根据大发生的4年气候情况(头年冬季的气温，当年上半年的降水量及7～8月份的高温干旱天气)与斜纹夜蛾发生的特点进行了综合分析，为来年确保棉花等农作物的健康生育，及时测报、预报、及时防治提供参考。     

暴风雨引起棉花局部萎蔫死亡的原因及思考

9月2～4日受13号台风“泰利”的影响，永修县普降暴雨，3日降雨量达313．3mm，创永修县短期降雨之最。降雨过后，棉花蕾铃大量脱落，部分田块发生叶片萎蔫，严重田块甚至出现叶片脱落和棉株死亡。全县棉花受灾（蕾铃大量脱落）面积达5333．3hm^2（占80％），中度受损（蕾铃脱落、叶片萎蔫）面积2000hm^2（占30％），严重受害（落叶死亡）面积1000hm^2（占15％）。此次永修县棉花受灾表现出：地势低洼的棉田受害重、老棉区受害重、某些品种和部分农户受害重3个显著特征。     

2005年锦州地区玉米螟发生情况调查及今后防治建议

玉米是锦州地区主栽作物，每年种植面积13．3万hm^2左右，2005年种植面积为18万hm^2，玉米螟是危害玉米等作物的常发性主要害虫，一般年份玉米被害率达10％～30％，严重的可达50％以上。因此玉米螟一直是锦州地区的重点防治对象。玉米螟在锦州地区一年发生两代，一代于7月初开始为害，田间玉米叶片出现排孔，玉米抽雄后幼虫蛀食雄穗并转移至茎部，被害植株茎秆组织遭受破坏，影响养分输送及授粉结实，致使玉米穗部发育不全。被害植株茎秆极易风折，对产量损失更大，     

甘肃茶区主要病虫害发生规律及防治技术

甘肃现有茶园面积6200hm^2，其中投产茶园2470hm^2，年产茶72万kg，产值3200万元。茶树害虫的总体结构和优势种有别于其他茶区，既有全国发生较普遍的重要种类，也有一些区域性的重要种类；茶树病害的发生亦与其他茶区有差异。为此，明确甘肃茶区主要病虫害发生规律，并探索出一套切实可行的无公害防治技术，是甘肃茶叶高产、优质、高效的关键，也是无公害茶叶生产的主攻方向之一。     

应用赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的效果分析

吉林省东辽县位于东辽河上游、属半山区，农作物播种面积6．8万hm^2，其中玉米播种面积占80％。玉米螟是玉米的主要害虫，可使玉米减产5％～20％。1981年，玉米螟大发生，被害株率达88．8％，百株虫量达260头，单穗粒重损失率达19．8％，最高达32．3％。为了控制玉米螟的危害，我县连续多年应用赤眼蜂防治玉米螟，仅2005年防治面积就达3．3万hm^2，释放赤眼蜂75亿头，全县13个乡镇、266个村全部采用放蜂。     

2002年东北地区玉米丝黑穗病发生情况初报

2002年9月中旬，对东北三省玉米丝黑穗病进行了实地调查，结果发现，黑龙江省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约44万hm^2，主要感病品种有白单31号、龙单19号，平均发病率分别为70％、57％；吉林省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约60万hm^2，主要感病品种有吉单209、掖单44、登海1号、东单60、丹638、丹639等，其中一些品种平均发病率达50％以上，个别地块高达90％；辽宁省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约3．3万hm^2，主要感病品种有沈单16号、丹638、丹639、丹3040等，沈单16号在本溪市卧龙镇平均发病率达57％。东北三省玉米丝黑穗病发生面积累计107万hm^2，以产量7500kg／hm^2计算，直接损失玉米1．2亿kg，农民减少收入9600万元(按玉米收购价0．80元／kg计算)。     

泉州市近年水稻二化螟偏重发生的原因及防治对策

二化螟（chilo suppressalis walker）是水稻的主要害虫之一,具有越冬场所多、转株为害等特点。近年来二化螟在泉州市持续偏重至大发生,据泉州市植保植检站历年统计资料表明：2003年发生面积1．58万hm^2,2004年发生面积1．81万hm^2,2005年发生面积3．05万hm^2。2003—2005年,全市水稻二化螟发生面积净增1．47万hm^2,其发生及为害程度已经超过三化螟。为做好泉州市水稻二化螟的防治工作,笔者通过3a多的研究,初步摸清二化螟在泉州市稻区的发生情况及偏重发生原因,并提出一套科学的综合防治措施,以供大家参考。     

江苏滨海棉盲蝽的发生概况及其预测预报

江苏省滨海县地处黄海之滨的中部,是国家优质棉生产基地之一,常年植棉面积达1.2万—1.3万hm^2。棉铃虫是棉花的主要害虫之一。自2000年以来,随着转基因抗虫棉的推广应用,棉铃虫的发生得到了有效的遏制,棉花用药量逐渐减少,致使棉盲蝽的发生数量逐年上升,目前已成为影响该县棉花生产的主要害虫,其发生规律也有了明显改变。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.