卵巢线虫(Contortylenchus genitalicola)在中国松褐天牛上的分布与作用研究

[目的]日本学者Kosaka与Ogura发现松褐天牛成虫除携带松材线虫外,雌成虫卵巢内还携带有另一种线虫,他们将其命名为卵巢线虫,并认为这种线虫是松褐天牛成虫的寄生性线虫。我国对该种线虫的研究迄今未见报道。为了证明这种线虫在我国是否存在和分布,开展了本项研究。[方法]分期分批捕获刚羽化的松褐天牛雌雄成虫,采用解剖松褐天牛成虫松树木质部及感病的松褐天牛幼虫等方法,调查卵巢线虫的存在与分布。[结果]通过调查研究,发现我国的松褐天牛成虫体内有该卵巢线虫存在,分布于松褐天牛成虫、幼虫体内和松树木质部3个部位;在松褐天牛成虫体内的卵巢线虫通过松褐天牛雌成虫产卵而接种、进入寄主树木木质部中。同时,木质部的卵巢线虫也有一部分进入松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生,另一部分仍在木质部生活,当松褐天牛幼虫再次发育为成虫时,在木质部中的卵巢线虫和已被寄生的松褐天牛幼虫体内的卵巢线虫再次进入松褐天牛成虫体内,完成循环。卵巢线虫在松褐天牛雌、雄虫体内均有分布,携带率为44.4%,其中松褐天牛雌成虫携带率为43.8%,松褐天牛雄成虫携带率为45.0%,两者间无显著差异;每头松褐天牛成虫平均携带卵巢线虫574条,其中雌成虫平均携带816条,雄成虫平均携带308条,具显著差异。初步研究表明,卵巢线虫在松褐天牛成虫体内只能完成产卵到1~4龄的幼虫阶段,不能完成一个完整的世代;在松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生和在木质部生活的卵巢线虫能完成一个完整世代,但具体过程尚不清楚;调查中未观察到卵巢线虫对松褐天牛成虫有寄生致病或致死的现象,但对松褐天牛幼虫有寄生致死的能力;卵巢线虫常与松材线虫同时存在,而且侵入松树及离开松树的方式与松材线虫相同。[结论]我国松褐天牛体内也发现有卵巢线虫存在;目前尚不能证明该线虫对松褐天牛成虫具有寄生致死性,但对松褐天牛幼虫具有一定的寄生致死性;卵巢线虫的生活史与松材线虫相似,是否与松材线虫一样对松树具有危害性以及其病理作用还有待于进一步研究。     

松褐天牛在松树枯死木枝干中种群动态研究

通过对松材线虫病疫区黑松，马尾松松材线虫病死木的树干解剖发现，90%的黑松的83.3%的马尾松病死木有松褐天牛产卵痕，幼虫蛀入孔和成虫羽化孔，但也有部分是松褐天牛补充营养时带入线虫而致病的，松褐天牛活动区域主要集中在树干的中部或中下部，但随树高的增加而拉伸；黑松，马尾松上松褐天牛幼虫蛀入孔总数比产卵痕总数分别下降了41.88%和37.45%；成虫羽化孔总数比幼虫蛀入孔总数分别下降了19.17%和28.26%；离地50cm内树干基部及直径3cm以上的梢头也有松褐天牛幼虫蛀入和成虫逸出，在生产中应引起注意。     

松褐天牛在病死木伐桩中种群动态的研究

该文对不同月份 1 2 0株松材线虫病死木的伐桩 (根 )调查表明 :有松褐天牛Monochamusaltenatus Hope产卵痕的伐桩占 47.5 % ;伐桩上松褐天牛幼虫蛀入孔数占产卵痕数的 85 .71 % ;其中有 1 0 .42 %的蛀入孔转移至伐桩的地下部分 ;伐桩上松褐天牛成虫羽化率为 67. 71 % ,其中伐桩地上部分的成虫羽化率为 66.2 8% ,伐桩地下部分的成虫羽化率为 80 %。为此 ,连根挖除病死木伐桩 (根 )统一进行烧毁或用溴甲烷薰蒸处理是松材线虫病除治的必要措施。     

松褐天牛的防治方法

松褐天牛是松材线虫病的主要传播者,故防治松材线虫病主要是要防治松褐天牛。本文就目前松褐天牛防治方法作一些简介。 1 被害木材的处理 为抑制松褐天牛羽化飞出传播松材线虫病,处理被害木必须在成虫羽化以前进行。 1.1 熏蒸处理:用塑料薄膜等覆盖伐下的被害木,用溴甲烷等熏蒸剂进行熏蒸,杀虫效果可达100％,是目前较佳的检疫处理方法。此法被害木需要集中堆放,还要有安全措施,避免药物中毒。     

松褐天牛成虫补充营养特性研究

１９９７－１９９８年浙江省杭州市和岱县进行的松褐天牛成虫补充营养特性研究表明：松褐天牛成虫主要取食１年生树枝，室内测定雌成虫取食１年生树枝面积占总面积的３６．５８％，雄成虫占３８．９９％，林间测定点２６．３４％，成虫羽化后２０天以内的取食量最大。伐倒松材线虫病致枯萎的松树，统计天牛取食痕和取食面积在树冠上的分布显示，松褐天牛更多选择树冠下部１年生的树枝取食、取食痕和取食面积分别占５０．４２％和５１．０６％。     

松褐天牛在病死木伐桩中种群动态的研究

该文对不同月份１２０株松材线虫死木的伐桩（根）调查表明,有松褐天牛ＭｏｎｏｃｈａｍｕｓａｌｔｅｎａｔｕｓＨｏｐｅ产卵痕的伐桩占４７．５％;伐桩上松褐天牛幼虫蛀入孔数占产卵痕数的８５．７１％;其中有１０．４２％的蛀入孔转移至伐桩的地下部分;伐桩上松褐天牛成虫羽化率为６７．７１％,其中伐桩地上部分的成虫羽化率为６６．２８％,伐桩地下部分的成虫羽化率为８０％。为此,连根挖除病死木伐桩统一进行烧毁或用甲烷     

松材线虫病治理区病原数量的调查研究

对松材线虫病治理区室内、林内松褐天牛羽化期携带松材线虫以及诱木中松材线虫的情况进行调查,结果表明在室内、林内松褐天牛携带松材线虫的几率分别为25．5％、22．0％;松褐天牛成虫携带松材线虫量均以6月份最大,平均625条／头、478条／头;诱木中松褐天牛携带松材线虫数量与其寄生的枯死诱木含松材线虫数量呈正相关,5％水平上成极显著相关,相关系数为0．933。     

松褐天牛的防治

松褐天牛是松材线虫传播的中间媒介,松材线虫疫区周围松褐天牛虫口密度直接影响松材线虫病的传播速度。防治不及时,可导致松材线虫病的蔓延。因此,要掌握松褐天牛成虫羽化、产卵、幼虫蛀食三个时期的生活特性,对做好松褐天牛危害防治工作极为有利。     

如何防治松褐天牛危害

松褐天牛是松材线虫传播的中间媒介,松材线虫疫区周围松褐天牛虫口密度直接影响松材线虫病的传播速度,不及时防治,可导致松材线虫病的蔓延。因此,要掌握松褐天牛成虫羽化、产卵、幼虫蛀食三个时期的生活特性,对做好松褐天牛危害防治工作极为有利。松褐天牛生活习性:1年1代,以老熟幼虫在坑道中或树孔内越冬。浙江5月初,越冬幼虫在虫道末端蛹室中化蛹。5月中旬成虫羽化,此时虫道中有成虫、蛹、幼虫同时存在。5月下旬成虫咬1个圆形羽化孔出树,取食幼枝嫩皮为补充营养。成虫喜在疏林、光线充足的林地内活动产卵。产卵时,先在病树或衰弱树干或枝…     

松天牛小首螨的研究Ⅲ.携播特性

【目的】松天牛小首螨是新发现对松材线虫传播媒介松褐天牛卵具有寄生致死作用的微型携播螨类,研究阐明该螨的携播特性可为深入理解其生境适应性、评价其应用潜能和建立科学的野外应用方法提供依据。【方法】通过室内饲养、行为观察、模拟试验和野外诱捕调查,研究松天牛小首螨在松褐天牛成虫体表的分布规律,在松褐天牛成虫取食、产卵和共饲养等过程中的携播规律以及林间松褐天牛成虫携带松天牛小首螨的情况。【结果】松天牛小首螨以雌成螨为携播螨态,主动转移聚集在松褐天牛成虫体腹面沟缝处,雌、雄天牛均以后胸腹面携螨数量显著最多。在携螨天牛取食过程中,1 h内每头雌、雄天牛分别平均传播3.0、2.9头松天牛小首螨到松枝上。在携螨松褐天牛雌成虫产卵过程中,平均每产1粒卵可传播6.5头松天牛小首螨到天牛产卵部位。松天牛小首螨可在不同松褐天牛成虫个体间相互传播,当携螨天牛与未携螨天牛共饲养2天后,平均每头携螨天牛可传播39.3头松天牛小首螨到未携螨天牛体上,传播率为8.1%,共饲养10天后则每头携螨天牛可传播192.2头松天牛小首螨,传播率达38.5%。在不同天牛共饲养组合中,携螨雄天牛向未携螨雌天牛传播松天牛小首螨的数量和传...     

杨木和辐射松树脂增强改性材机械加工性能研究

为考察杨木和辐射松树脂浸渍材的机械加工性能,参照LY/T 2054—2012《锯材机械加工性能评价方法》,分别对杨木和辐射松的素材与树脂浸渍材及其经过真空热处理的树脂浸渍材的刨削、铣削、钻削、开榫和车削5种机械加工性能进行测试评价。结果表明:1)本试验范围内,在综合评分满分40分情况下,杨木素材、树脂浸渍材和真空热处理树脂浸渍材的总评分分别为20分、30分和25分;辐射松素材、树脂浸渍材和真空热处理树脂浸渍材的总评分分别为24分、33分和29分;树脂浸渍材机械加工综合性能最佳,热处理树脂浸渍材次之;2)杨木和辐射松的树脂浸渍材及其真空热处理树脂浸渍材的刨削、铣削性能均为优秀,车削性能均为良好;杨木和辐射松的树脂浸渍材及辐射松真空热处理树脂材开榫性能良好;钻削性能仅辐射松树脂浸渍材达到优秀;3)辐射松素材与改性处理材的机械加工性能均优于杨木,综合比较,辐射松树脂浸渍材具有较佳的机械加工性能。     

Distribution of lignin interunit bonds in the differentiating xylem of compression and normal woods of Pinus thunbergii

The lignification process and lignin distribution at different stages of cell wall differentiation in the secondary xylem of compression and normal woods of Pinus thunbergii were investigated by thioacidolysis and subsequent desulfuration. We prepared 50-µm-thick, contiguous tangential sections of pine shoots, cut from the cambial zone through to mature xylem. In compression wood, uncondensed guaiacyl (G) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignins were deposited simultaneously from early to late stages of lignification. The various types of G-G, G-H, and H-H dimers were detected in compression wood, and the ratio of G-H and H-H dimers to total dimers increased as lignification proceeded. In contrast, uncondensed and condensed H units were detected in trace amounts in normal wood. Significant differences in the relative distributions of lignin interunit linkages were not observed between compression and normal woods or between differentiating and mature xylems in either compression or normal woods.Part of this report was presented at the 10th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Yokohama, June, 1999     

木材可压缩流体渗透中滑流的研究

在气体平均压力倒数为1.4-48atm~(-1)范围内测定了长白鱼鳞云杉和红松木材可压缩流休渗透中滑流效应及影响滑流的因素,论述了木材中流体流动形态和机理。研究表明,两种木材可压缩流体渗透中均产生滑流,但长白鱼鳞云杉中滑流高于红松。前者滑流渗透性与真渗透性百分比、比名义渗透性与真渗透性比、滑流因素分别为69.39％、1.69、0.356atm;后者分别为37.64％、1.376、0.197atm。滑流的大小与木材有效毛细管半径、真渗透性和气体平均压力有高度紧密相关。木材有效毛细管半径愈小,真渗透性愈低,或气体平均压力愈低,则滑流效应愈大。     

Fallen wood decomposition of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis

Inttxiducti()nSnagandfaIlenwoodwasin1ps)rtantcolllponel1tSofft)restecosystem,nutrientpoolf`'rforestal1in1alsal1dn1icrobes,alsowashoPortantapproachofe11ergyflowa11dmaterialnowinforest.soforestecoIogistsattachedinlportaI1cetostudyonsnagandfallel1woodil1creasinglya11dl1ewlydevelopedd1e"ECologyofWood`lecomPOsitiol1'{"'l.Inresearchworkli1Olal1gbaiMoul1tainForestEcosys-tem,tllestudyl4,7,s,9,1o]lladbeenco11ductedinfallel1woodsince8os,andtheresearchra11gewasverywidespread.Buttl1esestUdieswerenl…     

拉市海越冬末期斑头雁行为的初步研究

2004年2月18日～3月14对在拉市海越冬斑头雁的行为进行了研究，采用瞬时扫描方法进行行为取样，并对其在越冬地的行为进行观察记录。结果表明：斑头雁通常是早上7：30后飞离夜栖地，傍晚19：30以后从主要活动地飞回夜栖地。观察后期(3月7～13日)与观察前期(2月18～25日)相比，其飞离夜栖地的时间提前约20分钟，而从觅食地飞回夜栖地的时间则要晚10～25分钟。斑头雁无论取食还是夜栖，都喜集群，通常还有其他鸟类与斑头雁混群，如赤麻鸭等。3月初，有部分斑头雁开始北迁，大部分北迁是在3月中旬。越冬末期斑头雁行为时间的分配率为取食35．01％、静栖34．95％、警戒13．88％、运动8．35％、理羽6．77％、饮水0．63％、社群行为0．41％，所占比例依次减少。经对斑头雁在陆地和水域生境中的行为样本分别进行计算，表明斑头雁在这两种生境中有不同的行为时间分配模式。在陆地里，斑头雁的主要行为是取食(约占47％)，而在水域中，斑头雁的主要行为是静栖(约占46％)，表明斑头雁的食物主要是从陆地中获取。在一天中，斑头雁的不同行为出现的高峰时间不同，取食高峰时间和警戒高峰时间在早上9：00至10：00和傍晚17：30～19：15；静栖高峰时间在14：00～17：00；运动高峰时间在10：30～12：30；理羽高峰时间在14：30～17：00。     

Adhesive performance of woods treated with alternative preservatives

The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions.     

不同种源火炬松和湿地松木材基本密度和管胞长度的变异

对1984年种植在广西和浙江的22个种源的火炬松及在浙江的8个种源的湿地松的木材密度和管胞长度进行了测定和分析。结果表明,两个树种的木材密度和管胞长度在种源间和种源内单株间均表现出显著差异,但株间差异较种源间差异显著得多。不同地区火炬松的差异较之同一地区不同种源间的差异更为显著。种源、地区的交互作用对火炬松的木材密度和管胞长度都表现出显著影响,种源和单株的交互作用对两个树种的木材密度也有显著影响。两个树种的木材材性与年轮宽度之间没有显著的相关关系。与马尾松和早期引种的火炬松、湿地松比较表明,用新引进的材料可选育出木材材质更为优良的品种。     

Fallen wood decomposition ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis

Fallen wood decomposition rate ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis in broadleaved Korean pine forest was studied in this paper. The result showed that decomposition rate of fallen wood was different from that of little diameter wood and coarse woody debris for the same tree species. Fallen wood decomposition was generally rotten from outside to inside. And decomposition speed of fallen woods was different according to tree species and site, and it was also related to diameter of fallen woods. Decomposition depth ofTilia amurensis fallen wood for 17 years was 14 cm, but that ofPinus koraiensis in the same condition was less than 7 cm.Tilia amurensis was decomposed faster thanPinus koraiensis. For same tree species, if the diameter was small, the decomposition speed was quick. This project was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39670144) and funded by the Opened Research Station of Changhai Mountain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Responsible editor: Zhu Hong)     

Changes in wettability of heat-treated wood due to artificial weathering

Effect of artificial weathering on the wettability of three heat-treated North American wood species (jack pine, aspen, and birch) is studied from the point of view of the structural and chemical changes taking place on the wood surface. Weathering increases wettability of all three heat-treated woods by water. Changes in wettability during artificial weathering differ according to heat treatment procedure and wood species and are likely due to combination of structural and chemical changes of the surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates that cracks form due to degradation taking place during weathering. As a result, water has easier entry into the cell wall, which consequently increases wettability. IR spectra suggest that the OH/CH₂ ratio for heat-treated specimens is inversely proportional to the contact angle regardless of the type of wood species. The presence of cellulose-rich layer on wood surface and increasing amount of amorphous cellulose transformed from crystallized cellulose due to weathering result in increase in hydroxyl; consequently, it increases heat-treated wood wettability.