BsC3-41杀蚊幼制剂对蚊幼虫毒杀效果研究

通过以BsC3- 41杀蚊幼制剂对 3种蚊幼虫进行生物活性测定和野外灭蚊试验 ,结果表明 :该制剂对致乏库蚊CulexfatigansWiedemann的毒杀效果最好、对中华按蚊AnophelessinensisWiedemann次之、对白纹伊蚊AedesalbopictusSkuse的效果较差 ,2 4小时LC50值分别为 0 2 0 2 5 μg/ml、 2 5 363μg/ml和 5 9 730 2 μg/ml。野外水体灭蚊使用 3ml/m2 的浓度防治淡色库蚊效果可达 98 88%～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 1 0ml/m2 的浓度防治中华按蚊效果可达96 81 %～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 2 0 0ml/m2 的浓度防治白纹伊蚊效果达到 90 64%以上。     

球形芽孢杆菌Ts—1对十种蚊幼虫毒效测定

用球形芽孢杆菌Ts—1冻干菌粉,对国内10种蚊幼虫生物测定的结果表明,不同蚊种之间敏感性有很大差异。库蚊属蚊虫(特别是淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊)对Ts—1敏感性很高,按蚊其次,而伊蚊属除东乡伊蚊外对Ts—1均不敏感。此外,同一蚊种不同地理株之间,对Ts一1的敏感性也有显著差异。     

两种圆柏属植物精油对蚊虫的熏蒸活性

用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取龙柏和铺地柏鲜枝叶精油,采用三角瓶法测定其对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的熏蒸活性,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析两种精油的化学成分。结果表明在20.82、31.24μg/cm3和15.73、23.59μg/cm3熏蒸剂量下龙柏精油和铺地柏精油对白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊的24 h熏蒸LC50值分别为19.44、29.08μg/cm3和16.77、21.68μg/cm3;龙柏精油和铺地柏精油对白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值为8.66、6.68 min和9.21、7.66 min。龙柏精油中鉴定出52种化合物,主要为α-葑酯(18.8%)、榄香醇(16.66%)、柠檬烯(12.26%)和β-月桂烯(6.75%)。铺地柏精油中鉴定出55种化合物,相对含量最高的是α-葑酯(12.49%),其次是榄香醇(10.46%)、t-木罗烯(9.05%)、桧烯(8.29%)。以上结果表明两种精油对两种成蚊均有较好的熏蒸活性,具有开发为环境友好型灭蚊剂的潜力。     

福建柏精油对蚊虫的生物活性

为筛选环保型植物源灭蚊剂,从福建柏Fokienia hodginsii叶中提取精油,采用浸液法测试了该精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus IV龄幼虫和蛹的毒杀作用,采用密闭圆筒法研究了该精油对2种蚊虫成蚊的熏蒸活性,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法对其化学成分进行了检测。结果表明:福建柏精油对白纹伊蚊IV龄幼虫和蛹的LC50值分别为53.21和144.34μg/mL,对致倦库蚊分别为55.85和147.68μg/mL;在4.36μg/cm3熏蒸剂量下,该精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值分别为14.63和14.90 min,24 h校正死亡率均为90.00%。从福建柏精油中共检测出16种主要化学成分:其中相对含量最高的为α-蒎烯(α-pinene),为29.25%;其次是马鞭烯醇(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-3-en-2-ol)10.88%和氧化石竹烯(caryophyllene oxide)9.64%等。研究结果表明,福建柏精油对2种供试蚊虫具有显著的杀虫活性。     

一种有希望的微生物灭蚊剂(简报)

目前世界各国正在研究应用病原微生物防治蚊虫的可能性。1977年Goldberg从以色列蚊虫孳生的水塘泥土中分离出对蚊幼虫毒性高的杆状细菌。经对按蚊、伊蚊和库蚊等儿种蚊幼虫的毒力试验,其毒力比效果较好的球状杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)大30～100倍。后经de Barjac(1978)鉴定为苏云金杆菌以色列变种(Bacillus thuringiensis     

牛、驴丝虫之微丝蚴在淡色库蚊三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊体内发育情况观察

丝虫幼虫在蚊体内发育的研究,P. K. Murthy(1981)曾用伊蚊感染亚周期马来丝虫后,逐日检查幼丝虫在蚊体的变化,王明志(1982)对牛指状腹腔丝虫在中华按蚊体内发育进行了观察。但牛指状腹腔丝虫Setaria digitata与驴体丝虫(未定种)在淡色库蚊、三带喙及中华按蚊体内能否发育的比较报道甚少。1982年以来我们进行的观察情况如下: 材料与方法 1、病畜选择:通过调查发现微丝蚴阳性病牛(微丝蚴密度20条/120mm~3)和驴(微丝坳密度17条/120mm~3)作为观察对象。     

两种扁柏属植物精油对蚊虫的毒杀、驱避活性及化学成分分析

为了解绒柏Chamaecyparis pisifera精油和日本扁柏Chamaecyparis obtuse精油对蚊虫的生物活性,通过浸渍法测试了两种植物精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus 4龄幼虫及蛹的毒杀活性,采用人体局部涂肤法测试其对白纹伊蚊成蚊的驱避活性,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定性分析了精油的化学成分。结果表明,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为47.66/152.33和73.11/205.06 μg/mL,对致倦库蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为31.74/107.61和63.94/131.42 μg/mL。以1.5和2.0 μL/cm²剂量涂抹人体皮肤,绒柏精油、日本扁柏精油驱避白纹伊蚊的完全保护时间分别是3.24 h和0.78 h、5.45 h和1.86 h。经GC-MS分析鉴定出绒柏精油中含α-蒎烯（29.89%）、17-norkaur-15-ene（9.96%）、Δ-3-蒈烯（9.79%）等16种成分,日本扁柏精油含Δ-3-蒈烯（35.33%）、α-蒎烯（25.60%）、β-月桂烯（12.86%）等22种成分。可见,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫及蛹有较强的毒杀活性,而且绒柏精油对白纹伊蚊还有很强的驱避活性,具有研发为环保型蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

球形芽孢杆菌TS—1杀灭中华按蚊实验观察

KeIIen于1965年首次报道了能使蚊幼虫口服致病的球形芽孢杆菌Bacillus sphaericus,球形芽孢杆菌1593株是1974年6月在印度尼西亚雅加达从罹病的致倦库蚊幼虫中分离出来的(Singer 1977),它对人及非靶生物均无致病作用,这个株籍其内毒素对蚊幼虫起到一个快速的胃毒作用,就象一种普通杀虫剂,球形芽孢杆菌对库蚊幼虫及某些种类的按蚊幼虫毒性很高,但对某些伊蚊毒效较差,尤其对埃及伊蚊要用较大的剂     

四种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀活性及酯酶活性的影响

为了筛选高效、环保、低抗性的植物源灭蚊剂,揭示植物精油熏杀蚊虫的作用机理,测试了湖南香薷Elsholtziahunanensis、藿香Agastacherugosus、八角Illiciumverum和剑叶金鸡菊Coreopsislanceolata精油对白纹伊蚊Aedesalbopictus和致倦库蚊Culexpipiensquinquefasciatus成蚊的熏杀活性及对2种蚊虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和非特异性酯酶（NSE）活性的影响。结果表明,4种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀效果显著,但同种植物精油对2种蚊虫的熏杀活性有差异。藿香精油对白纹伊蚊的熏杀效果最好（LC50值为26．12μg．cm-3）,八角精油对致倦库蚊的熏杀活性最强（Lc50值为29-31μg·cm-3）。4种植物精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊体内AChE活性起诱导作用;对致倦库蚊体内NSE活性均有抑制作用,其中八角精油的酶活性抑制率最高（19．79％）。湖南香薷和八角精油对白纹伊蚊NSE活性有抑制作用,酶活性抑制率分别为34．90％和25．26％;藿香和剑叶金鸡菊精油对白纹伊蚊NSE活性有促进作用,酶活性增长率分别为25．66％和66．35％。综合分析4种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀活性及对酯酶活性的影响,湖南香薷和藿香精油更适宜作为植物源灭蚊产品的备选材料。     

豫南罗索线虫感染库蚊、伊蚊和阿蚊的实验研究

试验的伊蚊、库蚊和阿蚊,对豫南罗索线虫均表现敏感,当蚊幼与线幼虫数之比为1:5时,4种伊蚊的感染率均在95％以上;致倦库蚊和三带喙库蚊的感染率分别为98.6％和97.1％,骚扰阿蚊为66.4％。线虫在蚊体内发育良好,感染度亦较高,表明此线虫具有应用前景。     

Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill were the most toxic, followed by those of Ferula hermonis Boiss, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Pinus pinea L, Laurus nobilis L and Eucalyptus spp with LC50 values of 24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(-1), respectively. Combination tests between the LC50 and the maximum sub-lethal concentration (MSLC) were determined. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species tested. Five essential oils and nine pure components were studied for their repellency against mosquito bites. Terpineol and 1,8-cineole were the most effective against Culex pipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for 1.6 and 2 h, respectively.     

细辛醚对家蝇和淡色库蚊的生物活性

为了进一步确定细辛醚的作用谱和作用方式,测定了其对家蝇和淡色库蚊的触杀、熏蒸和忌避活性。结果表明:细辛醚对家蝇4 h的触杀LD50值为3.45 μg/头;对家蝇、淡色库蚊4 h的熏蒸LC50值分别为5.77和4.24 μL/L;对两者在LC80剂量下熏蒸处理的击倒中时(KT50)值分别为11.64和4.80 min;在1 mg/mL的浓度下,对家蝇的忌避率为81.82%。中毒家蝇依次表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡等症状。     

Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) identified in Kaempferia galangal L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome and another 12 known compounds to third-instar larvae from laboratory-reared Culex pipiens pallens Forskal, Aedes aegypti L. and Ochlerotatus togoi Theobald and field-collected C. pipiens pallens (Jinhae colony). Results were compared with those for fenthion and temephos. RESULTS: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was the most toxic of the test compounds to larvae of the three mosquito species (LC(50) 12.3-20.7 mg L(-1)) but less toxic than either fenthion (0.0096-0.021 mg L(-1)) or temephos (0.0039-0.0079 mg L(-1)). Ethyl cinnamate and 3-carene were highly active against C. pipiens pallens larvae (24.1 and 21.6 mg L(-1)) but less toxic to A. aegypti and O. togoi larvae (ca 40 and 60 mg L(-1) respectively). The toxicity of these compounds to larvae from the Jinhae colony of C. pipiens pallens was almost the same as their toxicity to the laboratory-reared larvae, although the larvae from the colony exhibited low levels of resistance to fenthion (resistance ratio 9.1) and temephos (5.8).CONCLUSION: Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, merit further study as potential mosquito control agents for protection of humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.     

野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀活性

采用浸液法研究了野胡萝卜Daucus carota果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫的毒杀活性;利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）对精油的主要成分进行了定性、定量分析。结果发现,野胡萝卜果实精油毒杀白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的24h LC50值分别为67.87μg.mL-1和34.12μg.mL-1;精油中共含有34种化合物,相对含量最高的是α-蒎烯（54.72%）,其次为β-红没药烯（11.35%）和β-细辛脑（10.14%）;对6种活性化合物进行定量分析,含量最高的是α-蒎烯（577.46mg.mL-1）,其次是月桂烯（80.26mg.mL-1）、柠檬烯（28.95mg.mL-1）、β-石竹烯（24.38mg.mL-1）、β-蒎烯（11.59mg.mL-1）和γ-萜品烯（2.33mg.mL-1）。研究结果表明,野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀效果强于以往文献报道的多种植物精油,是开发高效环保蚊虫杀幼剂的好材料。     

Insecticidal properties of essential plant oils against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves and flowers of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Myrtus communis L were found to be the most toxic, followed by those of Origanum syriacum L, Mentha microcorphylla Koch, Pistacia lentiscus L and Lavandula stoechas L with LC50 values of 16, 36, 39, 70 and 89 mg litre-1, respectively. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species. Eight pure components (1,8-cineole, menthone, linalool, terpineol, carvacrol, thymol, (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene and (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene) were tested against the larvae. Thymol, carvacrol, (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene and (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene were the most toxic (LC50 = 36-49 mg litre-1), while menthone, 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpineol (LC50 = 156-194 mg litre-1) were less toxic.     

松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊的熏蒸毒力及对其Na+ ,K+ -ATP酶的抑制作用

为进一步探讨杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.精油中主要杀虫活性成分—松油烯-4-醇(terpinen-4-ol)对卫生害虫的生物活性,测定了该物质对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens Pallens及其Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊具有较强的熏蒸作用,其LC50值为6.79 mg/L, 在LC80剂量下其击倒中时(KT50)为6.92 min;淡色库蚊Na+,K+-ATP酶活性测定的最佳反应条件为pH值7.42、温度35.5℃、底物浓度0.7 mmol/L;离体和活体情况下,松油烯-4-醇均可显著抑制淡色库蚊Na+,K+-ATP酶的活性,其I50值为32.02 μg/mL。Na+,K+-ATP酶可能是松油烯-4-醇对淡色库蚊的杀虫作用靶标。     

三种植物精油对致倦库蚊成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用

研究了香樟叶、香樟果实、天竺桂叶的水蒸气蒸馏精油对致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用。结果表明:用香樟叶、香樟果实和天竺桂叶精油对致倦库蚊熏蒸20 min后,其24 h的LC50值分别为7.47、4.92和5.70μg/cm3;在设定的熏蒸剂量下,3种精油的半数击倒时间(KT50值)分别为16.62、15.91和16.98 min。将香樟叶精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、3∶7和5∶5混配,其共毒系数分别为152.09、158.20和152.86;将香樟果实精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、5∶5和7:3混配,其共毒系数分别为145.73、146.30和139.79。表明3种植物精油均对致倦库蚊成蚊具有显著的熏蒸活性,将其以适当比例混配后具有增效作用。     

五种伞形科中草药乙醇提取物对淡色库蚊的控制作用

研究了5种伞形科植物蛇床、防风、当归、紫花前胡和白芷对淡色库蚊幼虫和成虫的生物活性，采用浸渍法测定了样品乙醇提取物对蚊幼虫的杀伤作用，采用三角瓶法测定了样品乙醇提取物对蚊成虫的熏蒸作用。结果表明，5种伞形科中草药的乙醇粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫和成虫的杀伤效应不同：蛇床子的乙醇粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀效果最佳（24h的LC90为49．886mg／L），白芷的乙醇粗提物对淡色库蚊成虫的熏蒸效果最佳（KT90为23．271min）。