北京地区主要树种理化性质研究及易燃性初步分析

森林燃烧所释放的热量、火种类、火行为等各种林火属性与树种易燃性密切相关,而树种的理化性质在一定程度上制约着易燃性,因此对树种理化性质和易燃性的研究是必要的。基于20种树种的实验分析,确定了可燃物热值、抽提物含量、灰分含量、含水量、密度的相关性,并建立相应的回归模型;基于树种理化性质的分析,比较了20种树种的易燃性,进行排序并划分等级。     

Flammability Ranking of Major Species of Trees and Shrubs in Daxing’anling Area of Northeastern China

Factor analysis and expert scoring methods were used to rank flammability of 16 major species of trees and shrubs in Daxing’anling area of northeastern China,based on 6 flammability variables,i.e.,air dry moisture content,absolute dry moisture content,ignition point,ash content,heat of combustion and extractive content measured on leaves,barks and twigs.Out of 16 species evaluated,for leaves’ flammability,Larix gmelini was the smallest and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica was the biggest;for barks’ flammability,Salix koreensis was the smallest and P.sylvestris var.mongolica was the biggest;and for twigs’ flammability,Populus davidiana was the smallest and Ledum palustre var.dilatatum was the biggest.The flammability ranking based on the integrated scores of leaves,barks and twigs suggested that Prunus padus,Betula dahurica,and L.gmelini were the top 3 less flammable species and that L.palustre var.dilatatum,P.sylvestris var.mongolica,and R.simsii were the top 3 more flammable species.This ranking agreed well with current standards and experience and should help the species selection for building fire-break forest belts in the study region.     

Fuelwood characteristics of tree species in homegardens of Kerala, India

Indiscriminate use of natural resources in the past has lead to fuelwood shortages in many parts of the tropical world. To surmount this domestic energy crisis, not only degraded sites must be planted with trees having high fuel value potential, but also agroforestry promoted on arable lands. To enable choice of species for such energy plantations/agroforests in the humid tropics of peninsular India, we assessed the heat of combustion and physical properties that determine combustion of phytofuels, such as ash content, specific gravity and moisture content. Bark and wood samples of 45 multipurpose tree species in the homegardens of Kerala, India and three fuel materials of local importance (coconut [Cocos nucifera] endocarp, dried coconut spathe and dehiscent rubber [Hevea braziliensis] pericarp) were evaluated. Variations abound in the calorific values and physical properties of species and tissue-types. In general, heat of combustion and specific gravity followed the sequence: heartwood > sapwood > bark, while mean ash percentage followed a reverse order (bark > sapwood > heartwood). Ash content had a negative correlation with heat of combustion, but specific gravity exerted a positive influence. Furthermore, ash content and wood specific gravity were inversely related. Although green moisture content increased in the order: bark < heartwood < sapwood, it failed to show any predictable relationship with heat of combustion.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

马尾松木材化学组分的遗传控制及对木材育种的意义

本文利用 1 3年生马尾松子代测定林的 2 0个自由授粉家系的木材试样 ,着重研究木材化学组分的遗传学问题。研究结果表明 ,木材化学组分、基本密度和生长性状在家系间的差异都达到了极显著水平 ,并受中等至强度的遗传控制。在 6个木材化学组分中 ,灰分、戊聚糖和 1 %NaOH抽出物含量的遗传力较高 ,木质素、综纤维素和热水抽出物含量的遗传力稍低。生长性状与木材密度呈显著的负相关 ,而与木材化学组分相关性很小 ,似相互独立。遗传相关认为灰分和热水抽出物含量可分别作为综纤维素和木质素的间接选择指标。由于综纤维素和木质素含量在家系间的绝对差异较小 ,仅为 2 %～ 3% ,对选育的实际意义不大。可选择综纤维素含量高的优株进行无性繁殖加以利用     

Charcoal and fuel value of agroforestry tree crops

Charcoal was produced from short rotation tropical species ofLeucaena leucocephala andTectona grandis. The combustion-related properties, moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash in wood and charcoal from the two species were determined. The gross heat of combustion of wood and charcoal was also determined.There were significant differences in the moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition between wood and charcoal from the two species. The carbon and ash content of charcoal were higher than those of wood. The average heat of combustion of charcoal 25.25 MJKg^–1 was higher than that of wood 13.75 MJKg^–1.     

中国西南地区防火树种的选择研究(英文)

筛选中国西南地区的防火树种用于营造防火林带或混交林 ,可以有效地预防大面积森林火灾的发生 .通过实验 ,比较分析了西南山区 12个树种的树叶、树枝和树皮的燃烧性 ,结果表明∶(1)各树种均以叶的抗火性能最差 ,阔叶树种比针叶树种的抗火性能强 ;(2 )热值、含水量、燃点和灰分含量是影响叶的抗火能力的主要指标 .木质素含量和苯 乙醇抽取物与总发热量有线性相关关系 ;(3)由多目标决策方法对 12种树的抗火性能综合排序 ,木荷、红椎、杨梅的抗火性强 ,刨花楠、水老排、火力楠、油茶和木莲的抗火性中等 ,稠木、观光木的抗火能力较弱 ,杉木、马尾松的抗火能力弱     

邓恩桉生材含水率、年轮宽度及木材密度研究

为了解邓恩桉的木材性质,本研究采用排水法和《GB/T 1930-2009》方法测定邓恩桉的生材含水率、年轮宽度以及木材密度。结果表明：全树生材含水率、年轮宽度、生材密度和基本密度均值分别为114.61%、4.73 mm、1.164 g·cm-3、0.522 g·cm-3。随着树高的增加,年轮宽度、木材密度呈-大-小-大‖趋势,生材含水率呈-小-大-小‖趋势;由髓心向外,木材密度逐渐减小,生材含水率逐渐增大,年轮宽度先增加后减小。4个材性指标在树干径向不同位置间差异极显著,在不同树高间差异不显著（除年轮宽度外）。基本密度与3个材性指标间存在极显著或显著相关。     

The contribution of the chemical components in juvenile hybrid Salix spp. to its total energy output

Summary The energy characteristics of hybrid willow (Salix spp.) were evaluated to improve the selection and breeding program of this short-rotation species. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) has proven to be a valuable tool over the conventional adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter (AOB) based on its accounting for losses due to dissipated heat, incomplete combustion of pyrolysis and the loss of the heat of vaporization. The average heat content of the four unextracted hybrid willow determined by AOB and DSC was 4635 cal/g and 1609 cal/g respectively. Clone SP-3 is the superior tree based on its energy content per volume of biomass and energy content per square meter of land. Chemical composition of the wood was determined to elucidate its effects on the pyrolysis and combustion. Fuels with high extractive and lignin contents will not necessarily liberate the highest energy when burned. The ash, although representing only a minor proportion by weight, appears to be a major determinant in the combustion behaviour of a material.Authors would like to thank Dr. L. Williams of the Department of Chemistry Engineering and Applied Chemistry for the unrestricted use of the DSC, without which this work could not have been completed. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr. S. K. Konar for his assistance throughout this work and Mr. D. Charles for facilitating the laboratory work. Our appreciation is extended to the Natural Science and Engineering Council for supporting this research     

Growth and fuelwood properties of five tree and shrub species in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of Mali: relationships with mean annual rainfall and geographical coordinates

In the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of West Africa, the rainy season lasts only 3–4 months per year, there are steep rainfall gradients with latitude and longitude, the climate is becoming increasingly hotter and drier with more variable rainfall, some fuelwood species are disappearing locally, demand for fuelwood is increasing, and we expect that fuelwood production will be increasingly limited to drier sites in the future. We need a methodology, therefore, to identify the best species for fuelwood production in drier sites. We used a methodology that could be used to identify the best fuelwood species for drier and wetter sites in regions where there are steep rainfall gradients. We investigated variation in growth and fuelwood properties of five species (Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis, Piliostigma reticulatum, Ziziphus mauritiana) along rainfall gradients. Growth parameters (tree height, stem diameter under bark, mean ring width) and fuelwood properties (basic density, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value, gross calorific value per cubic meter, fuel value index) were adjusted for tree age. For each species, linear regressions were used to determine the effects of mean annual rainfall and geographical coordinates, which were correlated with rainfall, on tree growth and fuelwood properties; and the effects of tree growth on fuelwood properties in lower, intermediate and higher rainfall zones. Geographical coordinates explained more variation than rainfall, and relationships with rainfall differed among species. Larger trees had wood with higher basic density, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value and/or gross calorific value per cubic meter, but lower volatile matter and/or fuel value index. Relationships between growth and fuelwood properties were not significant in all species and rainfall zones. Based on this study, we recommend producing fuelwood of C. glutinosum and G. senegalensis.     

Influence of fly ash mixtures on early tree growth and physicochemical properties of soil in semi-arid tropical Alfisols

The beneficial effects of planting mixtures comprising of fly ash at the rate of 66%, 33% and 17% by soil volume were assessed for the early growth of two economic tree species, teak (Tectona grandis) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in rainfed Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) Alfisols in India. Measurements of tree growth were made at six monthly intervals over a 3-year period. Fly ash at 66% by soil volume of the planting pit significantly increased the diameter of teak at breast height (dbh). In leucaena, application of fly ash at 17% by soil volume was found to be effective in increasing dbh during most of the study period. Changes in soil physicochemical properties (bulk density, water retention at 0.033 and 1.5 MPa, profile moisture content, pH, soluble salt content and organic carbon) were simultaneously studied. Among these soil properties, plant available water (PAW) and organic carbon (OC) contents explained variations in diameter at breast height (dbh) in teak during most of the sampling period, while none of the soil properties significantly explained dbh in leucaena. The highest dose of fly ash applied (66% by volume) decreased bulk density (BD) and increased PAW in teak and to an extent in leucaena during the first 2 years of tree growth. Higher profile moisture content was noted in pits treated with 66% fly ash during the dry period of November (after the end of seasonal rainfall which occurred from June to October) during the first and second year after application. An erratum to this article can be found at     

北京十三陵林场公益林可燃物特征与经营

针对北京十三陵林场的森林状况,对森林可燃物特征进行了研究和分析,选取了十三陵林场的127个小班为研究对象,以样地内的植物树种组成、林分年龄、郁闭度、坡度、坡向、海拔高度、乔木生物量、草本高度和盖度、灌木高度和盖度为基本因子,结合可燃物的结构特征、生物量特征和可燃物的分布特征,对基本因子的燃烧性进行排序,并赋值划分一定的等级,最后得出综合燃烧性指标,以此为准划分燃烧性等级,统计不同等级所包含的小班面积和所占百分比。并针对这些可燃物特征提出了公益林管理与经营的措施。     

Inorganic elements in typical Japanese trees for woody biomass fuel

The inorganic element contents of trees were measured to evaluate the safety of using wood biomass as thermal power generation fuel. Twelve species of typical conifer trees and 17 species of typical broad-leaved trees in Japan plus 9 species of commonly imported trees were selected and analyzed for the main inorganic elements and several trace elements that are potentially harmful in combustion ash. The ash content in bark, especially in the inner bark, was higher than that in wood, but the highest concentration was in the leaves. In almost all parts of the trees, the order of inorganic element concentration was calcium ≥ potassium ≥ magnesium ≥ sulfur ≥ phosphorous. Among the trace elements, the boron content was high and the mercury content was recorded as being high in conifer bark.     

The distribution and interrelationship of collapse,volumetric shrinkage,moisture content and density in trees of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.

Summary The relationships among collapse, volumetric shrinkage, moisture content and basic density and their distribution within the stem were examined for trees of E. regnans. It was found that collapse and volumetric shrinkage each were significantly related to moisture content (positively), basic density (negatively), and (positively) to the derived values P (per cent of theoretical saturation) and Q (per cent of cell cavity volume containing water). Notwithstanding the inverse association evident between moisture content and density in the living tree, moisture content was shown to be independently related to each of collapse and volumetric shrinkage.Within the stem, collapse and volumetric shrinkage were negatively correlated with height in the tree although the significance of this relationship was qualified by the adjustment for other variables. Samples containing sapwood displayed collapse values significantly lower than heartwood samples. This was reflected in the presence of a positive relationship between collapse and distance from the periphery when all material was considered, but a negative relationship when sapwood-containing samples were omitted. Basic density was positively correlated with height in the tree and negatively correlated with distance from the periphery. Moisture content, P and Q were negatively correlated with both height in the tree and distance from the periphery although the latter relationship for moisture content was dependent on adjustment for density.The highly significant relationship between volumetric shrinkage and collapse suggested that the former could confidently be used in assessing collapse severity. Moisture content was determined to be an independent indirect indicator of collapse whereas basic density, P, Q and green density could all be of indicatory value, especially the last in view of its ease of measurement.     

四种算法用于近红外测定制浆材材性的对比研究

采集了常见制浆材(桉木、相思木及杨木)样品的近红外光谱,测定了样品的基本密度、综纤维素、木质素和苯醇抽出物含量,用人为控制水分的方法测定了样品的水分含量。对原始光谱进行预处理后,分别运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、LASSO算法、支持向量机法(SVR)和人工神经网络法(BP-ANN)建立基本密度、水分含量、综纤维素、木质素和苯醇抽出物含量的预测模型。对预测模型进行独立验证,结果显示:LASSO算法建立的基本密度和综纤维素模型性能最优,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.006 3 g/cm~3和0.49%,绝对偏差(AD)范围分别为-0.008 8~0.009 6 g/cm~3和-0.85%~0.87%;PLS建立的水分含量模型及苯醇抽出物模型最优,RMSEP值分别为1.21%和0.24%,AD范围分别为-1.99%~2.03%和-0.35%~0.38%;SVR建立的木质素模型最优,RMSEP值为0.43%,AD范围为-0.76%~0.74%,均满足制浆造纸工业中对误差的要求。     

薄壁型巨龙竹秆材化学成分分析

巨龙竹是至目前为止所发现最粗的竹子,单株竹材生物量居同类竹材之首。对3-5年生薄壁型巨龙竹秆材不同部位的主要化学成分进行了测定,包括灰分、木素、综纤维素、多戊糖、冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%Na OH抽出物、乙醚抽出物、苯-醇抽出物。结果表明：薄壁型巨龙竹的木素、综纤维素、多戊糖的含量与常用纸浆造纸原料木材接近,灰分含量介于木材和草类原料之间;除冷水抽出物外,薄壁型巨龙竹其它抽出物含量在秆高方向上均表现出递增的分布规律。     

Study on the specific heat of wood by statistical mechanics

Introduction12Sincewoodisanaturalmacromolecularorganism,andchemicalcomposition,structureandbiologicalcellstructureofwoodareextremelycomplicated,thesecausegreatdifficultytothetheoreticalstudyonthespecificheatofwood.Sofar,anyresearchachievementhasnotbeenreportedonit.Wetrytheoreticallytofindouttheinternalrelationandessentiallawsbetweenthespecificheatofwoodandthemicrostructureofwood,revealtheinternalfactorsandtheexternalconditionsofaffectingthespecificheatofwood,andfinallyderiveatheoreticalexpress…     

The flammability of shrubs and trees in anAcacia mangium plantation based on silica-free ash content

Preliminary research to understand the flammability of 14 species of shrubs and 8 species of trees based on silica-free ash content was done in order to recognize which shrubs or trees are more flammable. The results show that the silica-free ash content of shrubs and trees leaves was greater than the stems ranging between 1.7% and 11.4% for leaf and 0.4% and 7.8% for the stems. The shrubsDicranopteris linearis, Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium pubescens, Lantana camara, Eugenia sp.,Cliforia laurifolia, Pterospermum sp.,Hibiscus similis, Clidemia hirta andTrema orientalis must be considered when fire invades the plantation as well as the treeParaserianthes falcataria, Eucalyptus urophylla, Calliandra callothyrsus, andPeronema canescens.     

中药材肉桂的质量标准研究

建立中药材肉桂的质量控制标准。测定不同产地10个批次肉桂的水分、总灰分、酸不溶灰分、水溶性浸出物、醇溶性浸出物、挥发油含量、肉桂醛含量和抑菌效果,并在此基础上建立各指标的质量控制标准。测得了肉桂各指标含量平均值,其中水分为5.73%,总灰分为5.34%,酸不溶性灰分为3.34%,冷浸法和热浸法水溶性浸出物分别为0.56%和3.50%,冷浸法和热浸法醇溶性浸出物分别为1.25%和3.25%,挥发油含量为3.52%,高效液相色谱法测定肉桂醛含量为0.30%,并具有较好的抑菌活性。建议肉桂的质量标准暂定为:水分含量4.98%～6.47%,总灰分含量不得高于6.10%,酸不溶性灰分不得高于3.84%,冷浸法和热浸法水溶性浸出物分别不得少于0.51%和3.41%,冷浸法和热浸法醇溶性浸出物分别不得少于1.08%和3.11%,挥发油含量不得少于3.44%,高效液相色谱法测定肉桂醛含量不得少于0.25%。     

37种针阔树种抗火性能及其综合评价的研究

对福建３７个针阔树种鲜叶含水率、粗脂肪、粗灰分、ＳｉＯ２、挥发油含量和燃烧热、燃点、燃烧速度等１０个因子进行测试，并应用Ａ．Ｉ．Ｄ．方法将３７个树种依因子的不同取值范围划分为６个抗火性能等级。其中棕榈、火力楠等４个树种为一级，抗火性能最强；毛栲、木荷等９个树种为二级，抗火性较强；格氏栲、丝栗栲等１５个树种为三级；抗火性能最差的六级是马尾松、侧柏等３个树种。研究结果揭示了南方主要针阔树种抗火性规律，     

广东桉树林土壤物理性质及其影响因子分析

研究了广东省桉树人工林土壤体积质量、孔隙度、水分含量现状、各指标之间的相关关系以及海拔、坡度和土壤有机质对上述物理性质的影响。结果表明:广东省桉树人工林土壤A层总孔隙度、毛管持水量、全容水量、吸湿水含量显著高于B层,A层体积质量显著小于B层;不同区域土壤A层体积质量、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和全容水量存在显著差异;除了非毛管孔隙度仅与全容水量(A层)、毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度(B层)显著相关外,土壤其他物理性质之间均呈显著或极显著相关性;土壤体积质量与毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、全容水量的最佳回归方程分别为对数方程、一元二次方程和指数方程;海拔和坡度显著影响表层土壤的物理性质,对B层影响不显著;有机质对土壤A、B层物理性质均有显著影响。