用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的干物质于小肠消化率方法的研究

本试验旨在筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的干物质于小肠的消化率的最佳培养条件.试验包括三部分:第一个试验研究了小肠液冻干粉用量(0.2、0.3、0.4与0.5 g)与缓冲液种类(McDougall缓冲液与磷酸盐缓冲液)对12 h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的干物质于小肠消化率的影响;第二个试验研究了缓冲夜pH值(7.0、7.5与8.0)与Ca2+浓度(340、680与2000μΜ)对12h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的干物质于小肠消化率的影响;第三个试验研究了离体培养时间(3、6、9、12、15、18、21与24 h)对12h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的干物质于小肠消化率的影响.筛选的用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的干物质于小肠消化率的适宜条件为:0.45g小肠液冻干粉/0.56g饲料,McDougall缓冲液,pH=7.5,Ca2+=680μM,39℃,瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的最佳培养时间不同,分别为12与18h.     

用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的有机物于小肠消化率方法的研究

本试验旨在筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的有机物于小肠消化率的最佳培养条件。试验包括三部分 :第一个试验研究了小肠液冻干粉用量 ( 0 .2、0 .3、0 .4与 0 .5g)与缓冲液种类(McDougall缓冲液与磷酸盐缓冲液 )对 1 2h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的有机物于小肠消化率的影响 ;第二个试验研究了缓冲液pH值 ( 7.0、7.5与 8.0 )与Ca2 + 浓度 ( 3 4 0、680与 2 0 0 0 μmol/L)对 1 2h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的有机物于小肠消化率的影响 ;第三个试验研究了离体培养时间 ( 3、6、9、1 2、1 5、1 8、2 1与 2 4h)对1 2h瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的有机物于小肠消化率的影响。筛选的用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的有机物于小肠消化率的适宜条件为 :0 .4 5g小肠液冻干粉 / 0 .56g饲料 ,McDougall缓冲液 ,pH =7.5,Ca2 + =680 μmol/L ,3 9℃ ,瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的最佳培养时间不同 ,分别为 1 2与 1 8h     

用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的干物质于小肠消化率方？…

本试验旨在筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉评定瘤胃非降解精饲料残渣的干物质于小肠的消化率的最佳培养条件。试验包括三部分：第一个试验研究了小肠液冻干粉用量（０．２、０．３、０．４与０．５ｇ）与缓冲液种类（ＭｃＤｏｕｇａｌｌ缓冲液与磷酸盐缓冲液）对１２ｈ瘤胃非降解玉米与豆粕的干物质于小肠消化率的影响；第二个试验研究了缓冲夜ｐＨ值（７．０、７．５与８．０）与Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（３４０、６８０与２０００μＭ）对化率的影     

利用CNCPS研究玉米和豆粕中碳水化合物不同组分的瘤胃降解和小肠消化

试验的目的在于研究玉米和豆粕中不同碳水化合物组分的瘤胃降解和小肠消化.应用瘤胃尼龙袋技术和小肠液冻干粉消化试验,结合康乃尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系的剖分原理,对玉米和豆粕全样、瘤胃非降解残渣、小肠液冻干粉消化后的残渣的碳水化合物组分进行了剖分,并探讨了不同组分的瘤胃降解和小肠消化特性.结果表明,玉米和豆粕干物质的瘤胃降解率分别为59.1%和72.7%;碳水化合物的瘤胃降解率分别为69.6%和66.2%;瘤胃非降解残渣的干物质小肠消化率分别为40.8%和68.0%;碳水化合物小肠消化率分别为40.4%和62.7%.瘤胃尼龙袋和小肠液冻干粉可以用来作为反刍动物消化研究的方法.结合CNCPS进行组分的剖分可以很好地研究碳水化合物及其组分的利用情况.     

利用牛小肠液冻干粉法研究不同加工处理玉米瘤胃非降解残渣中干物质和淀粉的小肠消化率

牛小肠液冻干粉(BIF)法是一种常用的体外法,该法利用小肠中的各种酶研究营养物质的小肠消化情况,具有较好的稳定性和可重复性。本试验进行了BIF的制备、酶活性的检测及底物用量与培养时间的优化筛选,利用BIF研究不同加工处理(膨化、制粒、压扁、烘炒)玉米在泌乳奶牛瘤胃非降解残渣中干物质(DM)和淀粉的小肠消化率。结果表明,BIF的用量为0.5g/0.5g饲料,最佳培养时间为8h。膨化玉米组的DM和淀粉的小肠消化率显著高于颗粒玉米、烘炒玉米、压扁玉米及对照玉米组(P<0.05),其他组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),这与瘤胃中的降解情况不同,可能与玉米的不同加工处理有关;各组DM和淀粉的小肠消化率之间比较,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。从BIF培养的结果来看,小肠消化率低于文献报道的小肠淀粉消化率,可能是BIF培养的底物为瘤胃未降解的残渣,与直接通过十二指肠灌注淀粉的组成有很大的差异。     

绵羊小肠液冻干粉法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率

试验用绵羊小肠液冻干粉法测定了常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉的小肠消化率。结果表明:所测6种饲料过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率分别为玉米43.35%、麸皮19.48%、玉米淀粉57.79%、豆粕67.33%、麻粕50.19%、棉粕46.77%。     

体外酶解法研究玉米的不同加工处理方式对过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率的影响

本试验以体外酶解法来研究不同加工处理的玉米12 h瘤胃非降解残渣在小肠中的消化率。试验结果表明,不同加工处理方式对小肠淀粉消化率的影响不同,膨化加工可以显著提高过瘤胃淀粉的小肠消化率(P<0.05);烘烤、制粒、压扁以及焙炒加工处理对过瘤胃淀粉的小肠消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

体外法评定四种非常规饲料原料对山羊的营养价值

试验旨在研究木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣四种非常规饲料原料在山羊小肠中的营养成分降解率。选用3头平均体重约为25 kg、体格强健、食欲良好、且已安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊,收集其瘤胃非降解原料。采用单因素试验设计,设0、6、12 h和18 h四个时间点,每个处理时间点4个重复,每个培养瓶内放入0.56 g瘤胃非降解原料、0.45 g的山羊小肠液冻干粉和30 ml缓冲液。利用体外小肠液冻干粉法测定四种非常规饲料原料的干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率和粗蛋白降解率来评定其对反刍动物的营养价值。结果表明:木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣四种原料在山羊小肠液中发酵18 h干物质的降解率分别为50.41%、25.06%、38.25%、19.21%;中性洗涤纤维降解率分别14.25%、33.14%、28.88%、32.28%;粗蛋白降解率分别为16.56%、18.23%、25.86%、21.70%。综上所述,木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣这四种非常规饲料原料可以作为反刍动物的新型饲料资源加以推广利用,而且体外小肠液冻干粉法评定反刍动物饲料营养价值的可行性较好。     

肉牛常见饲料干物质和蛋白质瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率研究

[方法]选用装有瘤胃瘘管和小肠瘘管的肉牛作为试验动物,尼龙袋法测定肉牛常见饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率。[结果]结果表明,DM瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为玉米粉、麦麸、苜蓿干草、豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米青贮、醋糟、白酒糟;CP瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为苜蓿干草、麦麸、豆粕、醋糟、玉米粉、玉米青贮、菜籽粕、白酒糟;DM小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、白酒糟、醋糟、麦麸、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮;CP小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、苜蓿干草、麦麸、白酒糟、玉米青贮、醋糟。[结论]试验表明,不同饲料瘤胃降解特性不同,为小肠提供过瘤胃可消化蛋白的能力不同,且饲料的DM小肠消化率小于CP小肠消化率。     

不同产地豆粕和DDGS营养成分、瘤胃降解率及小肠消化率的分析测定

试验研究了不同产地(吉林、九三、林口)豆粕(SBM)和不同产地(集贤、牡丹江、肇东)玉米酒精糟(DDGS)营养成分、CP的瘤胃降解规律及RUP的小肠消化率。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的干奶期中国荷斯坦奶牛,利用尼龙袋原位培养法研究不同产地豆粕和DDGS在奶牛瘤胃中CP的降解规律。每个尼龙袋每种饲料装5 g,在瘤胃中培养0、2、4、8、16、24和48 h。将每个尼龙袋每种饲料装75 g瘤胃培养16 h,瘤胃未降解残渣强饲给公鸡,从而测定豆粕和DDGS的IDP。吉林豆粕中的CP和SP含量最高,林口豆粕最低,而九三豆粕居中。林口豆粕中NDIP和ADIP含量为29.10%和2.52%,在三种豆粕中处于最高。三种DDGS的CP、NDIP和ADIP含量的变化趋势一致,均为肇东地区最高,其次为集贤、牡丹江。除了慢速降解部分(b)的降解速率(c)外,豆粕和DDGS的其它降解参数均差异不显著。九三豆粕IDP为73.37%,显著高于其它两种豆粕(P<0.05)。集贤DDGS的IDP显著高于牡丹江DDGS(P<0.05),而肇东DDGS居中。由此得出结论,除了营养指标受到产地影响外,豆粕和DDGS的瘤胃降解率和小肠消化率均不受产地影响。     

反刍家畜常用饲料蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率评定研究

本试验探讨了常用饲料在瘤胃的降解特性及非降解饲料的小肠消化率,旨在为研究反刍动物的营养平衡和消化规律及科学配制日粮提供依据。试验选用3头装瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的肉牛,采用尼龙袋法研究反刍动物常用饲料粗蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解参数和表观小肠消化率。结果表明,在本试验中粗蛋白质降解率由低到高的顺序为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、豆粕、花生饼、啤酒糟、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸;总氨基酸瘤胃降解率由低至高的顺序依次为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、豆粕、棉粕、啤酒糟、花生饼、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸。除花生饼、酒糟蛋白和黄玉米外,粗蛋白质和总氨基酸的有效降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。粗蛋白质的表观小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:苜蓿、羊草、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、棉粕、菜粕、玉米、酒糟蛋白、花生饼、豆粕;总氨基酸的小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:羊草、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、花生饼、玉米、酒糟蛋白、豆粕。由此可见,不同的饲料瘤胃降解特性是不同的,并且为小肠提供的各种可吸收氨基酸潜力也是不同的。     

Effect of maize starch concentration in the diet on starch and cell wall digestion in the dairy cow

An in vivo experiment was performed to determine the effect of level of maize starch in the diet on digestion and site of digestion of organic matter, starch and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). In a repeated change‐over design experiment, three cows fitted with a rumen cannula and T‐piece cannulae in duodenum and ileum received a low‐starch (12% of ration dry matter) and a high‐starch (33% of ration dry matter) diet. Starch level was increased by exchanging dried sugar beet pulp by ground maize. After a 2‐week adaptation period, feed intake, rumen fermentation parameters (in vivo and in situ), intestinal flows, faecal excretion of organic matter, starch and NDF were estimated. When the high‐starch diet was fed, dry matter intake was higher (19.0 kg/day vs. 17.8 kg/day), and total tract digestibility of organic matter, starch and NDF was lower when the low‐starch diet was fed. Maize starch concentration had no significant effect on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid concentration nor on the site of digestion of organic matter and starch and rate of passage of ytterbium‐labelled forage. On the high‐starch diet, an extra 1.3 kg of maize starch was supplied at the duodenum in relation to the low‐starch diet, but only an extra 0.3 kg of starch was digested in the small intestine. Digestion of NDF was only apparent in the rumen and was lower on the high‐starch diet than on the low‐starch diet, mainly attributed to the reduction in sugar beet pulp in the high‐starch diet. It was concluded that without the correction for the reduction in NDF digestion in the rumen, the extra supply of glucogenic (glucose and propionic acid) and ketogenic nutrients (acetic and butyric acid) by supplemented starch will be overestimated. The mechanisms responsible for these effects need to be addressed in feed evaluation.     

Influence of dietary niacin on volatile fatty acids in rumen liquid of sheep and rumen dry matter degradability of untreated and ammonia-treated wheat straw

Three rumen fistulated sheep were fed with roughage (1200 g artificially dried grass) or a concentrate/roughage diet (600 g concentrate, 400 g artificially dried grass per animal and day). The diets were unsupplemented or 0.5, 1 and 2 g niacin per animal and day were added. After a 14-day adaptation period samples of rumen liquid were taken 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after morning feeding. In a second experiment untreated and NH3-treated wheat straw were incubated in nylon bags for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in the rumen of 5 sheep fed with 1.2 kg artificially dried grass and unsupplemented or supplemented with 1 g niacin per day. Niacin did not significantly influence the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate and branched chain fatty acids in both types of diet (P less than 0.05). 0.5 and 1 g niacin in the roughage and 0.5 g niacin in concentrate/roughage diet increased the propionic acid concentration and reduced the butyric acid concentration in rumen liquid of sheep (P less than 0.05). Niacin resulted in a small decrease (P greater than 0.05) of dry matter degradability in rumen. After 48 h incubation time, the dry matter disappearance of untreated and NH3-treated wheat straw amounted to 35.4 and 46.2% resp. The effects of niacin on rumen fermentation may be useful in avoiding ketogenic situations in dairy cows.     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

青贮对薯渣干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律的影响

选择4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,利用尼龙袋法研究了马铃薯渣和红薯渣青贮前后干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律。结果表明,青贮后马铃薯渣和红薯渣的干物质和淀粉的瘤胃72 h消失率及有效降解率均极显著降低（P＜0.01）,马铃薯渣干物质和淀粉消失率由青贮前的95.72%和99.60%下降为53.43%和86.51%,红薯渣则由97.65%和99.81%下降为66.72%和84.69%,马铃薯渣干物质和淀粉的有效降解率降低了47.34%和35.98%,红薯渣则下降了51.48%和57.39%;马铃薯渣青贮和红薯渣青贮干物质的有效降解率差异不显著（P＞0.05）,淀粉差异显著（P＜0.05）;马铃薯渣和红薯渣青贮后过瘤胃淀粉分别增加了57.43%（42.94 g/kg）和151.37%（122.52 g/kg）,且红薯渣极显著高于马铃薯渣（P＜0.01）。因此,青贮处理有效降低了2种薯渣干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率,并提高了其过瘤胃淀粉量,红薯渣的过瘤胃淀粉量明显高于马铃薯渣。     

不同方法测定瘤胃非降解蛋白质小肠消化率及相关性分析

本试验分别采用移动尼龙袋法、改进三步体外法、原始三步体外法和酸性洗涤不溶氮(ADIN)估测法测定13种精料的瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)小肠消化率,并对移动尼龙袋法与其他方法的测定结果进行相关性分析,同时对常规营养成分和RUP小肠消化率作回归分析,旨在寻找替代移动尼龙袋法测定RUP小肠消化率更简单快速的方法.试验采用单因素试验设计,选取3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠T型瘘管的奶牛.结果表明:移动尼龙袋法测得的豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、葵花粕、芝麻粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米、米糠、米糠粕、米糠饼、大麦、麦麸和玉米麸质饲料的RUP小肠消化率分别为98.13％、87.37％、88.47％、82.60％、85.73％、75.40％、93.23％、69.27％、77.83％、92.10％、91.27％、72.37％和79.03％.改进三步体外法测定结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果的相关系数为0.8383;原始三步体外法测定结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果的相关系数为0.7899;ADIN估测法预测结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果无显著相关(P＞0.05);饲料RUP小肠消化率与饲料常规营养成分含量显著相关(P＜0.05).改进三步体外法比原始三步体外法替代移动尼龙袋法测定饲料RUP小肠消化率效果更好.应用体外法替代移动尼龙袋法测定蛋白质饲料RUP小肠消化率比测定能量饲料RUP小肠消化率效果更好.用饲料的常规营养成分含量可较好地预测RUP小肠消化率.     

Influence of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Yea-Sacc or Levaferm) on in Sacco dry matter degradability and ruminal parameters of variously fed small ruminants.

Two series of experiments with rumen fistulated castrated male sheep and goats were carried out. In experiment I three sheep each consumed rations rich in concentrate (700 g concentrate, 200 g chopped wheat straw) or roughage (700 g artificially dried ryegrass, 200 g chopped wheat straw per animal per day) and supplemented with 0, 1, 2 or 4 g Yea-Sacc (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; USA) per sheep per day. In experiment II three sheep were fed with 1000 g artificially dried ryegrass and 200 g concentrate, three goats consumed 750 g ryegrass and 150 g concentrate. 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 g Levaferm (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Germany) per animal per day were added. Rations of all animals were supplemented with minerals and vitamins. After 14 days of feeding wheat straw, ammonia treated wheat straw and artificially dried grass (exp. I) or wheat straw and artificially dried grass (exp. II) were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. At the end of the experiments rumen fluid was taken via cannulae and parameters of rumen fermentation were measured. Higher levels of added Yea-Sacc decreased in sacco dry matter degradability of all incubated feeds. Depression was much higher if Yea-Sacc was added to the concentrate ration (overall mean for 24, 48 and 72 h incubation time: 55.1, 47.1, 46.1 and 44.5 for 0, 1, 2 and 4 g Yea-Sacc) than to the roughage diet (58.7, 56.3, 55.0 and 54.1%). Levaferm did not significantly influence the rumen dry matter degradability of incubated feeds (overall mean for 24, 48, and 72 h incubation time: 64.0; 64.9; 64.9 and 64.2% for sheep; 63.0; 63.2; 63.2 and 61.6% for goats, if added with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g Levaferm per animal per day). Rumen pH, concentration of volatile fatty acids and molar concentration of fatty acids in rumen fluid were not significantly influenced by added yeasts. More research seems necessary to find out the mode of action of yeast and to quantify and to reproduce the effects of added yeast.