秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性及土壤性质的影响

为了解秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性和土壤性质的调控作用,在宁夏南部半干旱区连续两年进行了0(CK),3 000,6 000,9 000 kg·hm~(-2)四种不同秸秆覆盖量处理的栽培试验。结果表明:随着覆盖量的增加,小麦在各个生育阶段的耗水量逐渐减少,3 000,6 000 kg·hm~(-2)和9 000 kg·hm~(-2)覆盖量处理的小麦全生育期的平均耗水量较CK分别减少了12.7%,21.6%和27.5%,秸秆覆盖量与耗水量呈显著负相关(P0.01);进行秸秆覆盖以后,土壤的蓄水保墒能力得到明显提升,3 000,6 000 kg·hm~(-2)和9 000 kg·hm~(-2)覆盖量处理的小麦收获后土壤平均含水量较CK分别增加了13.1%,19.8%和26.1%;小麦的水分利用效率以覆盖量为9 000 kg·hm~(-2)的处理最大,水分利用效率较CK增加了42.4%(P0.01);不同覆盖量处理的小麦平均产量较CK增加了2.9%~16.7%,仅覆盖量为3 000 kg·hm~(-2)的处理较CK差异达到显著水平(P0.01);秸秆覆盖对表层土壤(0~10 cm)的温度变化有明显的调节作用,能够降低地温的日振幅,避免了地温的剧烈变化,能有效缓解地温的激变对作物根部产生的伤害。秸秆覆盖能够改善土壤肥力,提高土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和有机质的含量,而且有利于作物对土壤磷素的吸收。     

不同覆盖措施对黄土高原旱作农田N2O通量的影响

为研究秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下旱作冬小麦田N_2O通量变化及水热状况,在中国科学院长武农业生态试验站采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了冬小麦种植期间无覆盖处理(CK)、地膜覆盖处理(PM)、全年覆盖秸秆处理4 500 kg·hm~(-2)(M4500)和全年覆盖秸秆9 000 kg·hm~(-2)处理(M9000)土壤N_2O排放通量,并同步测定了土壤水分、土壤温度和气温。研究表明:CK、PM、M4500和M9000处理生育期内N_2O通量范围分别为17.24~321.86、19.03~388.00、21.57~344.53μg·m-2·h-1和24.77~348.42μg·m-2·h-1,生育期内N_2O平均排放通量分别为110.64、146.48、131.31μg·m-2·h-1和142.26μg·m-2·h-1,与CK相比,PM、M4500和M9000处理N_2O平均排放通量分别提高了32.29%、18.68%和28.57%,其中,PM和M9000处理与CK之间差异达极显著水平(P0.01)。PM处理N_2O累积排放量(7.25 kg·hm~(-2))较CK处理(5.18 kg·hm~(-2))提高了40%(P0.05),秸秆覆盖处理M4500(6.30kg·hm~(-2))和M9000(7.17 kg·hm~(-2))N_2O累积排放量较CK处理分别提高23%和38%(P0.05),PM和M9000处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于M4500,PM和M9000处理之间无显著差异。不同覆盖条件下生育期N_2O通量表现出明显的季节变化特征,小麦生长季始末期较高中期较低,N_2O排放受降水影响明显。生育期N_2O累积通量主要源于冬小麦拔节期至收获期,PM、M4500和M9000处理拔节期至收获期N_2O排放量分别占整个生育期的41%、40%和43%,均高于CK(38%)处理。土壤温度变化可以解释69%~76%土壤N_2O通量变化,土壤水分仅解释了37%~51%的土壤N_2O通量变化。回归分析表明无覆盖时,土壤水分是影响土壤N_2O排放的关键因子,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度是影响土壤N_2O排放的关键因子。覆盖秸秆4 500 kg·hm~(-2)是黄土旱塬区较为适宜的冬小麦栽培模式。     

秸秆量对垄沟二元覆盖夏玉米农田耗水及产量的影响

于2015—2016年通过两年夏玉米大田试验,设置4个秸秆覆盖量水平2 500、5 000、7 500、10 000 kg·hm~(-2)(分别记为M1、M2、M3、M4),以不覆盖秸秆为对照(CK),探索了垄沟二元覆盖下不同秸秆量对土壤水分及夏玉米生育期耗水量、干物质累积量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,4个处理均增大了玉米生育期耗水量,2a中各处理夏玉米成熟期平均土壤贮水量较对照分别减少1.93、5.23、9.47 mm和11.54 mm,生育期耗水量分别增大0.51、3.37、8.78 mm和11.01 mm,其中,M2处理的土壤贮水量及生育期耗水量在2016年与对照差异显著(P0.05),M3、M4与对照2 a均差异显著(P0.05);干物质量在苗期覆盖处理小于对照,中后期显著大于对照,2 a平均增加4.67%、16.58%(P0.05)、21.99%(P0.05)和23.36%(P0.05);M3处理2 a平均产量及水分利用效率表现较优,分别较CK增加18.80%(P0.05)、14.80%(P0.05),较M1增加14.13%(P0.05)、10.92%(P0.05),较M2增加8.14%(2016年,P0.05)、5.11%(2016年,P0.05),虽然较M4处理2 a平均减少1.77%、0.26%,但均差异不显著。综合而言,在干旱半干旱地区垄膜沟播条件下,7 500 kg·hm~(-2)为合理的秸秆覆盖量。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量的影响

为探索利于西北黄土高原旱作麦田可持续发展的覆盖保墒栽培新技术,通过大田试验研究了不同覆盖方式(秸秆带状覆盖:BSC,旧膜二茬利用:PAH,露地条播:CK)和不同施肥量(纯氮、P2O5分别为:90、120、150 kg·hm~(-2))对旱地冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖方式与施肥量对冬小麦产量、产量三因素、生育期耗水量及水分利用效率有显著影响,且二者互作效应显著。秸秆带状覆盖下,籽粒产量达到5 305.0 kg·hm~(-2),较PAH和CK分别显著增加24.0%和37.5%,水分利用效率达10.8 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),较PAH和CK分别显著提高20.6%和33.3%,且同等施肥量下BSC的产量和水分利用效率均显著高于PAH和CK。从产量三因素看,BSC单位面积穗数较PAH和CK分别显著提高27.0%和42.2%,而穗粒数分别降低14.3%和6.7%,千粒重分别降低2.3%和6.8%,差异均达显著水平。与CK相比,BSC和PAH全生育期表现为显著的增墒效应,其中返青前以BSC保墒效果最好,拔节后则以PAH保墒效果最好。比较全生育期0~25 cm土壤温度差异,BSC越冬前表现为增温效应,较CK高1.2℃,返青后表现为降温效应,较CK低1.8℃;而PAH全生育期表现为增温效应,平均较CK高0.9℃。通径分析表明,秸秆带状覆盖主要是通过改善土壤水热条件,显著提高单位面积穗数,从而提高冬小麦产量。     

盐碱地不同施氮量对土壤微生物区系与食葵产量的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区盐碱食葵田进行大田试验,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置了75 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)、150kg·hm~(-2)(N2)、225 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N4)、375 kg·hm~(-2)(N5)五个氮肥施用水平,研究了不同氮肥施用量对土壤微生物区系和食葵产量的影响。结果表明:(1)盐碱地施用氮肥可提高土壤微生物数量和细菌优势菌菌群多样性,各处理0~20 cm土层根区土壤微生物数量大小顺序为N4N3N5N2N1CK,各施肥处理较CK差异极显著(P0.01);(2)盐碱地施用氮肥可促进食葵生长发育,提高产量,随氮肥施用量由低到高,食葵长势和干物质积累呈逐渐增加趋势,产量与施氮量呈抛物线型关系,各处理产量分别较CK提高0.06%、36.27%、61.95%、105.36%和85.03%;(3)适量施氮可抑制土壤积盐,食葵收获后,各处理积盐量大小顺序为N2CKN5N3N1N4;(4)土壤微生物的数量和优势菌菌群数与氮肥施用量、食葵根干重呈正相关关系,与土壤含盐量和积盐量呈负相关关系。综合试验结果,内蒙古河套灌区中度盐碱地食葵生产中氮肥适宜施用量为300 kg·hm~(-2)。     

稻草覆盖量对红壤旱坡地花生生长环境及产量形成的影响

针对江西季节性干旱发生的特点对红壤旱坡地花生生长的不利影响,研究不同的稻草覆盖量(1 500、3 000、4 500、6 000 kg·hm~(-2)和7 500 kg·hm~(-2))对红壤旱地花生生长及产量形成的效果。结果显示,随着稻草覆盖量的增加,花生田土壤湿度、温度和电导率的日变幅均相应降低,杂草发生量也相应减少,但花生的干物质生产量、根瘤量、成熟期绿叶残留量及产量则随着覆盖量的增加表现为先增后减的抛物线形状,并在稻草覆盖量为4500 kg·hm~(-2)的条件下表现最好。综合考虑稻草覆盖的防草、抗旱、增产效果,研究认为红壤旱坡地花生稻草覆盖量以4 500 kg·hm~(-2)左右为宜。     

覆盖方式对旱作小麦田土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

依托中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态实验站的长期覆盖试验,分析研究秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作冬小麦田土壤团聚体分布和团聚体有机碳的影响,共包括4种处理:无覆盖(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖(M_(9000))、全年4 500 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖(M_(4500))和全年地膜覆盖(PM)。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,M_(9000)处理土壤总有机碳含量提高8.1%(P0.05),M_(4500)和PM处理较CK处理无显著差异。(2)M_(9000)、M_(4500)处理0.25 mm团聚体含量较CK处理分别提高6.6%、4.1%,PM处理降低1.7%。(3)与CK处理相比,M_(9000)处理平均重量直径(MWD)值提高9.2%,PM处理降低14.8%;M_(9000)处理几何平均直径(GMD)提高13.0%,PM处理降低15.7%(P0.05)。(4)土壤总有机碳与0.25 mm团聚体含量、MWD和GMD值呈显著正相关。(5)各处理中,5 mm和0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量较高;M_(9000)处理可不同程度地提高各级别团聚体中有机碳的含量,PM处理作用不明显;土壤有机碳主要储存在机械稳定性大团聚体中,且5 mm团聚体对总有机碳的贡献率最大,M_(9000)、M_(4500)处理可提高0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的贡献率。(6)各处理土壤总有机碳与5 mm和0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体中有机碳呈极显著正相关。因此,长期秸秆覆盖不仅可以提升团聚体水平和稳定性,还可增加团聚体中有机碳含量,有利于土壤有机碳的固定。该区全年9 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖处理效果最好。     

秸秆覆盖对土柱垂直一维水分传输与蒸发的影响

通过室内土柱蒸发实验,研究了2种秸秆覆盖位置(0 cm、土面以下20 cm)、4种秸秆覆盖量〔0 kg·hm-2(CK)、6 000 kg·hm-2、12 000 kg·hm-2、18 000 kg·hm-2〕和3种秸秆长度(1 cm、5 cm、10 cm)的秸秆覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响。结果表明:表层覆盖秸秆能明显抑制水分蒸发,秸秆量越大,日蒸发强度越小,不同秸秆覆盖量处理间累积蒸发量差异显著;秸秆长度对日蒸发强度影响不明显,秸秆覆盖量在18 000 kg·hm-2时,不同秸秆长度累积蒸发量差异显著。土面以下20 cm处秸秆覆盖处理的日蒸发强度在蒸发前期均高于表层覆盖和CK处理,蒸发后期小于表层覆盖和CK处理;秸秆长度为1 cm和10 cm时,不同秸秆覆盖量累积蒸发量差异显著,秸秆覆盖量12 000 kg·hm-2和18 000 kg·hm-2时,不同秸秆长度累积蒸发量差异显著。方差分析表明:秸秆覆盖量对表层覆盖累积蒸发量的贡献最大,秸秆长度对土面以下20 cm处覆盖累积蒸发量效果显著。     

膨润土对燕麦苗期土壤水分及生物学性状的影响

为明确膨润土对黄土高原旱作土壤保水改土效果,设计试验:施用量0 kg·hm~(-2)(CK)、6 000 kg·hm~(-2)(D1)、12 000 kg·hm~(-2)(D2)、18 000 kg·hm~(-2)(D3)、24 000 kg·hm~(-2)(D4)、30 000 kg·hm~(-2)(D5);2011年一次性施入,2012—2015年研究其对燕麦苗期土壤含水量、微生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,膨润土各施用量均能提高燕麦出苗率,2012年D2、D3处理最佳,较对照提高了11.41%、8.93%;2013年D3、D4处理表现较好,较对照提高了8.39%、5.56%;2014年表现为D4、D5处理较对照提高了10.25%、8.32%;2015年表现为D4、D5处理较对照提高了8.71%、7.48%。同时,发现施用膨润土可提高苗期0~100 cm土层土壤含水量,尤以10~20 cm土层变化最显著,较对照提高1.21%~40.76%。施用膨润土能显著增加2012—2015年0~10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量、土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,可分别较CK增加2.92%~31.42%、5.05%~47.15%、4.75%~45.89%、2.73%~49.91%、6.67%~70.00%。可见,膨润土能够显著改善耕层土壤的保水性和持水性、改善土壤生物性学性状,且其效果具有一定的长效性,随着施用年限增加,高施用量处理效果最显著。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土蒸发对近地层微气候变化影响的模拟研究

为明确秸秆覆盖后微气候对盐渍土水盐运动的调控机理,通过室内土柱试验,模拟研究了盐渍土蒸发过程(0～17 717 min)中不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9 kg·m~(-2)和1.2 kg·m~(-2),分别以CK、A、B、C和D表示)对近地层微气象因素(地表土壤温度、空气温度、相对湿度)、湍流热通量、蒸发强度及水盐运动的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高近地层土壤温度和近地层空气温度,A、B、C和D处理的地表土壤温度比CK分别增加了21.9%、27.4%、27.2%和33.5%,地表上方15 cm处空气温度比CK分别增加了1.02%、0.59%、0.95%和1.54%;无外热源补给条件下,A、B、C和D处理的湍流交换系数比CK分别低了73.3%、62.8%、29.9%和51.7%,湍流热通量分别增加了80.2%、70.6%、52.8%和69.6%,潜热通量分别低了84.9%、79.4%、57.6%和69.8%,差异显著;秸秆覆盖对土壤蒸发强度的抑制作用主要在蒸发前期(0～10 000 min),且A、B、C和D处理的蒸发强度比CK处理分别降低了12.4%、52.5%、26.7%和60.3%(p0.05),随着秸秆覆盖量的增加表层0～1 cm土层土壤电导率呈降低趋势,表明秸秆覆盖在一定程度上可以抑制土壤盐分向地表积聚。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Bacterial induction of the accumulation of phaseollin,pisatin and rishitin and their antibacterial activity

Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Identification and Characterisation of Bacteria Causing Soft-rot in Agave tequilana

Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms.     

Species presence and density of tetranychid and phytoseiid mites in unsprayed and sprayed apple orchards in Northern Israel

Species presence and density of mixed populations of phytophagous tetranychid and predacious phytoseiid mites were studied in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in northern Israel during three growing seasons. Two species of phytophagous tetranychids, namely,Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval andT. Urticae Koch, and two species of predatory phytoseiid mites —Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski andAmblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot — were found. Predator density was lower than herbivore density in sprayed commercial orchards, but the reverse was true in unsprayed orchards. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2855-E, 1989 series.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

The involvement of ethylene and calcium in gray mold of pelargonium,ruscus, and rose plants

Leaves ofPelargonium domesticum andRuscus hypoglossum infected byBotrytis cinerea Pers., produced 12 and 1.5 nl ethylene/h/g, respectively, 34 days after inoculation; wounded or healthy leaves and phyloclades of them produced much lower amounts. When the fungus was grown on dead leaves it produced negligible amounts of the gas even when supplemented with methionine. Exogenous ethylene enhanced gray mold development in both hosts. Silver thiosulfate, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited disease development in pelargonium, and the latter two compounds inhibited ethylene production. AOA inhibited disease development and ethylene production in cut rose flowers; calcium ions inhibited disease development whereas the chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid] enhanced it. Disease suppression by an excess of Ca²⁺ was correlated with repression of ethylene production by the flowers, whereas deficiency in Ca²⁺ increased disease severity. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2413-E, 1988 series.