不同比例凋落物的分解动态变化研究

为分析凋落叶多样性对凋落物不同分解阶段分解量及分解速率的影响,采用将不同混合比例的凋落物装入分解尼龙网袋的方法,进行了野外分解实验,结果表明:在不同分解阶段,纯杉木凋落叶的分解量均较低,这表明单一凋落叶组成可能不利于凋落叶的分解。同时,从凋落叶的分解速率来看,纯杉木凋落叶在分解初期的分解速率较差,随着分解时间的增加,杉木+马尾松凋落叶的分解速率则较差。     

竹类凋落叶对4种乔木树种种子萌发的影响

研究凋落叶厚度、凋落叶类型和播种位置对4种冠层乔木香樟、栲树、喜树和罗浮柿种子萌发的影响,探讨竹类凋落叶对森林更新影响的程度。结果表明:凋落叶上方和下方播种对4种乔木树种种子的最终萌发率和幼苗发生率均产生显著影响,而凋落叶厚度和凋落叶类型对4个树种种子萌发状况的影响不同。播种在凋落叶上方的种子萌发率都很低甚至萌发失败,而播种在凋落叶下方的种子萌发率较高。竹类凋落叶下方种子的萌发速率高于乔木凋落叶下方种子,但是竹类凋落叶下方的出苗速率和最终出苗率低于乔木凋落叶下方。研究表明:竹类凋落叶覆盖不利于乔木幼苗存活,且对落叶树种的影响更明显,从而会降低森林的物种多样性,进而影响森林的结构和动态。     

模拟酸雨对大兴安岭3个树种凋落叶分解速率和溶解有机碳的影响

利用室内分解袋法研究模拟酸雨对大兴安岭根河地区白桦Betula platyphylla,杜香Ledum palustre,兴安杜鹃Rhododendron dauricum凋落叶分解速率及分解释放溶解有机碳的影响,分别设置pH3.5,5.0和7.0三个梯度。结果表明,分解过程中3个树种凋落叶在pH 3.5的质量损失最少,其次是pH 5.0和7.0;不同树种对酸雨胁迫的影响具有一定的差异;3个树种凋落叶的失重率为:杜香白桦兴安杜鹃;3个树种凋落叶的失重率和分解速率均与凋落叶初始C浓度、木质素浓度、C/N比和木质素/N呈显著负相关,与N,P和纤维素浓度呈显著正相关;3个树种凋落叶分解释放溶解有机碳都是先增加后减少,后趋于动态平衡减少状态。     

黔中喀斯特区不同光合功能群树种凋落叶分解特性研究

通过2013年在黔中喀斯特区采用网袋法进行植物凋落叶的分解实验,比较不同光合功能群树种凋落叶的残留率、分解速率、有机碳释放速率的差异。结果表明,研究区广光耐荫功能群树种（ I）、窄光耐荫功能群树种（ II）、广光喜光功能群树种（ III）、窄光喜光功能群树种（ IV）4种功能群树种凋落物在1年的分解过程中,残留率变化趋势分第1-4月、第5-9月、第10-12月3阶段,呈快-慢-快的规律;各光合功能群树种凋落叶分解速率为III＞IV＞I＞II。有机碳释放速率为IV＞II＞III＞I。凋落叶分解过程残留率与其有机碳释放速率均呈极显著负相关关系。喜光树种比耐荫树种凋落叶更易分解。     

马尾松凋落物C∶N∶P化学计量特征对分解速率的影响

以湖南省森林植物园马尾松林为研究对象,对马尾松凋落物的C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征对分解速率的影响进行研究。经过1年的分解试验,结果表明:马尾松凋落叶的C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均高于凋落枝的;凋落枝、凋落叶的分解速率分别为0.709 g/(g·年)和0.756 g/(g·年),凋落枝的分解速率也低于凋落叶的;凋落枝、叶的分解速率与C∶N∶P生态化学计量呈正相关关系。凋落枝的P含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P与凋落叶的差异显著;凋落叶的C含量与凋落枝的C含量呈极显著正相关。     

中国亚热带4种林分类型凋落叶分解过程中~(13)C NMR波谱特征

【目的】旨在揭示不同结构碳组分在凋落叶分解过程中的作用机制。【方法】以浙江省临安玲珑山毛竹人工林、马尾松天然次生林、杉木人工林和青冈天然次生林凋落叶为研究材料,采用常规化学分析方法与固态13C核磁共振技术探讨其分解过程中的全C和全N含量及不同形态C化合物相对含量的变化。【结果】经12个月的分解,4种林分凋落叶的质量损失率表现为青冈天然次生林(53.80%)马尾松天然次生林(52.69%)杉木人工林(48.31%)毛竹人工林(41.17%);在分解过程中,凋落叶中的N含量逐渐升高,C含量和C/N比逐渐降低,烷氧碳的相对含量显著减少(9.34%~15.48%,P0.05),而芳香碳和羰基碳分别增加25.14%~37.37%和0.75~2.08倍(P0.05);凋落叶中的C含量与凋落叶质量残存率之间,C/N比与凋落叶质量残存率之间均极显著正相关(r=0.901 0~0.984 0,P0.01),而N含量与凋落叶质量残存率极显著负相关(r=-0.921 1~-0.983 1,P0.01),凋落叶中的烷氧碳相对含量与凋落叶质量残存率呈极显著正相关(r=0.808 2~0.962 2,P0.01),芳香碳相对含量与凋落叶质量残存率间、羰基碳相对含量与凋落叶质量残存率间均极显著负相关(r=-0.779 9~-0.936 6,P0.01),除马尾松人工林外,其他林分凋落叶的烷基碳相对含量与凋落叶质量残存率均无显著相关性。【结论】4种林分凋落叶中,青冈天然次生林凋落叶降解最快;在有机碳中,烷氧碳、芳香碳和羰基碳在凋落叶降解过程中起着决定性的作用;13C NMR波谱技术更利于监测凋落叶分解过程中不同结构碳组分的变化,从而更深刻认识凋落叶的分解机制。     

江西武夷山南方铁杉林主要树种叶片养分含量及再吸收效率

【目的】分析江西武夷山南方铁杉林主要树种叶片养分含量,阐明不同生活型(落叶树种和常绿树种)树种新鲜叶和凋落叶养分化学计量特征与养分再吸收效率,为揭示南方铁杉林主要树种叶片养分含量及再吸收效率对植物生活型的响应机制提供理论依据。【方法】采集南方铁杉天然林内主要树种的新鲜叶和凋落叶,测定叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,计算其化学计量比和养分再吸收效率,采用标准化主轴回归估计方法对南方铁杉林主要树种新鲜叶与凋落叶中N、P含量的异速生长关系进行研究,分析生活型对叶片N、P含量之间关系的影响。【结果】1)南方铁杉天然混交林中,落叶和常绿两生活型树种间的新鲜叶C含量无显著差异,但落叶树种N和P含量均显著高于常绿树种(P<0.05);但两生活型树种间的凋落叶C、N、P含量均无显著差异。2)新鲜叶C∶N和C∶P均表现为落叶树种显著低于常绿树种(P<0.05),但N∶P在两生活型树种间差异不明显;凋落叶C∶N、N∶P和C∶P均显著大于新鲜叶,但其在两生活型树种间差异不明显。3)常绿树种新鲜叶N与P含量间存在显著正相关关系;常绿树种与落叶树种凋落叶N与P含量显著正相关(P<0.05...     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林不同物候期土壤动物对凋落物氮和磷释放的影响

[目的]探讨不同物候期土壤动物对凋落物分解过程中N和P释放特征的影响,以期进一步认识凋落物分解与植物生长间的生态联系.[方法]以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶秫典型人工林马尾松和柳杉及次生林香樟和麻栎凋落物为研究对象,采用不同孔径凋落物分解袋排除土壤动物的方法,于2011年11月-2012年10月按照凋落物自然分解过程在不同物候期(秋末落叶期、萌动期、展叶期、叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)研究去除和不去除土壤动物条件下凋落物分解过程中N和P的浓度、释放率以及释放速率特征.[结果]在第1年的凋落物分解过程中,N浓度在4种凋落物的分解过程中均表现出升高的趋势,土壤动物提高了叶片成熟期马尾松和香樟凋落物N浓度,但降低了柳杉和麻栎凋落物N浓度;4种凋落物P浓度在分解过程中以叶片成熟期和盛叶期达到最高值,除土壤动物显著影响叶片成熟期香樟P浓度外,对其他3种凋落物分解过程中P浓度无显著影响;土壤动物显著影响凋落物N和P的释放过程,移除土壤动物条件下,4种凋落物N在展叶期表现为释放的过程,此后释放率持续下降,但4种凋落物P在展叶期和叶片成熟期表现为释放,盛叶期表现为富集,至叶衰期又表现为释放的过程;相对而言,允许土壤动物进入条件下,马尾松和香樟凋落物N和P在叶片成熟期表现为明显富集现象,而盛叶期表现为明显释放过程,柳杉和麻栎凋落物N和P却表现为叶片成熟期释放而盛叶期明显富集的过程;经过整个第1年的凋落物分解,土壤动物明显促进了柳杉和麻栎凋落物分解过程N的释放以及马尾松凋落物分解过程中P的释放,但土壤动物抑制马尾松和香樟凋落物分解过程中N的释放,以及香樟、柳杉和麻栎凋落物分解过程中P的释放;相对于其他物候期,秋末落叶期和萌动期土壤动物抑制马尾松和香樟凋落物分解过程中N和P的释放,而在展叶期、叶片成熟期和盛叶期土壤动物促进马尾松、香樟和麻栎凋落物分解过程中N和P的释放.[结论]土壤动物可显著影响四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物分解过程中N和P的释放过程,在植物生长较慢的秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期土壤动物对凋落物N和P释放的影响相对较小,而在植物生长大量消耗养分的叶片成熟期和盛叶期,土壤动物对凋落物N和P释放的作用更为明显,这一定程度上表明了土壤动物与植物可能存在竞争关系.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对银杏与池杉凋落叶分解的影响

以硫酸、亚硫酸为原料配制不同pH值的酸溶液,采用分解袋法,在室内模拟酸雨处理银杏和池杉凋落叶,研究模拟酸雨胁迫对银杏和池杉凋落叶分解的影响。结果表明:不同pH值的模拟酸雨胁迫对银杏和池杉凋落叶的分解率均存在一定的抑制作用,以对照组(pH值7.0)的凋落叶分解率最高,其次是轻度(pH值5.6)酸雨胁迫和中度(pH值4.0)酸雨胁迫处理的,分解率最低的是重度(pH值2.5)酸雨胁迫处理的,表现为随酸雨胁迫强度增强即pH值的减小而减小的趋势。2个不同树种的凋落叶对酸雨胁迫的反应也存在差异,池杉落叶分解受酸雨的影响比银杏落叶的小。     

外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响

通过外加氮源或将杉木针叶与林下植物叶混合来改变杉木林凋落物中针叶的养分状况,与杉木林针叶凋落物分解进行比较,分析针叶养分状况及其对杉木林凋落物分解速率和养分释放的影响。结果表明:将杉木针叶与林下植物叶混合和外加氮源均对凋落物分解有不同程度的促进作用。经过153d的分解后,未经处理的杉木针叶干质量损失率为20·49%,与林下植物叶混合的凋落物干质量损失率为43·67%,其促进作用最大;外加4gNaNO3的促进作用次之,凋落物干质量损失率为42·07%;外加2g NaNO3的凋落物干质量损失率为29·13%。对分解过程中各试验方案的凋落物干质量保留率进行方差分析,在开始的62d内,与林下植被叶混合的杉木针叶凋落物分解速率和其他3种处理之间的差异显著,62d后未经处理的杉木针叶与加2g NaNO3的凋落物的分解速率没有显著差异,它们与加4g NaNO3或林下植物叶的凋落物的分解速率差异显著。凋落物分解速率与凋落物初始C∶N比值存在显著的线性关系。外加N源和与林下植物叶混合后,凋落物N的含量增加0·6~1·6倍,C∶N比值下降0·4~0·6倍,凋落物底物质量提高,分解速率增大。分解过程中,C质量不断下降,损失24·7%~47·4%,杉木针叶中N出现富集作用,外加N源和与林下植物叶混合的凋落物N释放一定数量后保持稳定的状态。可见,外加适量N源和与林下植物叶混合能提高凋落物底物质量,促进凋落物分解和养分的释放,对维持杉木林的土壤肥力有着重要作用。     

佛山市五种林分改造树种凋落物的持水特性

文章对樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕等5种林分改造树种凋落物储量及持水特性进行了研究。结果表明,樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕凋落物鲜重分别为7.63,6.90,6.38,13.95和7.55 t/hm^2。各树种凋落物干重为米老排〉樟树〉高山榕〉黧蒴〉假苹婆。5种树种中米老排凋落物的最大持水量和最大持水率最大,分别达23.81 t/hm^2和338.89%;高山榕最小,分别仅为11.35 t/hm^2和167.11%。各树种凋落物的最大拦蓄量与有效拦蓄量变化规律基本一致,顺序都是米老排〉黧蒴〉假苹婆〉樟树〉高山榕。在不同浸泡时间段,各树种凋落物持水量均呈现米老排〉黧蒴〉假苹婆〉樟树〉高山榕。0.5 h内,凋落物吸水速率为米老排〉假苹婆〉黧蒴〉樟树〉高山榕。     

Responses to ultraviolet-B radiation by purely symbiotic and NO3-fed nodulated tree and shrub legumes indigenous to southern Africa

Purely symbiotic and NO3-fed nodulated seedlings of Virgilia oroboides (Bergius) T.M. Salter, Cyclopia maculata (L.) Vent and Podalyria calyptrata Willd. were exposed to biologically effective ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) to assess the effects of above- and below-ambient UV-B on growth, symbiotic function and metabolite concentrations. Seedlings were grown outdoors either on tables under ambient or 34 or 66% above-ambient UV-B conditions (UV-B100 control, UV-B134 and UV-B166, respectively), or in chambers providing below-ambient (22% of ambient) UV-B (UV-B22) along with a UV-A control and a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) control. Exposure of seedlings to UV-B166 radiation reduced (P < or = 0.05) leaf and stem dry mass by 34 and 39%, respectively, in C. maculata, and reduced leaf nitrogen concentration (%N) by 12% in V. oroboides. Nodule %N in C. maculata and stem %N in P. calyptrata also decreased (P < or = 0.05) in response to UV-B22 radiation compared with the UV-A control, but not compared with the PAR control. Concentrations of flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch were unaltered by the UV-B treatments. Application of 1 mM NO3 to UV-B166-treated seedlings increased whole-plant dry mass of V. oroboides and P. calyptrata by 47 and 52%, respectively. Dry mass of organs, nodule %N and total N concentration of these species also increased with NO3 application. However, NO3 supply decreased (P < or = 0.05) nodule dry mass, stem %N and leaf %N as well as root and leaf anthocyanin concentrations in C. maculata. In terms of UV-B x N interactions, dry mass of stems, roots, nodules and total biomass of NO3-fed C. maculata seedlings were reduced, and nodule %N, total N and leaf anthocyanins were depressed by the UV-B134 and UV-B166 treatments relative to UV-B100-treated seedlings. Although we found that above-ambient UV-B had no effects on growth and symbiotic function of V. oroboides and P. calyptrata seedlings, feeding NO3 to these species increased (P < or = 0.05) seedling growth. In contrast, purely symbiotic C. maculata seedlings were sensitive to the UV-B166 radiation treatment, and adding NO3 further increased their sensitivity to both the UV-B134 and UV-B166 treatments.     

五种林分改造树种凋落物的持水特性

摘要：本文对樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕等5种林分改造树种凋落物储量及持水特性进行了研究。结果表明,樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕凋落物鲜重分别为7.63 t/hm2、6.90 t/hm2、6.38 t/hm2、13.95 t/hm2和7.55 t/hm2。各树种凋落物干重为米老排>樟树>高山榕>黧蒴>假苹婆。5种树种中米老排凋落物的最大持水量和最大持水率最大,分别达23.81 t/hm2和338.89 %;高山榕最小,分别仅为11.35 t/hm2和167.11 %。各树种凋落物的最大拦蓄量与有效拦蓄量变化规律基本一致,顺序都是米老排>黧蒴>假苹婆>樟树>高山榕。在不同浸泡时间段,各树种凋落物持水量均呈现米老排>黧蒴>假苹婆>樟树>高山榕。0.5h内,凋落物吸水速率为米老排>假苹婆>黧蒴>樟树>高山榕。     

Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats in Peninsular India

A field study was conducted in the moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats (India) to test the following three hypotheses: (1) Litter production in tropical forests is a function of the floristic composition, density, basal area and disturbance intensity; (2) Decay rate constants of tropical species is an inverse function of the initial lignin/nitrogen ratio; (3) Decomposition rates in tropical forests are faster than temperate forests.

Litter fall was estimated by installing 63 litter traps in the moist deciduous forests of Thrissur Forest Division in the Western Ghats at three sites. Litter fall followed a monomodal distribution pattern with a distinct peak during the dry period from November–December to March–April.Dillenia pentagyna, Grewia tiliaefolia, Macrosolen spp.,Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia spp.,Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Cleistanthus collinus, Bridelia retusa, andHelicteres isora were the principal litter producing species at these sites. The annual litter fall ranged from 12.18 to 14.43 t ha⁻¹. Structural attributes of vegetation such as floristic composition, basal area, density and disturbance intensity did not directly influence litter fall rates.

Leaf litter decay rates for six dominant tree species were assessed following the standard litter bag technique. One hundred and eight litter bags per species containing 20 g samples were installed in the forest floor litter layer at the same three sites selected for the litter fall quantification exercise. The residual litter mass decreased linearly with time for all species. In general, less disturbed sites and species adapted to higher nitrogen availabilities exhibited relatively higher decay rate coefficients (k). The rapid organic matter turnover observed in comparison with published temperate forest litter decay rates confirms that tropical moist deciduous forest species are characterised by faster decomposition rates.

Mean concentrations of N, P and K in the litter were profoundly variable amongst the dominant species. Initial nitrogen content of the leaf litter varied from 0.65 to 1.6%, phosphorus from 0.034 to 0.077% and potassium from 0.25 to 0.62%.C. collinus, an understorey shrub consistently recorded the lowest litter concentrations for all nutrients. The overriding pattern is one of higher nutrient levels in the overstorey leaf litter and lower concentrations in the understorey litter. Furthermore, as decomposition proceeded, the nitrogen concentration of the residual biomass increased.     

Leaf litter decomposition of dominant tree species of Namdapha National Park,Arunachal Pradesh,northeast India

Rates of weight loss and nutrient (N and P) release patterns were studied in the leaf litter of the dominant tree species (Ailanthus grandis, Altingia excelsa, Castanopsis indica, Duabanga sonneriatioides, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Mesua ferrea, Shorea assamica, Taluma hodgsonii, Terminalia myriocarpa and Vatica lancefolia) of a tropical wet evergreen forest of northeast India. Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization rate and decay pattern varied significantly from species to species. In general, the decay pattern, characterized by using a composite polynomial regression equation, exhibited three distinct phases of decay during litter decomposition—an initial slow decay phase (0.063% weight loss day⁻¹), followed by a rapid decay phase (0.494% weight loss day⁻¹) and a final slow decay phase (0.136% weight loss day⁻¹). The initial chemical composition of the litter affected decomposition rates and patterns. Species like D. sonneriatoides, D. binectariferum, and T. hodgsonii with higher N and P content, lower carbon and lignin content, and lower C:N ratio and lignin:N ratio exhibited relatively faster decomposition rates than the other species, for example M. ferrea, C. indica and A. grandis. A slow decay rate was recorded for species such as M. ferrea, C. indica, and A. grandis. The initial N and P content of litter showed significant positive correlations with decay rates. Carbon and lignin content, lignin:N, and C:N showed significant negative correlations with decay rates. Soil total N and P, and rainfall, soil temperature, and soil moisture had positive correlations with decay rates. The rapid decomposition rates observed in comparison with other different forest litter decay rates confirm that tropical wet evergreen forest species are characterized by faster decomposition rates, indicating a faster rate of organic matter turnover and rapid nutrient cycling.     

Decay of Rhizophora apiculata(Blume)and Xylocarpus granatum(Koenig)detrital sources in the Sarawak Mangrove,Malaysia

Decaying mangrove detritus plays a significant role in nutrient cycling and fueling in both the forests and aquatic habitats where the detritus stems from estuarine and coastal food webs.Detrital decay rates partly depend on the type of detritus,but most studies have thus far focused on leaf litter decay and decomposition,whereas other detrital sources(except for roots)have largely been ignored.We compare the decay rates of Rhizophora apiculata and Xylocarpus granatum non-leafy detritus(flowers,propagules,stipules,and twigs)with mangrove leaf litter in field studies,using litter bags during the dry and the wet seasons in the tropical mangrove forest of Sibuti,Sarawak,Malaysia.We observed higher microbial decay rates of stipules,flowers,propagules,and twigs for both the R.apiculata and X.granatumduring the wet months.By contrast,leaf decay rates were higher during the dry months.Decay rates depended on the lignin content of the detrital sources of both species,both during dry and wet months.Accordingly,the half-life(T0.5)and 95%lifespan(T0.95)of non-leaf materials(flowers,propagules,stipules and twigs)for both species were remarkably longer than those of leaf litter.Slowly decaying non-leafy detritus may play a significant role in nutrient and carbon cycling over longer time,when leaf litter is either being decomposing rapidly and/or being washed away by tidal flush and river runoff.Hence,non-leafy(flowers,propagules,stipules and twigs)detritus should be taken into account when budgeting organic matter turnover in mangroves.     

Growth and physiological responses to supplemental UV-B radiation of two contrasting poplar species

We compared the growth and physiological responses of cuttings of Populus kangdingensis C. Wang et Tung and P. cathayana Rehder originating from altitudes of 3500 m and 1500 m, respectively, when exposed to three ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation regimes: zero UV-B, ambient (4.5 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) and twice-ambient (9 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) biologically effective UV-B radiation for one growing season, to determine if Populus trees that are adapted to contrasting UV-B habitats exhibit different tolerances to enhanced UV-B radiation. Compared with cuttings grown without UV-B radiation, twice-ambient UV-B radiation significantly decreased total biomass, total leaf area and internode length in both species, whereas root/shoot ratio, leaf number, amount of photosynthetic pigments and ascorbate peroxidase activity were unaffected. Differences in responses were also observed between the study species. Cutting height increment, total biomass, total leaf area, free proline concentration and membrane damage assessed by electrolyte leakage were significantly more affected by the twice-ambient UV-B radiation in P. cathayana than in P. kangdingensis. However, specific leaf mass, amount of UV-B absorbing compounds and superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities increased more with increasing UV-B radiation in P. kangdingensis than in P. cathayana, perhaps reflecting important characteristics of species with low to moderate tolerance to UV-B radiation. Overall, the results indicated that P. kangdingensis, which originates from altitudes of 3500 m, has greater tolerance to enhanced UV-B radiation than P. cathayana originating from altitudes of 1500 m.     

Different growth sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation between male and female Populus cathayana

We investigated sex-related morphological and physiological responses to enhanced UV-B radiation in the dioecious species Populus cathayana Rehd. Cuttings were subjected to two UV-B radiation regimes: ambient (4.5 kJ m?2 day?1) and enhanced (12.5 kJ m?2 day?1) biologically effective UV-B radiation for one growing season. Enhanced UV-B radiation was found to significantly decrease the shoot height and basal diameter and to reduce the leaf area, dry matter accumulation, net photosynthesis rate (P(n)), chlorophyll a/b ratio (Chl a/b) and anthocyanin content. Enhanced UV-B radiation also increased chlorophyll pigment, leaf nitrogen, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid (ABA) content, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities and UV-B-absorbing compounds. No significant effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were found on biomass allocation, gas exchange (except for P(n)), photochemical efficiency of photosystem II or water use efficiency. Moreover, different sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation between males and females was detected. Under enhanced UV-B radiation, males exhibited significantly higher basal diameter and leaf nitrogen, and lower Chl a/b, ABA content, UV-B-absorbing compounds, as well as less decrement of leaf area and dry matter accumulation than did females. However, no significant sexual differences in these traits were found under ambient UV-B radiation. Our results suggest that males may possess a greater UV-B resistance than do females, with males having a more efficient antioxidant system and higher anthocyanin content to alleviate UV-B penetration stress than females.     

杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量的影响因素分析

通过收集杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量数据,分析杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、枝叶生物量、凋落物量、林下植被生物量的相关关系。结果表明,杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与林龄、林下植被生物量、凋落物量、枝叶生物量呈显著正相关,其中与林下植被生物量相关性最大,与年均温呈负相关,而与年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄可单独解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的21.2%,而林龄、降水量、年均温、枝叶生物量可以解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的38.6%。     

Growth and gas exchange in field-grown and greenhouse-grown Quercus rubra following three years of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation

Long-term effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were evaluated in field-grown and greenhouse-grown Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak), a species with a multiple flushing shoot growth habit. Seeds were germinated and grown in ambient, twice ambient (2x) or three times ambient (3x) biologically effective UV-B radiation from square-wave (greenhouse) or modulated (field) lamp systems for three growing seasons. Greenhouse plants in the 2x treatment had greater heights and diameters during the later part of the first year and into the second year, but by the third year there were no differences among treatments. There were no significant differences in growth among treatments for field plants. Enhanced UV-B radiation did not significantly reduce total biomass or distribution of biomass in either field or greenhouse plants. Net photosynthesis (3x), leaf conductance (2x and 3x) and water-use efficiency (3x) of greenhouse plants were greater in the enhanced UV-B radiation treatments in the second year but unaffected by the treatments in other years. None of the treatments affected these parameters in field plants. Dark respiration was increased by the 3x treatment in the first and third years in greenhouse plants, and by the 2x treatment during the second year in field plants. Enhanced UV-B had variable effects on apparent quantum yield and light compensation points. Chlorophylls were unaffected by enhanced UV-B radiation in both greenhouse and field conditions. Bulk methanol-extractable UV-absorbing compounds were increased only by the 3x treatment in greenhouse plants during the third year and by the 2x treatment in field plants during the second year. Overall, Q. rubra appears relatively resistant to potentially damaging enhanced UV-B radiation and is unlikely to be negatively impacted even in the predicted worst-case scenarios.