杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导的研究

以杂种落叶松兴7×日77-2、日12×兴9、日3×兴9、日3×兴2、日5×兴9未成熟合子胚为外植体,初步建立杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导体系。结果表明:不同杂种落叶松在不同培养基和蔗糖浓度下的诱导情况不尽相同,基本培养基中MSG与MS培养基的诱导效果比较好,激素浓度的差异对杂种落叶松也有影响,2,4-D浓度为2.0 mg/L时,诱导率高,蔗糖浓度为30 g/L能诱导出胚性愈伤组织,高浓度的蔗糖反而抑制了胚性愈伤的形成。ABA分别为0、5、10、20、30 mg/L的5个处理中,除对照及ABA30 mg/L时没有诱导出体细胞胚,其他试验组均有一定数量的体细胞胚,但诱导率较低。几种杂种落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导最适合的采样时间是7月中旬。     

杂种落叶松优良家系选择研究

以8年生杂种落叶松21个处理为对象,对生长性状进行变异分析的结果显示:树高、胸径家系内存在较丰富的变异。其中,树高变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴9×日76-2、日5×长77-3,胸径变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴7×日77-2、兴9×日76-2。对比5年与8年生杂种落叶松生长性状变化的结果显示:兴6×和6、日11×兴2、日12×兴9这3个家系表现出较快的生长速度,年平均树高、胸径生长量较大。对杂种落叶松3次测量数据进行相关分析的结果显示:8年生树高、胸径与5年、6年生长性状均为正相关,且均达到显著水平。对8年生杂种落叶松树高、胸径数据进行方差分析的结果显示:生长性状杂种间差异达到显著水平。最终选择兴6×和6、兴7×日77-2、日11×兴2这3个家系为杂种落叶松优良家系,其平均树高与胸径遗传力分别为0.652、0.619,遗传增益分别为45.08%、39.97%。     

杂种落叶松不同子代针叶内抗氧化酶活性的比较

为研究不同品种杂种落叶松针叶内抗氧化酶活性的差异,用紫外分光光度法对日本落叶松、兴安落叶松和长白落叶松的杂交后代,共2代7个家系的杂种落叶松针叶内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及其差异进行比较分析。结果表明:2代7个家系杂种落叶松针叶内的CAT、POD和SOD的活性差异极显著(P<0.01),F1代CAT、SOD的活性普遍高于F2代,POD活性低于F2代。在抗氧化酶方面,F1代杂种优势高于F2代,F1代日3×兴2、F2代日12×兴9等具有较好的潜在抗虫性;结合其他抗虫生理指标,该研究结果在选育落叶松抗虫品种过程中有参考价值。     

兴安落叶松和杂种落叶松在承德围场地区的引种生长表现

为了了解兴安落叶松及杂种落叶松在承德围场地区的生长表现,以2001年从黑龙江省林口县青山林场引种的14个兴安落叶松家系和7个杂种落叶松家系为调查对象,通过测定16a生落叶松的保存率、树高、胸径等数据分析各家系的适应能力,研究在承德围场地区引种兴安落叶松的可能性。结果表明:兴安落叶松和杂种落叶松共21个家系的造林保存率为62%～90%,仅有3个家系低于70%;14个兴安落叶松家系生长性状均表现优良,虽然低于本地华北落叶松优树(华北落叶松优良家系100号-CK3),但显著优于其他两个对照(华北落叶松母树林混合家系-CK1,华北落叶松1代种子园混合家系-CK2),表明兴安落叶松能适应承德围场当地的环境;家系兴7×日77-2的树高、胸径和材积都显著高于其他家系,说明杂种落叶松生长更具优势。以材积为指标,30%入选率下可选出6个优良家系(兴7×日77-2、日5×长78-3、日3×兴2、1248、1169和1656),树高、胸径和材积较CK2的遗传增益分别为6.77%、15.92%和43.32%。     

杂种落叶松苗期生长性状优良家系选择的研究

文章以北安市自治林场、牡丹江市林口县青山林场二年生杂种落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林分对象,2007年10月对各个地点试验林4重复进行每木生长性状测定,估算了树高的变异系数、变异幅度,筛选出生长优良的家系。结果表明,树高遗传变异较大,自治林场二年生杂种落叶松平均变异系数25.6%,青山林场二年生杂种落叶松平均变异系数是26.869%。自治林场、青山林场家系间树高变异幅度分别为53.94~57.90 cm、44.26~48.42 cm、47.85~51.24 cm。家系平均苗高不同地区生长状况不同。自治林场兴5×兴9家系苗期生长较快,是当地的优良家系。青山林场兴5×兴9家系苗期生长较快,是当地的优良家系。     

张家口坝下地区兴安及兴安杂种落叶松引种试验

为了验证在张家口坝下地区引种兴安落叶松的可能性,引种了4个家系的兴安落叶松和4个家系的兴安杂种落叶松,通过调查12a生苗木的存活率以及苗高、胸径等指标来分析各家系的适应能力。结果表明:(1)兴安落叶松及其杂种的存活率都低于3组对照,但大部分家系的存活率都达到或接近70%。(2)4个兴安落叶松家系的生长性状表现优良,虽然低于本地优树,但都显著优于其他2组对照,证明兴安落叶松能够适应当地环境。(3)日12×兴9无论在存活率上还是在生长指标上都有极好表现,证明兴安杂种落叶松杂种有可能更加适应当地环境。     

杂种落叶松继代嫁接幼化技术研究初报

采用34年生杂种落叶松3个优良单株（日3×兴2、日3×兴9、日11×兴7）进行多轮嫁接后，利用扦插生根率评价幼化效果的结果表明，利用继代嫁接技术所建立的采穗圃，其新穗条萌发能力显著提高；继代嫁接的轮次与插穗生根率相关性显著，第2轮嫁接比第1轮嫁接生根率显著提高。     

杂种落叶松优良家系选择和嫩枝扦插生根遗传稳定性的研究

落叶松种内及种间不同杂交组合表现了不同的杂种优势,无性繁殖可以保持遗传特性。通过连续3年的优良杂种落叶松家系生长和扦插试验,结果表明,最好杂交组合为长14×日混、长4c×日混,与母本相比扦插生根率和根系发育都有所提高,说明长白落叶松与日本落叶松杂交后,不仅提高了根生长量,也显著的提高了生根性状。日本落叶松永8×长白与母本相比,不论根生长量还是生根性状都有所提高。但与长白落叶松×日混杂交组合相比,除了3年根生长量排在前列,生根率排在长14×日混和长4c×日混后外,生根量、最长根长较长白落叶松×日混低。杂种落叶松扦插繁殖能够充分发挥优良基因的遗传潜能,除了偏根率遗传力较小外,其它性状都有较高的遗传力,可以保持母本优良遗传性状的稳定。     

杂种落叶松的识别技术

杂种落叶松在抗早期落叶病、抗寒性等方面具有一定优势,冻害指数较日本落叶松低70%,早期落叶病发病率较兴安落叶松低15%、感病指数下降15%。根据针叶形态和一些生理生化手段可将杂种落叶松和亲本区分开来。     

杂种落叶松遗传变异分析及优良家系选择

以黑龙江佳木斯富锦市林木种子园杂种落叶松家系子代测定林的22个落叶松家系为研究对象,分别于2009年、2012年、2017年进行树高及胸径调查,对调查数据进行遗传变异分析、方差分析以及多重比较,并筛选出优良家系。结果显示,22个处理在5年生、8年生、13年生时,树高和胸径均存在着丰富的遗传变异,且总体上呈现由大到小的规律;不同家系间差异显著性均达到了极显著水平;多重比较结果显示,家系兴5×兴9、日5×长78-3和日5×长77-3这3个家系入选为优良家系,入选率为15%。     

Allocation of 14C-carbon in two species of larch seedlings infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi

The flow of labeled carbon in ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal seedlings of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) and its F1 hybrid (Larix gmelinii Rupr. x L. kaempferi) was studied. Larch seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 110 days with larch forest soil (FM) or Suillus grevillei (SM) inoculum, or in the absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (NM). Shoots of colonized and NM seedlings were exposed to a pulse of 14CO2 for 1 h under natural light. Seedlings were harvested following 0, 6 and 24 h of exposure to 14CO2. At the final harvest, SM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 2.6 and 2.5% more 14C, respectively, to roots than NM seedlings. In contrast, FM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 6.5 and 18.0% more 14C, respectively, to the stem than NM seedlings. Of the total 14C detected in needle, stem and root fractions, FM and SM seedlings allocated a greater proportion than NM seedlings, perhaps because FM and SM seedlings had significantly (P < 0.05) higher photosynthetic rates than NM seedlings. As a result, FM and SM seedlings had greater dry masses than NM seedlings. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in FM and SM seedlings were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in NM seedlings, as was stomatal conductance.     

落叶松杂种优势的动态分析和利用途径

经过20多年观测得知,以日本落叶松为亲本分别与长白落叶松、兴安落叶松、欧洲落叶松、华北落叶松杂交都有杂种生长优势,且苗期、早期（10年生幼树）优势表现明显;杂种生长优势是变动的,随着林龄增长杂种优势逐渐缓慢递减;部分杂种组合在16～21年生时,其生长低于母本日本落叶松,但仍然高于父本长白、兴安、欧洲、华北落叶松。杂种优势的高低、延续时间的长短与亲本选用、组合搭配、杂种生长节律及立地环境都有关系,且一般母本作用大;准确选用亲本,杂交效果会更好;利用杂种生长优势的最好形式是建立杂交种子园,杂交种子园杂种出现率的高低取决于两个亲本雌雄花期的同步程度;选择无亲缘关系的杂种第一代优树通过嫁接建立杂种落叶松种子园是生产大量优良杂种的好形式。     

Estimated amount of carbon accumulation of hybrid larch in three 31-year-old progeny test plantations

Hybrids generated by crossing Kuril larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) and Japanese larch (L. kaempferi) are expected to have high carbon accumulation ability because of fast growth and high wood density in Hokkaido, Japan. We estimated the amount of carbon accumulation of the hybrid larch in three progeny test plantations consisting of 21 full-sib families and compared the results to the carbon accumulation of open-pollinated progenies of Japanese larch plus-trees (improved Japanese larch). Gene-environment interactions were not observed for tree height and diameter at breast height but were seen for wood density (area-weighted density, AWD). The amount of carbon accumulated per unit area (C_stand) positively correlated with the stand volume. The AWD did not correlate with the C _stand; therefore, families with high wood density can be selected independent of the C _stand. The C _stand of the best full-sib family, female parent half-sib family, and male parent half-sib family at three sites were 106.1, 84.6, and 93.2 Cton·ha⁻¹, respectively. All these values exceed the mean for the improved Japanese larch, which has a C _stand value of 82.5 Cton·ha⁻¹.     

Characteristics of Reproductive Biology for Larix Originating in Japan

SpeciesandDistributionofLarchThereare15specicsofLarixintheworld.Theymainlydistributeinthefrigid-te11lperatezo11coftI1eNortl1cr11Hclnispllcrcandtl1cH'-Jt,asinCI1ina.Tl1crearconI\'.onesPCCiesa11dOI1c.-'.rLtntrtvI1iclldistributci11Japan,l1all1cIy-Japa11cseIarcl1(Larirk'len1liferiCarr.)a11dDahurianlarcl1(LarirgIneli)1iivar../al)o11i`xIPiIgcr).JapaIlcscIarcl1distributcsi11al1arrotvarca.OI1l}'i11tIlcalpil1cinHOI1sllu.Tl1cnortl1ofl1orizol1taldistributionisi11MiyaglCouIll}'(alt.l56511…     

Production of hybrid seed in a seed orchard of two larch species,Larix sibirica and Larix decidua

The larch seed orchard studied is intended to produce interspecific hybrid seed between Larix sibirica and Larix decidua. Only the L. sibirica clone (half of the grafts) in the orchard was intended to act as the seed parent, and the six L. decidua clones are pollinators. The proportion of hybrid seed produced was determined using Mdh3 locus as a genetic marker. The mean percentage of hybrid seed produced by the grafts of L. decidua was 93, but that of the hybrid seed produced by L. sibirica was only 18. The results can be explained by differences in flowering abundance. The grafts of L. sibirica produced several times more pollen than those of L. decidua. Contrary to the original plans, L. decidua should be used as the seed parent and L. sibirica only as the pollen parent in the studied seed orchard.     

英国西加云杉和落叶松的无性繁殖

本文概述了英国西加云杉和落叶松无性繁殖的历史、研究背景、生产方法、扦插苗的造林表现和大规模应用的发展前景。目前已优化无性繁殖系统的扦插苗生产成本为常规的１／３，且扦插苗不增加造林成本。     

Differences in spectral trajectory with stand volume development between Japanese larch and Japanese oak in Hokkaido,Japan

Our objective was to investigate the differences in the spectral trajectory of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper with stand volume development between Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) in the experimental forest of Kyushu University, Hokkaido, Japan. We used nonlinear regression and a categorical variable to investigate the relationship between spectral reflectance factor and stand volume for each forest type. This research showed that the reflectance factor of Japanese larch and Japanese oak reached saturation and that both forest types had different spectral trajectories with stand development. In addition, we found that middle of development stage (stand volume was between 100 and 200 m³/ha) of each forest type had similarity in reflectance factor.     

Growth and photosynthetic traits of hybrid larch F1 (Larix gmelinii var. japonica x L. kaempferi) under elevated CO2 concentration with low nutrient availability

The hybrid larch F(1) (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) is considered one of the most important tree species not only for timber production but also as an afforestation material for severe conditions such as infertile soil. To predict the ability of hybrid larch F(1) as an afforestation material under potential climates in the future, it is important to understand the response of hybrid larch F(1) to elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) under low nutrient availability. Three-year-old seedlings of hybrid larch F(1) were grown under two different levels of [CO(2)], 360 (ambient) and 720 μmol mol(-1) (elevated), in combination with two different levels of nitrogen (N) supply (0 and 30 kg ha(-1)) for one growing season. Elevated [CO(2)] reduced the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport in the needles. Net photosynthetic rates at growth [CO(2)] (i.e., 360 and 720 μmol mol(-1) for ambient and elevated treatment, respectively) did not differ between the two CO(2) treatments. Reductions in N content and N use efficiency to perform photosynthetic functions owing to the deficiency of nutrients other than N, such as P and K, and/or increase in cell wall mass were considered factors of photosynthetic down-regulation under elevated [CO(2)], whereas stomatal closure little affected the photosynthetic down-regulation. Although we observed strong down-regulation of photosynthesis, the dry matter increase of hybrid larch F(1) seedlings was enhanced under elevated [CO(2)]. This is mainly attributable to the increase in the amount of needles on increasing the number of sylleptic branches. These results suggest that elevated CO(2) may increase the growth of hybrid larch F(1) even under low nutrient availability, and that this increase may be regulated by changes in both crown architecture and needle photosynthesis, which is mainly affected not by stomatal limitation but by biochemical limitation.     

母株年龄、激素种类及其浓度对日本落叶松扦插生根的影响

系统地研究了全光雾插条件下母株年龄、激素种类及其浓度对日本落叶松半木质化插穗生根的影响,并在此基础上利用隶属函数法对各处理的生根效果进行了综合评价,分别为不同年龄阶段的落叶松扦插选配出最佳激素种类及其浓度的处理组合,12.5、8.5 a子代林插穗经最佳组合处理后生根率分别可达78.8%、92.5%,极大地提高了较高年龄日本落叶松扦插繁殖的生根能力.三因素方差分析结果表明,母株年龄(A)、激素种类(B)和激素浓度(C)对落叶松插穗生根率、生根量和偏根率等生根性状的影响达极显著或显著水平,同时三因素互作效应(A×B×C)及双因素互作效应(A×B、A×C、B×C)对绝大多数性状的影响也很显著.根据分年龄阶段进行的激素种类、浓度及其互作效应的比较结果,可以看出处理间生根性状的变化缺乏明显的规律性.