清香核桃的栽后管理及幼树夏剪

以清香核桃为例,笔者通过多年的栽培及管理实践,浅谈一些体会:一、栽后管理1、浇水。苗木栽植后一定要浇透水,用1米见方的地膜将树盘覆盖好,以提高地温,促进根系生长。最好用厚一点的小棚膜。     

氮素形态及配比对铁核桃苗生长及营养吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,以铵态氮、硝态氮和尿素[CO(NH2)2]为氮源,研究氮素形态及配比对铁核桃苗植株大小、生物量、根系形态特征和苗木元素含量及积累量的影响。结果表明:氮素形态及配比对铁核桃苗木的高度、基径、根冠比值、地上部和根系的生物量、根系形态特性、苗木中元素含量及积累量有明显的影响。以50%NH+4-N+50%NO-3-N为氮源的苗高、基径、根冠比值、整株及地上部和根系的生物量、根系的总表面积及平均直径、根尖数、苗木中元素含量及积累量都最大;单一供应CO(NH2)2的苗木根系总长度和总体积最大,苗木整株和地上部及根系的生物量、苗木中的元素含量及积累量仅低于50%NH+4-N+50%NO-3-N的处理;单一供应NO-3-N的苗木矮小,整株、地上部及根系的生物量和根系的形态及生长指标都最低,各种元素的含量及积累量也最少;单一供应NH+4-N时,在夏季叶片出现大量灼烧状坏死,其症状随NH+4-N的比例增加而加重,苗木也纤细,组织不充实,须根短,坏死较多,植株的生物量和根冠比及根系总长度、表面积、体积、平均直径和根尖数都较小,营养元素的积累量也较低。铁核桃对NH+4-N或NO-3-N没有明显的偏好。在NH+4-N与NO-3-N的比例各占50%时能够更好地促进铁核桃苗木的生长及营养的吸收,尿素也有较好的效果。     

葡萄根域限制栽培技术

根域限制就是利用物理或生态的方式将果树根系控制在一定的容积内,通过控制根系生长来调节地上部的营养生长和生殖生长,是一种新型栽培技术(图1)。     

黄土区退耕地隔坡水平沟整地对核桃生长发育的影响

隔坡水平沟整地技术显著地促进了旱坡地核桃幼树的生长发育,6年生核桃地径平均达6.12 cm,树高221 cm,冠幅245.5 cm×238.3 cm,新梢长85 cm,新梢粗1.82 cm,核桃生长迅速的特性得到了充分体现。剖根试验表明,1年生核桃幼树根系水平分布达119 cm~126 cm,垂直分布达60 cm~65 cm,水平根条数达14条~15条;3年生时,根系水平分布已达到143 cm~156 cm,根系最大分布范围已经交接;6年生时,根系已经向下延伸至4 m以下的坡面。幼树期产量迅速上升,7年生时平均产量达2.56 kg/株,1 728 kg/hm2,达到了盛果期产量的57.6%.     

杨树插条育苗地膜覆盖技术值得推广

梨树县榆树台林场于1985—1987年连续三年对杨树插条育苗地膜覆盖技术进行了试验研究。对不同膜色、不同扦插密度、不同扦插时间作了苗高、地经、根系、地温(积温)、土壤湿度、根(茎)重量、叶面积等十几个项目的观测。结果表明,膜色(黑、白两色)不同增温效果亦不同,不同扦插密度、时间对苗木生长都有着直接影响。据观测,从扦插到展叶所需大于5℃的土壤活动积温约为恒定值(117—118℃),这样如果适时早覆膜、早插条可以延长苗木生长期。因覆膜可使苗木生长提前进入速生期,苗木生长健壮,所以覆膜的苗木在地径、根系生长及叶面积都明显大于无膜的。     

核桃早实密植丰产栽培技术

核桃是重要的木本粮油干果经济林树种之一,是山区丘陵区农民增收的支柱产业。近年来,山西省汾阳市不断探索总结出核桃品种选育、良种繁育、密植栽培等一系列新技术,创造了新建核桃园3年挂果,5年每公顷产4500kg、收入3.15万元,8年每公顷产6000kg、收入9万元的新成果。1园地选择核桃为多年生木本树种,根系分布广而深,寿命长,定植在同一地点生长达百年以上,但园地的选择十分重要。由于核桃树耐旱、喜温、喜光的特性,园地选择一般要求年平均温度9℃～16℃;年平均降水量400mm～600mm;年日照2000小时,无霜期150天～240天,背风向阳,日照充足,排水良…     

间作绿豆对核桃苗光合特性及根系导水力的作用

[目的]为研究间作绿豆对核桃苗根系生长、根系水分运输和光合特性的影响,[方法]采用砂培方法,在温室内将1年生核桃嫁接苗和绿豆进行间作。[结果]显示:间作绿豆增加了土壤全氮含量(0.014%0.021%),不添加氮素间作绿豆,核桃苗根系总表面积、根系总长度、根系直径和根系总体积均显著增加,而正常供应氮素间作绿豆,核桃苗根系生长降低。核桃苗根系单位面积的导水率与土壤氮素含量显著相关,添加氮素与否间作绿豆后,根系单位面积导水率分别升高0.102×10^-5 mL·cm^-1·min^-1·MPa^-1和0.057 ×10^-5 mL·cm^-1·min^-1·MPa^-1;而不添加氮素间作绿豆整株根系导水率增加0.043 mL·cm^-1·min^-1·MPa^-1,正常供应氮素间作绿豆后,核桃苗整株根系导水率反而降低0.034 mL·cm^-1·min^-1·MPa^-1;核桃苗气孔导度对各处理响应和根系整株导水力有相同趋势,不添加氮素间作绿豆核桃光合能力升高至对照水平,光饱和点达1 567.17 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大净光合速率达12.84 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光补偿点和暗呼吸速率降低;而正常供应氮素间作绿豆核桃苗光合能力降低。[结论]间作绿豆改善了核桃苗的生长环境,有益于增加核桃苗的根系吸收面积、水分运输以及光合代谢;但在氮素充足的土壤中,间作绿豆非但无益于核桃苗,反而降低核桃苗的水分供应,影响其气体交换和光合能力。     

影响陇县核桃生产的因子分析

核桃生长要求年平均温度大于7.1℃、有效积温2400℃以上,以及充足的雨量,但怕晚霜。据1971～1980年10年的气象资料,陇县年平均温度10.3℃,有效积温3400℃以上,年降雨500mm,无霜期190天以上。此气候条件适宜核桃生产,但陇县地区晚霜对核桃生产危害最大。1 栽植核桃的适生区     

兴安落叶松低产林的形成及改造

大兴安岭林区地处寒温带。其气候特点是寒冷而较干燥,尤其是北部,长冬无夏,并有岛状分布的永并层。在多年冻土区调查中发现,兴安落叶松有一部分根系伸展至冻土中,其形成原因是当地面上无树木生长时,由于无树冠覆盖蔽荫,地温升高,致使连续冻土层融化深度较深,冻土上界面下降,为兴安落叶松生长创造了条件。但是,当树木生长起来后,由于树木遮光作用,致使地温降低,冻土上界面上升,抑制了落叶松生长,形成“老头树”。据测定,在生长季节地温仅5—8℃。     

不同表土利用方式对核桃幼树生长的影响

为确定太行山低山丘陵区核桃栽植过程中的有效整地方法,采用表土作埂和表土回填2种方式研究了整地过程中不同表土利用方式对核桃树体生长的影响,结果表明:表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树平均树高分别为106.8cm、63.6cm,平均单株长枝数量分别为10个、4个,均为表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的;表土回填和表土作埂的1a生核桃幼树平均基径分别为2.13cm、1.22cm,表土回填显著大于表土作埂的。在0~20cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为77.7条、45.3条,表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的;1~3mm的根系数量分别为10条、6条,表土回填是表土作埂的1.67倍。在20~40cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为126条、87.9条,3~5mm的根系数量分别为13条、8条,均为表土回填显著高于表土作埂的;在40~60cm土层中,表土回填和表土作埂的核桃幼树≤1mm的根系数量分别为134条、75条,表土回填极显著高于表土作埂的。因此,在整地的过程中,采用表土回填的土壤利用方式有利于核桃幼树和根系的生长。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on the nutrient uptake characteristics of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi)

We evaluated the response of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sieb. & Zucc.) to elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) (689 +/- 75 ppm in 2002 and 697 +/- 90 ppm in 2003) over 2 years in a field experiment with open-top chambers. Root activity was assessed as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake rates estimated from successive measurements of absorbed amounts. Dry matter production of whole plants was unaffected by elevated [CO(2)] in the first year of treatment, but increased significantly in response to elevated [CO(2)] in the second year. In contrast, elevated [CO(2)] increased the root to shoot ratio and fine root dry mass in the first year, but not in the second year. Elevated [CO(2)] had no effect on tissue N, P and K concentrations. Uptake rates of N, P and K correlated with whole-plant relative growth rates, but were unaffected by growth [CO(2)], as was ectomycorrhizal colonization, a factor assumed to be important for nutrient uptake in trees. We conclude that improved growth of Larix kaempferi in response to elevated [CO(2)] is accompanied by increased root biomass, but not by increased root activity.     

无患子嫩枝扦插生根机理初探及对不同激素处理的响应

于2017年6月以三年生无患子Sapindusmukorossi当年生嫩枝作插穗,开展NAA,IAA,GGR6三种激素不同浓度处理对嫩枝扦插的影响试验,于2017年11月对扦插成活率进行统计,并对扦插苗生物量、根系指标和营养元素含量进行测定。结果表明:无患子嫩枝扦插生根方式为中间生根型;NAA100mg·L-1处理的无患子嫩枝扦插当年成活率达46.96%,总根长达到15.65 m,根表面积达到170.25 cm2。三种激素的浓度达500mg·L-1时均能抑制根系生长,导致根表面积和根体积减小。试验表明,采用NAA激素100 mg·L-1浸泡插穗基部1 h对无患子当年生嫩枝扦插影响效果最佳。     

Influences of canopy photosynthesis and summer rain pulses on root dynamics and soil respiration in a young ponderosa pine forest

Our first objective was to link the seasonality of fine root dynamics with soil respiration in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) plantation located in the Sierra Nevada of California. The second objective was to examine how canopy photosynthesis influences fine root initiation, growth and mortality in this ecosystem. We compared CO2 flux measurements with aboveground and belowground root dynamics. Initiation of fine root growth coincided with tree stem thickening and shoot elongation, preceding new needle growth. In the spring, root, shoot and stem growth occurred simultaneously with the increase in canopy photosynthesis. Compared with the other tree components, initial growth rate of fine roots was the highest and their growing period was the shortest. Both above and belowground components completed 90% of their growth by the end of July and the growing season lasted approximately 80 days. The period for optimal growth is short at the study site because of low soil temperatures during winter and low soil water content during summer. High photosynthetic rates were observed following unusual late-summer rains, but tree growth did not resume. The autotrophic contribution to soil respiration was 49% over the whole season, with daily contributions ranging between 18 and 87%. Increases in soil and ecosystem respiration were observed during spring growth; however, the largest variation in soil respiration occurred during summer rain events when no growth was observed. Both the magnitude and persistence of the soil respiration pulses were positively correlated with the amount of rain. These pulses accounted for 16.5% of soil respiration between Days 130 and 329.     

Freezing temperatures in the root zone—effects on growth of containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings

Roots of 1‐year‐old containerized seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were experimentally frozen in December. The seedlings were then grown for 3 weeks in a growth chamber and evaluated with regard to root growth capacity (RGC) and shoot elongation. The subsequent RGC of Scots pine declined as root zone temperatures were lowered from ‐6°C to ‐11°C and from ‐11°C to ‐16°C. Almost no root growth was observed after exposure to ‐20°C. Shoot growth was also negatively affected by low root temperatures but less than root growth. Low root temperatures did not affect Norway spruce as much as Scots pine, although root and shoot growth of Norway spruce were reduced after exposure to the lowest test temperatures (‐16°C and ‐20°C). The length of exposure, ranging between 1 and 8 hours had no effect on subsequent growth.     

Shoot and root sensitivity of containerized black spruce,white spruce and jack pine seedlings to late fall freezing

Damage to containerized forest seedlings due to freezing can occur in the fall or early winter in Canadian forest nurseries. The following spring, damage to shoots and impairment of growth is observed. The objectives of this experiment were to measure the impact of late fall low temperatures (0° to --30°C) on whole seedlings of the three most common species used for reforestation in Quebec: black spruce (BS), white spruce (WS) and jack pine (JP). Impacts of freezing temperatures on (i) whole seedling and apical bud mortality, (ii) shoot growth and root mortality, (iii) stem electrical resistance, (iv) shoot and root water relations, (v) concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and total sugars in shoots were assessed. JP showed the highest rate of whole seedling mortality while WS showed the highest rate of apical bud mortality. JP was the most severely affected: destruction of the root system at low temperatures as well as a reduction of shoot growth and stem diameter and a decrease (more negative) in shoot and root water potential. WS showed a reduction of shoot growth despite no apparent damage to the root system at low temperatures. BS was not affected by temperatures as low as --30°C. Nutrient and sugar concentrations were not affected by low temperature treatments.     

华北落叶松和白杄幼苗对光照和竞争响应的差异比较

选用3年生华北落叶松和白杆幼苗为试验材料,盆栽试验以自然光照为基础设置4个遮光率水平作为不同光照条件,设置5个密度水平,每个树种15个栽植组合方式(包括单独栽植和混合栽植),进行一个生长季节的试验和取样观测分析,以确定这2个树种在苗期对光照和栽植密度的生长和生理响应以及存活率等功能特性的差异.结果表明:华北落叶松幼苗的相对地径生长量在微光条件下显著提高,且其存活率在半光照和弱光照条件下也显著提高.白杆幼苗的高生长量及叶片叶绿素含量表现出随光照减弱而升高的趋势,但其存活率不受光照条件的影响;在不同的栽植密度下,华北落叶松幼苗的生长和生理指标均未表现出显著差异,但适中的栽植密度可显著提高其存活率;白杆幼苗高生长量及叶片叶绿素含量在与落叶松混栽时比单树种栽植时高,但其存活率没有任何变化.上述结果表明:适度遮荫和密植可以在一定程度上改善华北落叶松苗期生长并显著提高其存活率,从而有利于华北落叶松成功度过幼苗幼树期;同时,适度遮荫和混栽也有利于白杆幼苗幼树的生长.     

切根和施肥对银杏大苗生长的影响

为探讨切根和施肥对银杏Ginkgobiloba裸根大苗生长的影响,同时为了缩短移栽后的缓苗期,2013-2014年在浙江省长兴县选取了15年生实生银杏裸根苗24株,2015-2017年选取了5~10年生实生银杏裸根苗72株,分别进行了两次切根和施肥试验,第一次的试验结果表明:一次切掉1/2的侧根,对苗木胸径、树高生长无明显影响,切根一年后侧根上细根数量大幅增加。第二次的试验结果表明:切根处理的苗木胸径、树高增长量均低于对照CK的增长量,但差异不显著,说明切根对银杏裸根苗的生长有所抑制,但影响不大;在不切根时,施肥对苗木树高的促进作用较为显著,同时切根与开沟施肥时,对银杏树高和胸径生长均有一定的抑制作用。两因素(切根与施肥)的主效应和交互效应分析显示,对于树高生长,切根与否不是影响树高生长的主要因素,施肥才是;对于胸径生长,则恰好相反;不管是对树高生长还是胸径生长,两因素间均存在交互作用,同时也表明分期切根和开沟施肥可作为实用技术推广到生产实践中。     

Effects of soil moisture manipulations on fine root dynamics in a mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. Mill.) forest

We tested the hypothesis that moisture stress affects fine root dynamics during and after the stress. To this end, we investigated the effects of soil moisture on annual and seasonal fine root production and mortality over 4 years in a mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. Mill.) stand using a minirhizotron and soil coring. Droughting and irrigating treatments were imposed for 17 weeks during the third year of the study, and post-treatment recovery was measured during the fourth year. Monthly fine root production was often reduced by low soil water content (SWC) during July-September in the pre-treatment years and by imposed drought. Irrigation resulted in higher summer fine root production than in pre-treatment years. In the recovery year, increased fine root production was observed in the previously droughted plots despite low SWC in August and September. Droughting decreased year-end fine root biomass in the treatment year, but biomass returned to pre-treatment levels during the recovery year. Droughting and irrigating did not affect foliage production during the treatment and recovery years. Our results suggest that for balsam fir, establishment and maintenance of a functional balance between foliage and fine root biomass, with respect to moisture supply and demand, can depend on fine root dynamics occurring over more than one growing season. In addition, our findings provided insights into tree growth responses to interannual variation in moisture supply.     

Field survival and early height growth of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings: relationship to stem diameter and root system quality

In 1990, three studies involving 11 half-sib families of Douglas-fir rooted cuttings were established at three sites in western Washington State (USA): two with low regeneration difficulty (RD) and one with high RD. Grading and cull studies were installed on each site and a root number study on one site. The grading study compared the performance of nine classes of rooted cuttings based on stem diameter and root system quality. The cull study evaluated five different types of putative culls. The root number study determined the correlation between the number of initial roots and field performance.

In the grading study survival and height growth reflected stem diameter and relative root quality on all three sites. Mean survival by treatment was in the range 92–100%, 82–97% and 66–87% across the three sites. First year height growth varied from approximately 10 cm to 20 cm and was greatest on the low RD sites. Second year height growth was from three to four times greater than first year height growth on the low RD sites and two to three times greater on the high RD site. Plants with larger diameter had higher survival and better growth than those with smaller diameter. Within each diameter class, plants with good or fair root systems outperformed those with poor root systems. Performance of seedlings and transplants was nearly identical to that of rooted cuttings with corresponding diameter and root system quality.

In the cull study only trees with stem diameter < 4 mm were deemed true culls owing to significantly reduced survival and height growth. In the root number study, rooted cuttings generally increased in size in the nursery in proportion to root number. However, after 2 years in the field, root number was a very poor predictor of survival and height growth.     

酸性土壤铝的形态、迁移特征及林木根系的影响

采用孔洞根系生长法，研究了土壤中不同形态铝含量的变化及对杉木、马尾松根系生长的影响。结果表明：土壤中加入铝离子后，土壤pH下降，活性铝含量明显增加，孔洞中林木根系表现为明显的铝中毒症状；加入钙离子后，土壤pH升高，土壤中活性铝含量显著下降，根系生长得到改善，1a后，与原孔洞中土壤相比，土壤中总铝含量降低，交换态铝含量有所降低，腐殖质铝含量升高。