近自然经营对辽东栎林优势乔木更新的影响

对黄龙山辽东栎林设置未间伐(对照)、13.4％材积强度间伐后天然更新(弱度间伐)和30.0％材积强度间伐后人工补植油松(强度间伐)试验,研究不同强度近自然经营间伐措施对辽东栎林立地环境、群落物种多样性和优势林木更新的影响.结果表明:近自然经营后林地可利用养分增加,尤其是土壤全N含量;间伐样地物种多样性指数均高于未间伐样地;优势乔木(辽东栎、油松和茶条槭)幼苗幼树数量随间伐强度增大而增加;与对照相比,间伐样地幼苗幼树存活率高,高生长量增加;在黄土高原黄龙山林区,油松需要人工促进更新,而辽东栎和茶条槭均能够天然更新;近自然经营间伐措施能够促进辽东栎次生林立地环境改善,加快优势林木更新进程;间伐30.0％后人工补植油松更适合当地辽东栎次生林的抚育管理.     

秦岭南坡不同生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩萌芽特性

以陕西省佛坪县的栓皮栎伐桩为研究对象,分析2种生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩直径和高度与萌苗数量、萌苗生长的关系,并通过2年跟踪观测研究伐桩的萌发能力。结果表明:1)阳坡伐桩上的萌苗数量多于阴坡,但阴坡的萌苗生长量(基径、高度和冠幅)优于阳坡;2)萌苗数量随伐桩直径增大先增加后减少,直径在15～25cm间的伐桩萌苗数量最多,萌苗生长量随伐桩直径增加先减小后增加;3)伐桩高度与萌苗数量的关系不明显,随着伐桩高度增加,萌苗生长量增加;4)萌苗基径随萌苗数量增多而减小,萌苗高度与之相反,阳坡萌苗数量与萌苗生长量的关系比阴坡密切;5)砍伐2年后,伐桩萌发能力和萌苗生长量均出现降低趋势。栓皮栎伐桩的萌苗数量不仅受到光照条件的影响,也受到伐桩直径和砍伐后时间长度的影响,但萌苗的生长则受到环境条件、伐桩直径、伐桩高度以及萌苗数量的共同影响。因此,择伐栓皮栎次生林中基径为15～25cm的个体最有利于林地快速恢复,在随后的经营管理中控制伐桩的萌苗数量并疏伐过密的萌苗丛有利于萌苗生长。     

间伐强度对杉木伐桩萌芽特性的影响

通过对不同间伐强度的杉木林分伐桩萌芽特性的研究,结果表明:间伐强度对杉木伐桩萌芽保存率和萌条生长有明显的影响,强度间伐有利于杉木伐桩萌芽保存率的提高,增加杉木伐桩萌条数,促进杉木伐桩萌芽条生长；伐桩直径和留置高度对杉木伐桩萌芽特性也有明显的影响.     

山西灵空山林区辽东栎萌芽更新规律研究

以灵空山林区典型辽东栎皆伐迹地为研究区,调查了辽东栎伐桩径、高以及萌枝的数量、高度、基径等指标,分析了辽东栎萌芽更新规律。结果表明,在一定范围内,萌芽数量随着伐桩径的增大呈现先增多后减少的规律;而伐桩高与萌芽数量呈现弱相关,萌芽数量大体随着伐桩高的增大而增多,随即产生急剧下降的趋势。但萌枝的平均高、平均基径却不随伐桩径、高的变化而变化。在伐桩径、高的双因素方差分析中发现,对于辽东栎伐桩内萌芽数量而言,伐桩径与伐桩高具有显著的交互作用,而且伐桩高因素(5~20cm与21~40cm范围)具显著差异。     

张北坝上地区杨树萌芽更新规律研究

为了对坝上地区退化杨树防护林进行更新改造,对张北小二台镇杨树皆伐迹地伐桩萌生条的生长状况进行了调查,以探究其更新规律。研究结果表明:在所调查的伐桩直径范围内,萌生条数量与伐桩直径呈显著的正相关关系;萌生条直径与伐桩直径无显著相关关系,而与萌生条数量及竞争指数存在显著的负相关关系;萌生能力综合指标与伐桩直径之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01),伐桩直径越大,其萌生能力越强。在张北坝上地区退化杨树防护林的改造中,可充分利用衰退杨树伐桩的萌蘖能力进行更新,并通过萌条数量的控制对萌条的生长进行调节,以形成生长迅速、长势良好的植株。     

东北东部林区次生林主要阔叶树种的萌芽更新规律

对固定样地调查,采用伐桩的径、高度、萌芽的数量、萌芽的生长情况等指标,分析东北东部林区主要阔叶树种的伐桩萌芽更新规律。结果表明:在一定的伐桩径范围内,伐桩萌生枝数随着伐桩径的增大而增多;增长到一定程度后随着伐桩径的增大而减少;得出不同树种萌芽能力较强的年龄范围的伐桩径级。对于不同阔叶树种,伐桩高与当年生萌生枝数量的关系存在着不同的变化规律,研究地点具有产生萌芽能力的阔叶树种可划为3种类型:对数型、直线型、指数型,阔叶树的萌生枝高生长与伐桩径和伐桩高无明显关系。第2年伐桩萌生枝的数量与伐桩径的关系在总体趋势上与第1年基本相同,同时次年仍有新的萌生枝产生,但数量很少。与第1年不同之处在于萌生枝开始死亡,一方面,伐桩产生的萌生枝越多,死亡的数量也增大;另一方面,第2年的伐桩存活率在不同种类树种间差别较大:水曲柳高达96·2%,槭树为23·3%,榆树类为21·8%。所探讨的树种在研究区域内都有“萌代主”的能力,并且不同树种以及同一树种不同年龄,“萌代主”的能力和单个伐桩保存的萌生大树的数量不同。     

采伐季节 伐桩直径 桩高及树龄对刺槐萌芽更新的影响

在河北省灵寿县进行了采伐季节、伐桩直径、桩高及树龄对刺槐当年萌芽更新效果影响的初步研究。结果表明:①非生长季采伐的萌芽更新效果明显优于生长季节内采伐,即前者的萌条数量、萌条径高生长及生物量显著高于后者;②伐桩直径对萌条数及伐桩萌条总生物量有显著影响,而各径级伐桩萌条的径高生长差异不显著;③在6～15a生的年龄范围内或伐桩高度低于30cm时,伐桩萌芽力是均等的,即树龄和桩高对伐桩的萌芽更新没有显著影响。     

冰雪灾害形成的米老排残桩萌枝特征分析

以在2008年特大冰雪灾害中受到严重损伤的广东天井山米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)人工林为研究对象,通过人工锯断受损树干获得不同直径和高度残桩,于处理4年后调查每桩上所有萌枝的数量、存活情况、基径和高度。结果表明:米老排具有较强的萌枝再生能力,每桩平均产生萌枝29.2个,4年后萌枝存活率为45.5%,每桩萌枝基径平均为2.5 cm,优势萌枝基径为6.2 cm,每桩萌枝高度平均为2.6 m,优势萌枝高度5.7 m,基本恢复成萌芽林。残桩直径对萌枝产生数量、存活率和生长均无明显影响。残桩高度和萌枝数量正相关,和萌枝存活率负相关,和萌枝生长无显著相关关系。萌枝数量和萌枝生长间存在显著负相关关系,但和优势萌枝生长间无明显相关性。     

不同伐桩直径及高度对马占相思萌芽更新影响的研究*

对速生多用途树民占相思进行了不同伐桩高度（25cm,50cm,75cm和100cm)及不直径（4．1－8．0cm和8．1－12．0cm)萌芽更新影响的研究，结果表明，伐桩的萌芽率及平均萌条数随伐桩高度的增加而增加，随直径的增大而减少，萌条直径，长度及直萌条（可望生长成材之萌条）总断面积随伐桩的高低和大小而增减，伐桩最低的萌芽率比以往的结果高4倍以上，以短轮伐期经营的马占相思人工林，采用50－75cm伐桩高度萌芽更新效果好。     

栓皮栎伐桩萌苗保留量对其生长和生物量积累的影响

以秦岭南坡商洛地区栓皮栎次生林皆伐后的伐桩萌苗为研究对象,通过对不同生境条件下伐桩萌生幼苗监测,分析阴坡阳坡2个生境不同萌苗保留量对栓皮栎伐桩萌苗生长和生物量累积的影响.结果表明:1)皆伐后5年期间,2个生境条件下伐桩萌苗数量从伐后第2年开始减少,第4年数量趋于稳定.2)2个生境条件下,不同萌苗保留量监测表明,伐桩随着萌苗数量增多,萌苗平均基径、高度、冠幅减少.3)栓皮栎伐桩不同萌苗保留量监测表明:萌苗基径、高度均为阳坡＞阴坡;与对照(自然生长)相比,确定萌苗保留量之后,伐桩萌苗基径、高度增长迅速,4年之后减缓;2个生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩萌苗随着萌苗保留量增多,高度、基径增长幅度降低.4)皆伐5年之后,2个生境条件下不同萌苗保留量栓皮栎伐桩萌苗器官生物量为主干＞侧枝＞叶片;随着栓皮栎伐桩萌苗保留量增多,伐桩萌苗生物量呈现先增多后减少的趋势,保留3个萌苗的伐桩萌苗生物量最大.萌苗保留量对栓皮栎伐桩萌苗生长和生物量累积影响显著;留萌栓皮栎伐桩保留1个萌苗有利于萌苗生长,保留3个生物量积累较多.选择不超过3个的留萌数量,更能实现不同目的的次生林培育.     

Cherrybark oak stump sprout survival and development five years following plantation thinning in the lower Mississippi alluvial valley,USA

Cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) stump sprouts were studied for 5 years in a 30-year-old plantation thinned to 70–75% stocking (light thinning) and 45–50% stocking (heavy thinning). Sprouting success, survival, number of sprouts per stump, and sprout height differed little between thinning treatments throughout the 5-year study period. Pre-harvest tree d.b.h. also had no influence on sprout survival and development. A 2-year drought reduced survival and may have influenced sprout development. Sprout clump survival dropped from 90% 1 year following thinning to 46% 3 years after thinning. Although sprout height averaged 337 cm 5 years after thinning, annual sprout growth decreased from 166 cm the first year after thinning to 33 cm in each of the last 2 growing seasons. Results indicated that bottomland hardwood regeneration evaluation models may underestimate the potential of oak stump sprouts to contribute to pre-harvest regeneration assessments. Further study in the role of stump sprouts to regenerate bottomland oak species is needed. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响*

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现。结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层     

桩径对尾叶桉萌芽更新的影响

试验对5.5年生尾叶桉实生林砍伐后，进行不同桩径的萌芽率、萌芽力、萌芽条的高和径生长调查。结果表明，桩径对萌发率的影响不显著，但对萌芽力有极显著的影响，在桩径3-17cm的范围内，萌芽数量随桩径的增大而增加；萌芽条的高和径的生长也随桩径的增大而显著增大。     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现，结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层林分是可行的；（３）保留不同数量萌条对萌芽林早期（１．５年生）的径、高生长有极显著影响，但对后期（４．５年生）的生长影响不显著。每棵植株伐桩保留４根萌条的萌芽林生物产量最高，更新效果最好。     

印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦温带阔叶混交林树桩周长和高度对受干扰的树形杜鹃再发芽的影响

Sprout contribution to natural regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum following the tree felling for fuel wood and other purposes was studied in two disturbed sites (Paipraw and Falockchar) of Rhododendron forest in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Cut stumps were categorized into seven girth and height classes to evaluate the effect of stump girth and height on production of sprouts. Effect of stump girth on survival of sprouts was also investigated. Results show that highest number of cut stumps is recorded in medium girth classes (50–80, 80–110, and 110–140 cm) in both Paipraw and Falockchar stands. However, density of cut stumps is higher in Paipraw (1 210 stumps·ha⁻¹) than Falockchar (1 154 stumps·ha⁻¹). Nevertheless, a little higher percentage of sprouting is recorded in Falockchar (18%) than that of Paipraw (15%). Similarly, maximum number of cut stumps is observed in the medium height classes (50–80, 80–110 and 110–140 cm) in both the sites. Cut stumps with lower girths show greater ability of sprouting than that of larger girth classes. Significant correlations are observed between stump girth and sprout number and between stump height and number of sprouts. Survival of sprouts also depends on stump girth. Survival of sprout shows significant variations between different sampling times in both the sites. Though overall sprout regeneration of R. arboreum is very poor, sprouts arising from lower girth classes survive well than those of higher girth classes. The findings of this investigation signify that stump sprouting is not playing much role in the natural regeneration of R. arboreum though it has the ability to sprout. Sprout survival is not adequate to restore a stand where indiscriminate tree felling is continued and the species may be considered as a poor coppicer. Therefore, regeneration through seeds and seedlings should be preferred over regeneration through sprouting.     

Development of water oak stump sprouts under a partial overstory

A 28-year-old water oak (Quercus nigra L.) plantation was thinned from below to either 254 or 462 stems per hectare to determine the influence of a partial canopy on oak stump sprout development. Sprout clump survival, number of living sprouts in a clump, and height and DBH of the dominant sprout in a clump were measured in years 1–5 and 7 after harvest. By year 7, sprout clump survival under the heavily thinned canopy was 23% higher than under the lightly thinned canopy. Within-clump sprout mortality was not influenced by overstory thinning level, but by year 2 height and diameter increment were 15% and 22% greater, respectively, under the heavy overstory removal. Positive height and diameter growth of dominant sprouts continued under both canopy conditions through year 7, but early benefits of the heavy overstory removal on sprout growth diminished. Additional overstory removal or sprout clump thinning would be necessary to sustain sprout clump survival and sprout growth over extended periods.     

Survival and development of Liaodong oak stump sprouts in the Huanglong Mountains of China six years after three partial harvests

The survival and development of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz) stump sprouts were studied for 6 years under leave-tree, as well as 60 and 75% crown closure uniform shelterwood in the Huanglong Mountains of China. Stump sprout survival rate, number of sprouts, and sprout height under the three partial harvests during the first year post-harvest did not differ. Six years post-harvest, 78.32% of the stumps had living sprouts. No variation in sprout survival was found among the treatments throughout the study period. The number of living sprouts per stump was 13.77 ± 0.50 in the first growing season after harvest, and dropped to 6.49 ± 0.22 after 6 years. This result indicated the occurrence of self-thinning within the sprout clumps. Moreover, the height of dominant sprout increased from 52.88 ± 1.62 cm (in the first year) to 132.82 ± 2.35 cm (in the sixth year) post-harvest. Sprout height in the leave-tree harvest type was higher than those in the two shelterwoods in the fifth and sixth years after logging. Annual height growth was approximately 8–96 cm during the first growing season, and then decreased at a rate of 1–44 cm per year in the following years. A negative relationship was found between sprout height and the number of sprouts per stump. This result indicated a trade-off between the number of sprouts and height growth. The number of sprouts per stump decreased by about 0.2 stem for each 1 m²/ha increased in residual basal area. Therefore, sprouting may play an important role in the restoration of the secondary forest after harvesting.