植被群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率是表征土壤入渗能力的重要参数,对不同土地利用类型反应敏感。为了揭示植被演替对土壤剖面上饱和导水率的影响规律,采用恒定水头法测定了天童林区155 a植物群落演替序列60 cm深土壤剖面上的饱和导水率。结果表明,不同演替阶段饱和导水率均随土壤深度增加迅速降低,在0～20 cm土层内,各演替阶段饱和导水率均存在极显著差异,0～60 cm土层内饱和导水率的平均值从裸地、石栎+檵木灌丛、马尾松林、木荷+马尾松林、木荷林到栲树林升高极为显著,植物群落演替到灌丛阶段,平均饱和导水率已与裸地存在显著差异,演     

热融湖塘对青藏高原土壤饱和导水率的影响及因素分析

为研究多年冻土区热融湖塘对湖岸生态水文过程的影响,该文基于湖岸不同迹地植被发育、导水性及土壤理化性质的分析,并结合土壤转换函数(pedo-transfer functions,PTFs),对土壤导水性及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:热融湖塘的形成使土壤环境发生了重要演变,其中湖岸死根区土壤饱和导水率相比于未影响区域(110.88 cm/d)增加了70.1%之多,而其在盐渍化区域相比于未影响区域减少了33.8%,同时土壤饱和导水率随着坡度的增加而增强;通过比较ROSETTA、CAMPBELL和VAUCLIN 3种土壤转换函数的预测能力,发现VAUCLIN模型更适合于模拟青藏高原高寒草甸土壤饱和导水率。热融湖塘影响迹地对土壤饱和导水率的变化,是植被盖度、有机质含量、颗粒组成等因素耦合影响作用的结果,运用土壤转换函数对其进行预测时,须综合考虑以上因子。对热融湖塘不同迹地土壤水力参数的研究可为区域土壤侵蚀,产流模式及水文过程的研究提供理论基础。     

秸秆-膨润土-PAM改良材料对砂质土壤饱和导水率的影响

为改善砂质土壤持水状况,设计了由作物秸秆、膨润土和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）配制的改良材料,以重庆市分布面积较大的冷沙黄泥为研究对象,采用恒定水头入渗双环法,研究了秸秆改良材料对砂质土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明,施用秸秆改良材料能增加砂质土壤的饱和导水率,并且随着施用剂量的增大,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加;随土培时间的延长土样饱和导水率均出现了先增大后减小的趋势,当土培时间为60 d时土样饱和导水率达到最大值;添加麦秆改良材料（质量分数为10 g/kg,配方中PAM质量分数为2%）的土样,在培养60 d后其饱和导水率是对照组的4.97倍,对砂质土壤改良效果最明显。可见,秸秆改良材料可以改善砂质土壤持水状况,对砂质土壤具有改良作用。     

Effect of zeolite and saline water application on saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration in different soil textures

The effects of zeolite application (0, 4, 8 and16 g kg^?1) and saline water (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 dS m^?1) on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) and sorptivity (S) in different soils were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that K _s was increased at salinity levels of 0.5‐1.5 dS m^?1 in clay loam and loam with 8 and 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil, respectively, and at salinity levels of 3.0–5.0 dS m^?1 with 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil. K _s was decreased by using low and high salinity levels in sandy loam with application of 8 and 16 g zeolite kg^?1, respectively. In clay loam, salinity levels of 0.5–3.0 dS m^?1 with application of 16 g kg^?1 zeolite and 5.0 dS m^?1 with application of 8 g zeolite kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest values of S. In loam, all salinity levels with application of 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S compared with other zeolite application rates. In sandy loam, only a salinity level of 0.5 dS m^?1 with application of 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S. Other zeolite applications decreased S, whereas increasing the zeolite application to 16 g kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest value of S.     

土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率Ks是最基本的水力参数之一,而已知实验室内其值的确定受土柱尺寸的影响.以关中的塿土为研究对象,在室内,采用定水头法,研究5～30 cm内6个不同土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土Ka测定的影响.结果表明：随着时间的延伸,Ks逐渐减小,其值最初降幅较大,其后趋于稳定,且在5 ～ 30 cm土柱直径范围内,Ks随着土柱直径的变大,扰动黏壤土的Ks递增,二者线性相关,y=0.000 4x＋0.003 7（R2=0.965 1）.研究结果可为测定Ks合理测定时间段及合理尺寸的选择提供参考.     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

烟台棕壤土饱和导水率的初步研究

该文利用单环入渗的概化解,对不同土地利用方式下烟台棕壤土的饱和导水率进行了研究,同时分析了不同单环直径对求解饱和导水率产生的影响。研究结果表明：草地、裸地和道路的入渗速率、累积入渗量和饱和导水率呈现依次降低的变化趋势,利用直径为20、30和45 cm的入渗环得到的饱和导水率具有明显的差异性。根据求解的饱和导水率计算的累积入渗量非常接近实测值,整体相对误差很小,草地、裸地和道路,在5、7和40 m in后浮动在5%以内;在15、43和55 m in后变化幅度小于1%。20、30和45 cm入渗环累积入渗量计算值的相对误差初始阶段波动较大,随后逐渐趋于平稳。     

Effect of zeolite on saturated hydraulic conductivity and crack behavior of silty clay paddled soil

The addition of zeolites to soil modifies soil physical and chemical properties. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of zeolite on saturated hydraulic conductivity, K _s, and crack behavior in a silty clay paddled soil. Soil samples were mixed with 0, 4, 8 and 12 g kg^?1 of zeolite for K _s determination, and 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 g kg^?1 for soil crack measurements. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured using the constant head method. The results indicated that K _s was significantly increased at a zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1. Furthermore, an increase in zeolite content up to 8 g kg^?1 decreased soil crack area after paddling and first rewetting. Higher amounts of zeolite (e.g. 12 g kg^?1) increased crack density after the second rewetting. However, a 50% reduction in crack depth occurred with zeolite application rates of 8 and 12 g kg^?1 in comparison with controls. Thus, a zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1 is recommended for soil crack reduction in intermittent-flood irrigation. Furthermore, a relationship was obtained between crack area density (Ln), gravimetric soil water content and zeolite application rate. After the second irrigation, a relationship was also obtained between crack depth, gravimetric soil water content and zeolite application rate. Crack depth showed a positive and highly significant linear correlation with crack width.     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响

该文以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区普遍发育的地表和地上两种生物结皮为研究对象，分别以3种非生物结皮（无结皮、物理结皮、去除生物结皮）为对照，使用盘式入渗仪测定其饱和导水率。结果表明：与无结皮土壤相比，两种类型生物结皮均可极显著降低土壤饱和导水率；与去除生物结皮土壤相比，两种类型生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低均不显著；与有物理结皮发育的土壤相比，地表生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低不显著，而地上生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低显著。一方面，两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率均有明显降低作用，预示生物结皮在降雨活动中可能会增加径流、降低入渗，阻碍研究区水分亏缺条件下的植被恢复和生态与环境建设。另一方面，与不同的对照相比，生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响截然不同，该结论可在一定程度上解释当前有关生物结皮影响土壤水分入渗方面所存在的分歧。     

盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的两种新方法

应用盘式吸渗仪测定田间土壤导水率具有快速简单的优点，但是测定结果的计算处理比较繁琐，寻求简单的计算方法是广泛应用盘式吸渗仪的关键问题。该文改变盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的三维入渗过程为一维入渗过程，简化了测定结果的计算处理。结果显示：两种不同的一维入渗过程达到的稳定入渗率和导水率之间有很好的线性关系，但是三维过程计算的导水率大于一维过程。双套盘吸渗仪一维过程计算导水率与稳定入渗率一致性较好，但是和三维稳态、瞬态方法计算结果之间差异明显，因此在应用这些方法时需要适当调整参数，建议使用双套盘吸渗仪快速测定田间土壤导水率。     

污灌条件下土壤碱度、石膏施用以及污水过滤处理对水力传导度的影响

污水是淡水资源缺乏地区农业灌溉的重要水资源之一。该文通过室内土柱淋洗试验，研究了污水灌溉条件下土壤碱度、脱硫石膏施用以及污水过滤处理对土壤水力传导性能的影响。试验结果显示，土壤饱和水力传导度随淋出液体积的增加而减小。非碱性土壤的稳定水力传导度比碱性土壤(可交换钠百分比约为30)的大74%左右。脱硫石膏的施用降低了碱性土壤的pH值以及土壤溶液的钠吸附比。0.5%的石膏施用量可增大碱性土壤的稳定水力传导度37%左右。污水过滤处理增大了非碱性土壤的初始水力传导度，而降低了碱性土壤的初始水力传导度。在污水灌溉条件下，石膏施用可有效地改善碱性土壤的水力传导能力。     

基于Guelph法的土壤饱和导水率测定方法对比

为探寻该区域Ks的最优测定方法,应用Guelph入渗仪测量了川中低山丘陵区的林地和坡耕地土壤的饱和导水率,对比分析单水头法(LA法、USH法)和双水头法(TH法、BH法)所测得饱和导水率(Ks)的差异,同时比较了田间原位Guelph法与室内降水头法测定结果的差异。对于同一土层深度,不同方法估算所得的Ks有较大的差异:1)双水头TH法测得的值最大(坡耕地土层>20～40cm除外),林地0～20cm,>20～40cm土层的Ks值分别为0.134,0.266mm/min,坡耕地0～20cm土层的Ks值为0.860mm/min。单水头USH法5cm水头所得值最小,林地0～20和>20～40cm土层的Ks值分别为0.015和0.022mm/min,坡耕地对应土层则分别为0.040和0.022mm/min;2)单水头USH法10cm水头(USH2)测得的Ks大于5cm水头(USH1)所得值,采用前者所测得林地0～20和>20～40cm土层、坡耕地0～20和>20～40cm土层的Ks值分别为0.031,0.056,0.211,0.031mm/min;3)田间原位BH法和USH2法(压力水头为10cm)测定的Ks均大于室内降水头法所测得的值,这可能与室内环刀法在采样中对土壤大孔隙通道的切断与破坏、所测定土壤样品的体积较小有关。综合上述结果,并考虑到单水头法操作简便,故而该研究推荐在川中低山丘陵紫色土地区使用单水头USH2法,压力水头为10cm。     

利用圆盘入渗仪推求含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度(英)

在模拟土柱中，利用圆盘入渗仪对碎石对土壤饱和水力传导度的影响进行了分析。结果表明：含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度可以通过对不同负压下土壤稳定入渗速率进行非线性回归获得。含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度与去除碎石后的土壤饱和水力传导度及碎石形状指数密切相关。试验中含碎石土壤的饱和水力传导度随碎石含量的增加而呈指数降低趋势。     

Predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil based on some basic soil properties

Soil hydraulic conductivity is a crucial parameter in modeling flow process in soils and deciding water management. In this study, by combining the non-similar media concept (NSMC) to the one-parameter model of Brooks and Corey, a new NSMC-based model for estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of various soils was presented. The main inputs are soil bulk density, particle-size distribution, soil water retention characteristic and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. The results indicated that the NSMC-based model could generally more accurately predict unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soils, as compared to four one-parameter models and van Genuchten–Mualem model. This study, by introducing NSMC, provided a new way to incorporate soil physical heterogeneity into soil hydraulic simulation, and hence NSMC-based approach is expected to improve efficiency of the existing models in the simulation of soil water flow.     

25年长期定位不同施肥措施对关中塿土水力学性质的影响

土壤水力学性质和功能的变化是评价长期施肥是否维持土壤可持续健康发展的重要方面。该研究通过采取"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"的表层原状土壤,分析测定了撂荒(LH)、休闲(XX)、不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)和有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施(MNPK)6个处理的土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率和紧实度等指标,评价了长期定位施肥对土壤基本物理性质和水力学性质的影响。结果表明:1)与CK、N和NPK处理相比,MNPK处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、饱和导水率和孔隙度,而降低了土壤容重和紧实度(P0.05)。2)不同施肥处理之间的土壤水分特征曲线表现出一定的差异,其土壤持水能力强弱为:XXN≈NPKCKMNPKLH;MNPK处理较CK、N和NPK处理持水能力分别提高2.57%、3.33%和7.34%;V-G模型拟合结果表明残余含水量(θ_r)、饱和含水量(θ_s)和进气值倒数(a)都存在一定程度的差异,θ_r在MNPK处理最大,XX最小;θ_s在N处理最大,MNPK次之,CK最小。进气值(1/a)在XX处理最大,LH最小。3)当量孔隙的分布主要在9μm大孔隙范围内,其次是0.2μm小孔隙范围,0.2～9μm之间的中孔隙分布较少。综上,MNPK有助于改善土壤结构,提高土壤持水性,降低土壤容重和紧实度,有助于作物生长和高产,是关中地区较为适宜的施肥措施。     

Temperature dependence of time domain reflectometry–measured soil dielectric permittivity

The purpose of this study is to determine the temperature influence on the soil bulk dielectric permittivity, ?_b, calculated from the measurement of the electromagnetic‐wave velocity of propagation along the parallel waveguide in a TDR probe, i.e., a probe working in time domain reflectometry technique. The experimental evidence shows that the existing models do not completely describe the temperature effect. However, it has been confirmed that the observed temperature effect is the result of two competing phenomena: ?_b increases with temperature following the release of bound water from soil solid particles, and ?_b decreases with temperature increase following the temperature effect of free water molecules. It has been found that there is a soil type–characteristic moisture value, θ_eq, named the equilibrium water content, at which both competing phenomena compensate each other. The equilibrium water content, θ_eq, is correlated with the soil specific surface area. Based on knowledge of θ_eq, a temperature‐correction formula is presented that adjusts the TDR soil‐moisture measurements at various temperatures to the corresponding value at 25°C. This decreases the absolute measurement error of soil moisture, θ_TDR, by the factor of 2 as compared to the uncorrected values.