云南省罗平县烟区土壤肥力适宜性评价及养分时空变异特征

为提高云南省罗平县烟区烤烟施肥的针对性,于2008年和2014年对烟区355个植烟土壤样点进行跟踪取样,运用肥力适宜性指数(SFI值),对土壤肥力适宜性进行综合评价,研究了土壤养分的时空变异特征。结果表明:1罗平烟区土壤p H和速效磷、速效钾、有效锌、有效硼含量适宜,有机质、碱解氮、有效镁和水溶性氯含量偏高;2罗平烟区大部分土壤处于"较好"和"中等"水平,肥力适宜性指数平均值为0.762 9,土壤肥力状况良好;3各乡镇土壤肥力适宜性表现出大水井乡板桥镇九龙镇罗雄镇阿岗镇马街镇钟山乡旧基屋乡老厂乡富乐镇的趋势;42008—2014年,烟区土壤有机质含量整体降低,p H和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌、有效镁、有效硼、水溶性氯含量以及肥力适宜性指数有所增高。     

遵义市植烟土壤肥力综合评价及空间分布

了解遵义市植烟土壤综合肥力状况,为烟草种植规划提供理论支持。在遵义市13个区（县）168个乡镇采集3772份植烟土壤样品进行化学性状测定,运用模糊数学法评估植烟土壤肥力状况,采用Kriging插值法绘制植烟土壤化学性状和综合肥力评价空间分布图。结果表明：(1)遵义市植烟土壤酸碱度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量相互间呈极显著相关关系;有机质、碱解氮含量达到高或较高水平,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量较高,保障了烤烟生长所需的主要营养;(2)植烟土壤各肥力指标具有明显的空间变异特征,有机质与碱解氮分布基本一致,呈现极大的关联性,有机质、碱解氮和有效磷为斑块状分布态势,土壤p H值和速效钾呈块状分布。其中钾含量较高的区域与土壤p H值较低区域基本一致;(3)遵义市植烟土壤肥力综合评价得分为0.73,变异系数为16.8%,Ⅰ～Ⅲ级合计占比超过93%,遵义市植烟土壤肥力状况较好,空间变异较小。综合来看,遵义市植烟土壤肥力能供给优质烟叶生产的需求,但部分地区仍需加强有机肥、氮肥的使用,针对不同区域的肥力差异进行改良。     

四川省凉山州新植烟区土壤养分状况分析及综合评价

在分析四川省凉山州植烟土壤肥力指标的基础上,建立了植烟土壤肥力适宜性评价指标体系,并运用模糊数学和主成分分析法对土壤肥力水平进行了评价及分级。结果表明:(1)凉山州植烟土壤pH适宜,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量多处于中等偏低水平;有效磷,交换性钙、镁处于中等偏高水平;有效铁、锰、锌、钼均以很丰富等级为主,水溶性硼与水溶性氯多处于中等偏低水平,而有效钼在各等级之间均有一定比例分布。(2)凉山州植烟区土壤适宜性指数变幅为0.25⁰.95,平均值为0.64,变异系数为21.87%。(3)根据土壤适宜性指数(SFI)将凉山州土壤肥力分为高、较高、中等、较低和低5个等级,属于中等以上的植烟区土壤所占的比例为94.94%,无样品分布在低水平。其中布拖县SFI最高,喜德县SFI最低,其余地区SFI居中。     

贵州铜仁地区主要烟区植烟土壤养分状况

为明确贵州省铜仁烟区土壤养分状况,为优质烟叶的生产提供理论依据,从铜仁地区4个主要植烟县区采集90个土壤样品,分析其养分含量,并采用主成分分析法和模糊数学隶属度函数模型,通过估算土壤适宜性指数(SFI)对土壤养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明:铜仁地区植烟土壤pH值偏高,土壤有机质含量平均为26.1 g/kg,较为丰富,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量适宜,部分土壤全磷含量偏低,速效磷含量较高,土壤全钾含量偏低,土壤速效钾不均衡,适宜范围150~220 mg/kg的土壤样品只占24.44%。土壤肥力存在广泛变异,其土壤肥力指标(SFI)值平均为0.68,变幅为0.29~0.94,变异系数为17.04%。根据SFI值的大小将全区土壤肥力分为高、较高、中等、较低和低5个等级,其中高和较高等级肥力的土壤占45.56%,其中德江的SFI平均值较高,而思南的IFI平均值较低。在生产过程中,应针对不同烟区的土壤养分状况强调因地制宜、分类指导,采用不同的烤烟专用复合肥配方,提高植烟土壤的养分均衡供应能力。     

昆明市植烟土壤养分状况分区评价

对昆明市各县区主要植烟土壤养分状况进行普查。结果表明:各县区植烟土壤pH总体适宜,而有机质含量和氮、磷、镁、硫和锌的平均有效含量普遍过高;钾、锰、钼和氯除个别县区外,总体不缺,但所有县区均普遍缺硼。各县区内各植烟土壤间养分状况有较大差异,均有相当比例的土壤其pH、有机质、磷、钾、镁、锰、钼和氯等一种或多种指标同时存在偏低或过高的现象。在烤烟施肥及土壤酸碱性改良等方面,各县区应强调因地制宜、分类指导,避免"一刀切",以尽可能提高植烟土壤的养分均衡供应能力。     

坡耕地植烟土壤养分资源特征及适宜性综合评价

为研究武隆县植烟土壤的养分资源特征、丰缺状况,对烟区土壤进行综合评价,采用GPS定位对该县烟区主要乡镇土壤样品进行取样和测试分析.结果表明:武隆主要烟区土壤有机质含量适中;pH偏酸性;全氮含量较高,速效氮含量适中;不能为烟草提供充分的磷素的土样占总样品数的77.56%;近60%土壤速效钾含量适宜烟草的生长;中量元素中近60%烟田交换性钙含量偏高,多数土壤交换性镁含量在适宜至丰富范围,有效硫含量缺或不缺大致各占50%;有效锌含量分别占27.56%和62.50%,属于适中偏高;77.24%土壤有效铜含量丰富;有90%左右的土壤有效锰、有效铁含量偏高.土壤样品的IFI值在中等、较高、高、较低和低水平的分别为39.10%,33.01%,7.05%,17.63%和3.21%.综合评价认为武隆烟区大部分(占79.16%)土壤肥力较适宜生产烤烟.     

大理红塔植烟基地土壤养分状况分区评价

为了准确评价大理州主要植烟土壤养分现状,对该州9个红塔基地县(市)土壤pH值、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硼、水溶性氯共10个指标进行调查和分析。结果表明:各烟区土壤pH、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量适宜,有机质含量丰富,交换性镁、水溶性氯含量偏高,而交换性钙、有效硫含量远高于生长适宜范围上限,同时有效硼含量普遍不足;除土壤有效硼外,其余养分指标均存在不同程度的空间变异,其中土壤交换性钙(91.2%)、交换性镁(81.5%)、有效硫(86.8%)含量变异系数均大于80%;以云南省植烟土壤养分含量适宜标准分析,全州9个县(市)大部分地区均应控制钙、镁、硫养分的施用,加大硼肥的投入;同时,弥渡、漾濞、南涧和云龙四县则有部分土壤应控制钾肥施用;除漾濞县外,其余县(市)土壤水溶性氯含量均偏高,应适当减少含氯肥料的投入,忌施人粪尿,以确保植烟土壤养分含量的协调性。     

马龙县植烟土壤养分空间变异特征及适宜性评价

采用GPS定位技术,在马龙县进行大规模的植烟土壤取样,对区域内植烟土壤养分状况的总体特征、空间变异特征进行了研究,并基于地统计学方法和模糊数学原理对植烟土壤养分适宜性进行综合评价.结果表明:马龙县植烟土壤pH、有机质、有效S和水溶性Cl含量适宜,全N和碱解N含量偏高,速效P、速效K、有效Ca、有效Mg、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效Mo和有效Mn含量丰富,有效Zn含量中等,全P、全K和有效B含量偏低;区域内植烟土壤养分指标均表现为各向异性分布,其中有效Ca、pH、水溶性Cl、有效B和速效K等5项养分的空间变异主要受随机因子影响,其他养分指标的空间变异同时受结构性因素和随机性因素影响;马龙县植烟土壤适宜性空间分布图表明,土壤养分适宜性指数为优的区域占研究区域总面积的0.19％,为良的区域占19.63％,为一般的区域占59.17％,为中等的区域占21.01％,为差的区域占0％.     

龙山县植烟土壤有效硼含量空间分布及其影响因素

为了研究龙山县植烟土壤有效硼分布状况及影响因素,以期为龙山县植烟土壤硼素的养分管理及特色优质烟叶开发提供理论依据;在龙山县采集植烟土壤样本294个,采用地统计学、多元统计学方法研究植烟土壤有效硼的空间分布及其影响因素,从描述性统计结果来看,龙山县植烟土壤有效硼含量总体丰富,平均值为0.792mg/kg,但变异较大,适宜样本比例为33.33%;从地统计分析结果来看,龙山县北部及东南部有效硼含量丰富,西部较为缺乏;影响因素研究的结果显示,随着海拔高度上升土壤有效硼呈先上升后下降的趋势;土壤有效硼与交换性钙及交换性镁呈极显著正相关关系;土壤有效硼含量随土壤有机质含量升高而升高;土壤有效硼含量随土壤pH值升高而升高。龙山县植烟土壤有效硼含量较为丰富,海拔高度、土壤质地和类型、有机质、pH值、交换性钙镁都影响土壤有效硼含量,土壤有效硼区域差异较大,建议在西部缺硼区域适当增施硼肥。     

云南丽江植烟土壤中微量营养元素状况及施肥对策

在云南丽江烟区采集273个土壤样品和烟叶样品进行分析化验。结果表明,丽江市植烟土壤中微量营养元素含量存在较大的差异,土壤平均交换性钙含量为3338.82 mg kg-1,交换性镁342.26 mg kg-1,有效锌2.21 mg kg-1,有效硼0.54 mg kg-1,有效钼0.44 mg kg-1,水溶性氯38.37 mg kg-1。植烟土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和有效钼含量整体比较充足,有效锌含量整体适宜,有效硼含量普遍缺乏;尽管土壤中水溶性氯含量较高,但烟叶中氯含量较低。为此生产上提出了"控镁和补硼"的施肥措施,对于连年干旱且水溶性氯含量高的植烟土壤要严禁施用含氯肥料。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.