2021年秋收作物生长季农业气象条件评价

基于主要农区2346个气象台站观测数据和历史同期观测资料,利用作物气候适宜度和农业气象灾害指数等方法,分析了2021年玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花等主要秋收作物生长季的农业气象条件。结果表明,秋收作物生长季内,农区大部分地区≥10℃积温较常年同期偏多100～250℃·d,热量条件好,大部降水正常,土壤墒情适宜。夏季（6-8月）光温水条件匹配较好,利于玉米、水稻、大豆等作物开花授粉、灌浆结实以及棉花开花、结铃。总体上秋收作物主要生育期内干旱影响偏轻,气象条件对作物生长发育和产量形成有利。但局地暴雨洪涝频发,河南受灾严重,部分农田绝收。西北地区东部、华北大部、黄淮北部作物生育后期多雨寡照,不利作物灌浆成熟及收获。东北地区阶段性低温、西北地区东北部干旱、南方和新疆高温危害等对局地玉米、水稻、棉花等作物造成一定不利影响。     

作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性及其在东北春玉米上的应用

为从源头解决地膜覆盖技术泛用、滥用问题，提高作物地膜覆盖技术的合理利用性。研究提出作物地膜覆盖适宜性的概念，将其定义为"地膜覆盖技术对作物自身环境要素需求与所在地提供环境要素差异的补偿程度"。该研究以东北春玉米为例，构建春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性的评价体系，通过数据检索的方式收集东北地区田间试验中春玉米地膜覆盖功能数据，明确作物地膜覆盖与不覆盖农田土壤温度和水分、经济产量相关关系，量化作物地膜覆盖的增温保墒、增产功效，筛选春玉米地膜覆盖技术适宜性评价指标，并计算地膜覆盖技术适宜指数，参照作物需求阈值标准和经济效益，明确东北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆盖种植范围，形成春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜性区划。东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖耕作层土壤温度（土壤含水率）与裸地土壤温度（土壤含水率）及产量与≥10 ℃积温存在良好的线性关系（P < 0.01）。基于春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性的评价体系，计算了地膜覆盖适宜指数，完成东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜分区。作物地膜覆盖适宜性相关研究可为中国地膜投入量零增长和地膜污染综合防控提供可靠技术支撑。     

2016年秋收作物生长季农业气象条件评价

基于全国气象台站实时和历史同期观测数据,利用作物气候适宜度模型结果,分析了2016年玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花等主要秋收作物生长季的农业气象条件.结果表明:玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花主要生长季内,产区大部≥10℃积温偏多100~300℃·d,热量条件好,降水量与常年持平或偏多,大部地区土壤墒情适宜;农区大部夏季光照充足,利于水稻、玉米和大豆等开花授粉和灌浆结实及棉花开花结铃;全国农区总体光温水匹配较好,关键生育期内低温、阴雨寡照、干旱等灾害影响偏轻,利于秋收作物生长发育和产量形成.但长江中下游地区先后洪涝高温、华北黄淮部分地区渍涝害、东北和西北部分地区夏伏旱等灾害影响作物单产提高.     

2018年秋收作物生长季农业气象条件评价

基于2412个气象台站观测数据,利用作物气候适宜度模型等方法,分析了2018年玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花等主要秋收作物生长季的农业气象条件。结果表明,秋收作物生长季内,农区大部分地区≥10℃积温较常年同期偏多50～300℃·d,热量条件好,降水量偏多,土壤墒情适宜。夏季光热充足,利于玉米、水稻、大豆等作物开花授粉、灌浆结实以及棉花开花、结铃。总体上秋收作物生育期内干旱、暴雨洪涝等灾害影响偏轻,气象条件利于作物生长发育和产量形成,但内蒙古东部和东北地区西部春播期旱情、入汛后部分地区台风和强降雨、中东部地区夏季高温等,对作物生长发育和产量形成造成一定不利影响。     

2009年夏季气候对农业生产的影响

2009年夏季（6-8月）全国平均气温较常年同期偏高,降水量较常年同期偏少。夏收夏播期间天气较好,北方大部地区土壤墒情适宜,冬小麦收获和夏播顺利;江南、华南晚稻播种-分蘖阶段光、温、水条件总体较为适宜,晚稻长势普遍较好;大部棉区棉花现蕾开花期间热量充足,土壤墒情适宜,棉花长势较好;东北地区东南部、华北东部、黄淮大部、江淮、江汉大部时段光温适宜,土壤墒情较好,没有出现大范围的农业气象灾害,利于一季稻、玉米和大豆等其它秋收作物生长发育和产量形成。但是,夏季北方部分地区旱情发生频繁或持续,东北地区中北部出现低温冷害,玉米、大豆和一季稻等作物生长发育受到抑制;南方强降水和高温天气交替出现,部分地区早稻灌浆期缩短,一季稻穗分化及抽穗开花和晚稻孕穗抽穗均受到不同程度的影响,局部地区因高温干旱和强降水受灾较重;西南地区、江淮、江汉东部阴雨寡照天气较多,作物生长发育受到影响;夏末部分地区作物产量形成关键期出现暴雨大风天气,造成作物倒伏,产量和品质受到影响。总体来看,2009年夏季气候条件较为有利于农业生产,但部分地区农业气象灾害频发,对秋收作物产量形成造成了不利影响。     

大豆间玉米—晚稻复种制的农田气候效应

<正> 根据本省长沙、衡阳等五地1981-1983年田间试验,大豆玉米间作具有改善复合群体本身田间微气象条件及改善后茬作物-晚稻气候生态条件的功能,主要为:1.提高复合群体的光截取量和减少光反射当间作玉米密度为每亩2000株时,大豆植株2/3处的截光率比单作大豆平均提高3.2～9.8％,复合群体顶部光反射率减少0.9％。2.增高昼温,降低夜温,增大温差和增高湿度大豆花、荚期(5月下旬～6月下旬),间作田大豆植株2/3处昼温比同期大气温高0.1～4.4℃,而单作大豆同一高度处     

2017年秋收作物生长季农业气象条件评价

基于全国气象台站观测数据,利用作物气候适宜度模型等方法,分析了2017年玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花等主要秋收作物生长季的农业气象条件。结果表明,玉米、一季稻、晚稻、大豆和棉花主要生长季内,产区大部≥10℃积温偏多,降水空间分布均匀,农业旱涝范围小、影响轻,光温水条件匹配较好,作物生长气候适宜度较高,总体利于作物生长发育和产量形成。但东北地区西部、内蒙古东部春播期干旱,长江中下游夏季高温和强降水,秋收期阴雨寡照等对作物生长发育和收获造成一定影响。     

沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤温度、作物产量和 水分利用效率的影响

为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保的沟覆盖材料,改善土壤水分和温度状况,提高降雨资源利用效率,采用完全随机设计大田试验,以玉米和高粱作为供试作物,以沟无覆盖作为对照,研究垄沟集雨不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖)对土壤温度、土壤水分、作物产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明,与沟无覆盖相比,液体地膜和生物可降解地膜覆盖种植玉米的沟中作物全生育期表层(0~25 cm)土壤温度分别提高0.2℃和1.0℃,种植高粱的沟中表层土壤温度分别提高0.2℃和1.1℃,秸秆覆盖种植玉米和高粱的沟中表层土壤温度分别降低1.1℃和1.3℃;液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖0~140 cm土壤贮水量种植玉米分别提高0.4 mm、21.5 mm和8.6 mm,种植高粱分别提高2.3 mm、21.0 mm和10.9 mm。液体地膜覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米青贮产量分别提高增加0.4%和10.4%,玉米籽粒产量分别增加1.6%和11.3%,玉米地上生物量分别增加0.7%和7.3%;高粱青贮产量分别增加0.2%和10.9%,高粱籽粒产量分别增加1.1%和11.8%,高粱地上生物量分别增加1.6%和9.4%;秸秆覆盖的玉米青贮产量、玉米籽粒产量、玉米地上生物量、高粱青贮产量、高粱籽粒产量和高粱地上生物量分别减少2.9%、2.2%、1.9%、0.7%、1.4%和1.0%。液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖种植玉米的水分利用效率分别提高0.9 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1、0.5 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1和4.9 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1,种植高粱分别提高0.3 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1、0.4 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1和2.7 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。综合分析表明,生物可降解地膜适宜作为半干旱黄土高原区垄沟集雨沟覆盖材料。     

地膜覆盖下玉米田土壤水热生态效应试验研究

为进一步了解地膜覆盖下的土壤水热生态效应,在吉林省东部开展了玉米地膜覆盖栽培试验.结果表明,晴天地膜覆盖使耕层地温增加3～5℃,阴雨天增温不明显.晴天地膜覆盖可使土壤湿度较对照提升2～4个百分点,阴雨天处理间土壤湿度差别不大,多雨时段地膜覆盖下土壤湿度明显低于对照.地膜覆盖能明显改善玉米田土壤水热生态条件,对促进作物生长发育、抗旱防涝起到一定的作用.     

可降解地膜对土壤、温度水分及玉米生长发育的影响

针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田土壤污染现象,进行了可降解地膜、普通地膜覆盖及露地栽培玉米对比试验,探讨可降解地膜对土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米生长发育、产量及相关农艺性状的影响。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,可降解地膜覆盖能明显提高玉米播种后2个月的地表和地下10 cm的土壤温度,增加玉米播种至大喇叭口期0～20 cm、>20～40 cm的土壤水分含量,使玉米生育进程加快,出苗率和拔节期节根层数及条数增加,玉米不同生育时期株高、叶面积及地上部干物质积累量增加,玉米穗粒数增加9.6%,千粒质量增加20.9%,产量增加35.1%。可降解地膜和普通地膜间差异不显著。研究认为,以可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产是可行的。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.