冬小麦保护性耕作的技术实践

保护性耕作技术是一项先进的农业耕作技术。为探索两熟制农区全程机械化保护性耕作技术模式 ,河北省农机局于 2 0 0 0年开始在全省进行了冬小麦保护性耕作的试验研究 ,取得了较好的效果。一、试验研究概况与结果1 试验研究概况　 2 0 0 0年研制了 2 0台小麦免耕覆盖播种施肥机 ,在 14个县进行大田对比试验。试验设计为 4个处理 :A、玉米秸秆直立小麦免耕播种 (简称直免 ) ;B、玉米秸秆粉碎还田小麦免耕播种(简称粉免 ) ;C、玉米秸秆粉碎还田旋耕整地播种(简称旋播 ) ;D、玉米秸秆粉碎还田深耕整地播种。C为对照 1,D为对照 2 ,设 3个重复…     

河北省一年两熟区保护性耕作技术推广情况

从2000年开始。河北省藁城市承担省农机局下达的‘一年两熟’高产农区保护性耕作试验项目。根据藁城市具体情况，试验分为秸秆直立免耕播种、秸秆粉碎免耕播种、秸秆粉碎旋耕播种（常规）3种模式，每种试验进行了三次重复，共9个对照小区，到今年已经连续进行了5年。结果显示，免耕播种小麦产量高于常规播种小麦，具有一定的增产潜力．     

2BMF-4型秸秆全粉碎玉米免耕播种机的研制

针对目前玉米播种后地表秸秆残留量大以及现有玉米免耕播种机在作业过程中存在的秸秆拥堵、播种均匀性差等问题,采用计算机辅助设计的方法,研究并设计了一种新型秸秆全粉碎玉米免耕播种机.该机可一次性完成秸秆粉碎、施肥、播种、覆土镇压等多项作业,缩短了工序间隔,有利于抗旱保墒,减少拖拉机进地次数,减轻对土壤的压实,减少能源消耗,降低作业成本.为此,从整机作业方案出发,阐述了该机的技术性能、结构特点和工作原理,并对试验结果进行了分析,总结了作业性能.     

固定道对行小麦/玉米通用免耕播种机设

针对华北平原小麦、玉米一年两熟区固定道保护性耕作缺乏配套机具,设计了2BMDF-2/7型固定道小麦/玉米免耕播种机。该机利用固定道实现对行作业,同时采用动力驱动粉碎防堵机构,重点解决玉米秸秆地免耕播种小麦的问题。试验结果表明,该机通过性好,对行避茬率在85%以上,能很好地解决玉米秸秆地免耕播种小麦的堵塞问题,可以完成小麦和玉米的免耕播种,播种深度变异系数分别为19.4％和23.4％,实现一机两用。     

一年两熟区玉米覆盖地小麦免耕播种机设计与试验

针对中国华北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟地区,玉米收获后秸秆覆盖量大,免耕播种冬小麦易产生堵塞等问题,设计了2BMDF-12型小麦免耕播种机,提出了动力驱动粉碎刀轴与双圆盘播种镇压单体联合防堵机构,并进行了田间播种性能试验。试验结果表明,破茬尖角开沟器前的动力驱动粉碎刀轴解决了铲柄堵塞问题,紧随其后的双圆盘播种单体解决了相邻两组播种机构的壅堵问题,通过性良好,播种深度变异系数分别为19.8%、21.3%,提高了播种质量;一次作业可同时完成秸秆粉碎、开沟、施肥、播种、镇压等多道工序,作业费用降低了50%左右;作业时刀轴上甩刀不入土,动土量为20%,土壤扰动小。     

破茬播种联合作业机的研制

介绍一种集小麦秸秆粉碎和玉米免耕精密播种功能为一体的新型联合作业机具.该机将秸秆粉碎装置分段布置在播种机构前方,较好地解决了长秸秆聚集使开沟管挂草壅堵的问题;在秸秆粉碎装置前设置喂入轮使喂入顺畅;合理设计了各工作部件的结构参数和运动参数,合理配置了部件间的相对位置;整机功耗小,各项性能指标达到有关标准的要求.     

一种新型免耕播种机的设计

在传统免耕播种机的基础上进行了改进,完成了对免耕播种机开沟器、排种器以及秸秆粉碎装置的设计.设计的开沟器实现了侧肥深施,解决了目前种肥混施带来的伤种问题,并在开沟器的下面安装了深松铲,在播种之前完成深松,更有利于种子的萌发;设计的窝眼轮式排种器降低了投种高度,有利于提高播种均匀性,可以根据播种量对窝眼的大小进行调整;设计的秸秆粉碎装置实现了灭茬、秸秆粉碎和还田,同时解决了旋耕刀轴易缠草的问题.     

固定道对行小麦/玉米通用免耕播种机设计

针对华北平原小麦、玉米一年两熟区固定道保护性耕作缺乏配套机具,设计了2BMDF-2/7型固定道小麦/玉米免耕播种机.该机利用固定道实现对行作业,同时采用动力驱动粉碎防堵机构,重点解决玉米秸秆地免耕播种小麦的问题.试验结果表明,该机通过性好,对行避茬率在85%以上,能很好地解决玉米秸秆地免耕播种小麦的堵塞问题,可以完成小麦和玉米的免耕播种,播种深度变异系数分别为19.4%和23.4%,实现一机两用.     

2BMQ-180/3型秸秆粉碎覆盖玉米免耕施肥播种机

最近,由陕西省财政厅和陕西省农机局共同支持,西北农林科技大学承担研发的"2BMQ-1 80/3型秸秆粉碎覆盖玉米免耕施肥播种机"通过了科技成果鉴定。2BMQ-1 80/3型秸秆粉碎覆盖玉米免耕施肥播种机用于北方一年两熟区玉米免耕播种,整机将秸秆粉碎覆盖与免耕播种有机融为一体,具有主动     

分体式小麦免耕播种机的设计

针对我国北方一年两熟地区夏玉米秸秆覆盖地,秸秆覆盖量比较大,免耕播种冬小麦容易发生堵塞等问题,设计开发了分体式小麦免耕播种机.该机采用条带旋耕与单圆盘播种镇压单体联合防堵机构.该机一次完成施肥、秸秆粉碎、碎土镇压、开沟播种、镇压等作业.该播种机主要由施肥旋耕系统、连杆连接系统和播种系统组成.田间试验结果表明:在夏玉米秸秆覆盖下小麦免耕播种,对土壤扰动量在25%～30%左右,作业质量符合农艺要求;机具结构设计合理,为中国北方一年两熟地区夏玉米秸秆覆盖地表直播小麦提供了技术支持.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Quantifying the sustainability of agriculture

The rural sustainability index is a scientifically based tool to quantify the performance of agriculture. The sustainability of crop production is quantified from three perspectives; people, planet and profit. Within each perspective, one condition was selected that must be met to warrant agriculture. These are: No hazardous work should be used within the crop production chain; agricultural crops should not be grown on land allocated to nature by national law or regulations and, when a GM-crop is present or is introduced in a region, it should not harm development opportunities of other farmers. If these excluding conditions are met, the sustainability of agriculture is assessed through five performance indicators on school attendance, water use and consumption, fertilizer use, pesticide use, and farm income. For each of the five indicators, critical values and target values have been given that limit the transition range between non-sustainable and sustainable production. The five indicators are combined into a sustainability index. The index aims at improving the socio-economic position of farmers while protecting the environment.