Finite Element Analysis of Single Pearlitic Colony with Layer Meso-structure

A great number of experiments show that pearlitic steel with Layer Meso-structure depend greatly on its struc- ture. Its fatigue life is marked influenced by the interlamellar spacing. Based on the finite element analysis of single pearlitic colony with different interlamellar spacings, the reason of the interlamellar spacing is investigated, which plays an important role in the mechanics behavior of single pearlitic colony. It is necessary to establish the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanics behavior of the pearlitic material, and the importance of the interlamellar spacing is introduced into the constitutive equation of Single Pearlitic Colony.     

Effect of nitrogen on microstructure and properties of SWRH82B wire rod

The microstructure, mechanical properties, tensile fractures and the precipitation of the second phase of vanadium microalloyed wire rods with different nitrogen contents are studied by hydraulic universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) . The results show that the interlamellar spacing of pearlite is smaller in high nitrogen steel; the high nitrogen steel has higher yield strength, tensile strength and lower elongation and reduction of area; there are more inclusions on the tensile fracture surfaces of the high nitrogen steel; and in high nitrogen steel, the size of precipitation, mainly precipitating at dislocation or the boundary of austenite, is finer than that of low nitrogen steel, what is more, fine V(C,N) particles are concluded in the precipitations.     

The Micro/Macro Mechanic Analysis of PD3 Pearlitic Steel with Layered Microstructures

A micro/macroscopic analysis of PD3 pearlitic steel with layered microstructure is carried on.Based on the compatibilit conditions of stress and strain at the interface between two layers as well as the mixed law of composites,constitutive equations of an effective homogeneous inclusion are obtained.combining these equations with the K B W self consistent model,the micro macroscopic transition has been estabilished.It turns out that the analysis is capable of determining the overall responses of materials as well as local stress evolution in microstructure under monotonic and cyclic loading.It is found that stress in the thin cementite layer is very high.This is caused by intersification of the local plastic flow of the soft ferrite layer in which more loading is transferred cycle by cycle to the hard phase.Furthermore,a strength dimension law that the strength is inversely proportional to the square root of the layer thickness is developed to explain the high strength of the cementite layer.     

Mechanical Model of Steel Plate Composite Shear Walls

Based on concepts of mechanics, a mechanical model of novel type of steel plate composite shear wall is presented. The novel type of structure is formed by steel plate shear wall and T-shaped solid-web composite columns. Flexural stiffness of steel beams, lateral stiffness of the T-shaped solid-web composite columns, shear stiffness of steel plate composite shear wall and shear stiffness of beam-column connection are taken into account in the mechanical model. And the equivalent damping between steel plate and boundary is considered. Based on the deformation features of structures and the calculation hypothesis, the lateral stiffness model and the energy dissipation model of structures are developed. Meanwhile, the calculation equations of elastic ultimate and plastic ultimate of shear strength of structures are set up. The theoretical analysis results inosculate better with the results of experiment. The comparison between the result calculated from the formula and the experimental result shows that the calculation precision is high enough to meet the demand of theoretical analysis. The difference, including equivalent model, stress states, manufacturing defect and installation error, between the formula and the experiment has been further discussed.     

Bearing Capacity of Bar-Reinforced Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Short Columns After Fire

Based on the determined stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete after fire, a temperature field and mechanical model of bar-reinforced concrete-filled square steel tubular columns after fire was set up with using ABAQUS, and the model has been validated by testing results. Then this paper analyzed the side of section, bar ratio, fire duration time, steel ratio and material strength parameters on the bearing capacity of bar-reinforced concrete-filled square steel tubular columns after fire. It is found that fire duration time and side of section is the dominant factor. Lastly this paper puts forward a theoretical formula of bearing capacity of bar-reinforced concrete-filled square steel tubular columns after fire, for the post-disaster restoration and provides references for the reinforcement.     

Modeling and realizing of integrated batch planning for steelmaking-continuous casting and hot strip rolling

An integrated batch planning mathematical model based on multi-object optimization is proposed to solve the orderly and efficient flow of material between different working stations in iron and steel enterprises, where production technology constraints, material variations and coupling between steelmaking-continuous casting and hot rolling are analyzed first. According to the requirements of the hot rolling steel strip contracts, the integrated batch planning is divided into sub-plans of rolling plan, casting plan and furnace plan which are independent and coupling to each other, forming rolling plan and furnace plan simultaneously to influence casting plan. Heuristic method based on modified co-evolutionary algorithm is advanced to resolve this problem. The results of simulation and analysis in an iron and steel plant for strip steel production shows that it is feasible to provide effective guidance for integrated batch plan making.     

A CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF A CLASS OF TWO-PHASE STEELS

Based on a thermomechanically consistent mechanical model, the constitutive law for a class of complex two-phase materials with locking-in inter-phase residual stress capability is proposed. The developed model contains the current plastic strain in its hereditary integral so that the main features of the above materials subjected to cyclic loading can be well described. The developed model can include both the endochronic constitutive equation and Bower' s empirical formula as special cases. The cyclic plasticity and ratcheting of OFHC copper (single-phase material) and rail steel BS1l(two-phase material)are analyzed and compared with experimental results     

Meso-scale numerical investigation on the crack process of concrete cover induced by rebar non-uniform corrosion

Concrete cover cracking induced by corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major influencing factor for durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures. In order to investigate the cracking process of concrete cover induced by rebar corrosion, the heterogeneity of concrete meso-structure and non-uniformity of rebar corrosion are accounted for. The undamaged concrete is assumed to be a three-phase composite material composed of aggregate, mortar matrix and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). And a concrete random aggregate structure is established for the study on the mechanical behavior of the non-uniform radial corrosion expansion. In the present simulations, non-uniform radial displacement is adopted to simulate the non-uniform corrosion of the rebar; the plasticity damaged model is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the mortar matrix and the ITZ, and the aggregate is assumed to be elastic. The cracking of concrete cover due to the non-uniform corrosion of the middle located rebar is numerically simulated. The comparison of the analysis and the test result on failure pattern of cover concrete shows fairly good agreement. And then the failure patterns under uniform corrosion and non-uniform corrosion obtained from the macro-scale homogeneous model and the meso-scale heterogeneous model are compared. Furthermore, the influences of concrete cover thickness and rebar diameter on the failure pattern of concrete cover, the expansive pressure and the corrosion rate of the rebar when cover concrete cracks are investigated.     

Experimental Analysis of Cracking Behavior of ConcreteBeams Reinforced with High Strength Bars

Eight concrete beams reinforced with 500MPa steel bars and four reinforced with 400MPa ultra fine grain steel bars were tested under two point symmetrical concentrated static loading to observe the details of crack pattern development on these beams and investigate their cracking characteristics. It was shown that the cracking behavior of the beams with high strength bars was essentially similar to that of common RC flexural members, whereas the computed crack widths using the formula adopted in the Code for Design of Concrete Structures GB 50010 2002 exceeded that of the experiment under the normal service. Furthermore, the formulas for crack spacing and crack width specified in GB 50010 2002 were evaluated through the experimental results and previous studies of sixty seven concrete beams reinforced with high strength bars. On the basis of the calculation model in GB 50010 2002, revised formulas for crack spacing and crack width were proposed. The values calculated by revised formulas were in good agreement with the test results.     

高温下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的受力性能

火灾下无防火保护的结构构件温度会迅速上升，从而造成钢材和混凝土的强度明显下降。为了研究火灾下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的受力性能，考虑火灾下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的不均匀温度分布及温度对材料力学性能的影响，提出了火灾下受轴心荷载作用的钢管约束型钢混凝土柱承载力的计算方法。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对提出的计算方法进行了验证，结果吻合较好。进而采用该计算方法对影响高温下承载力的参数进行了分析，研究表明：随着构件截面尺寸的增加以及混凝土强度和钢材强度的提高，构件的承载力逐渐增加，而钢管壁厚的改变对承载力并无太大影响。利用有限元软件ABAQUS分析了荷载比、构件尺寸、钢管壁厚等因素对构件耐火极限的影响，发现耐火极限随着荷载比和钢管壁厚的增加而减小，随着构件尺寸的增加而增大。     

不同行距配置方式对夏玉米冠层结构和群体抗性的影响

为探究行距配置方式对冠层微气象因子及群体抗逆性的影响,明确夏玉米适宜的行距配置方式,在方城和辉县设置大田试验,以3个不同株高类型的玉米杂交种为材料(中秆品种郑单958、高秆品种先玉335和矮秆品种512-4),设置2个种植密度(60 000株 hm^-2和75 000株 hm^-2),研究了5种行距配置方式(50 cm、60 cm、70 cm、80 cm等行距和80 cm+40 cm宽窄行)下冠层结构和群体抗逆性的变化。结果表明,不同株高类型杂交种在相同密度下,随行距扩大,株型变得松散,穗部叶片叶向值减小,并偏离种植行,向种植行垂直方向发展,冠层温湿度降低,群体抗逆性增强,但冠层光照截获率降低,产量也随之减少。对比发现,不同品种和密度下,60 cm等行距能够较好地协调冠层微气象因子与玉米产量的关系,叶片分布适宜,冠层温湿度和光能分布合理,显著提高了中下部的光能截获率,病虫害和倒伏的发生率较低,获得最高产量的频率最高,且适宜机械化田间作业,建议作为适宜黄淮海地区推广的种植方式。     

The Mechanical Behaviors of Prestressed and Non-Prestressed Steel Rebars under High Temperature

In this paper ,21 pieces of ribbed rebar 16 in diameter,45 pieces of smooth circle rebar 12 and 8 in diameter and 24 pieces of high strength carbon steel wire s5 in diameter are tested on mechanical behaviors under high temperature.The laws of variation of mechanical behaviors with the temperature are investigated for prestressed steel and non_prestressed steel.The conclusions obtained in this paper are significant for research of the loading capacity of reinforced concrete members under the condition of fire catastrophe.     

Failure Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of CFRP Strengthened Super-servicing Reinforced Concrete Poles

Super-servicing reinforced concrete poles (RCP) which come from a road section in a power grid, including six pole shafts and six specimens with a mid-span steel joint, were selected as samples to conduct a flexural strength test, in which three shafts and three poles with steel joint in the middle span were strengthened by CFRP in the longitudinal direction. The mechanical behavior and failure mechanism under different CFRP layers pasted were comparatively studied. Based on the measured test data, the calculation methods of strength and stiffness were investigated, and the mathematical expression of stiffness degradation mechanism was proposed. The result shows that the final failure mode of CFRP strengthened poles is the local bond failure between CFRP material and the external concrete, and the longitudinal CFRP is snapped. The process of damage is rapid and brittleness. The mean strain of cross-section is in accord with the assumption of plane cross-section. The strength degradation of shaft specimens without strengthened is throughly serious. As for the strengthened poles, the bearing capacity and stiffness under each forcing stage are improved with different levels. The damage of strengthened specimens develops faster and more intensive than that of none-strengthened ones. When multi-aspects are synthetically considered, there is a suggestion that double layers of CFRP should be pasted along the longitudinal in the joint of the site within a certain distance, and the single layer of CFRP should be adopted in the shaft.     

Fire-resistance performance of high-strength-steel H shaped columns under the axial compression

In order to investigate the fire-resistance performance of high-strength-steel column,this paper deduces the critical stress of high-strength-steel columns under the axial compression at high temperature by introducing the mechanical properties of high-strength-steel at high temperature.Moreover,coefficients of overall stability and critical temperature for high-strength-steel column under the axial compression are obtained which can provide a reference for design.The comparison of overall stability coefficient and critical temperature between high-strength-steel and normal steel is made.The results show that the overall stability coefficient and critical temperature for normal steel is not applicable for high-strength-steel,and the overall stability coefficient for high-strength-steel is smaller than that for normal steel.The paper uses the finite element analysis to validate the overall stability coefficient,and good match was found between them.     

新型农业大棚骨架的性能分析

旨在研究复合材料光伏农业大棚的经济性和受力性能,阐明其替代钢结构大棚的可行性。运用有限元软件Midas对某光伏大棚骨架的受力性能进行分析;对光伏大棚最不利节点螺栓的承载力验算;从表面维护和骨架用材两方面进行经济性分析。结果表明:复合材料骨架大棚的杆件最大应力为27.5 k Pa,其柱顶最大位移为9.4 mm,满足相似结构的承载力和容许位移要求;最不利节点螺栓的承载力计算结果表明节点强度足够;从每栋复合材料大棚和钢结构大棚的骨架表面维护及用材两方面的经济性分析结果看,前者初期费用较后者多300元,但使用过程中不再需要追加维护费。从可持续发展的角度看,采用相同骨架的2种材料成本投入相差不大,复合材料更具有环保特点,对农业养殖或种植无不利影响。可以推断,只要结构布置合理,复合材料骨架大棚承载能力绝不输于钢骨架大棚。     

密度与行距对玉米‘协玉3号’穗部性状及产量的影响

为研究种植密度与行距对玉米产量、穗部性状以及通过穗部性状对产量的影响,寻求最佳种植行距与密度,为实现玉米超高产栽培创建提供技术依据。以玉米品种‘协玉3号’为材料,设置3个行距[50 cm等行距、60 cm等行距与40 cm+60 cm宽窄行]、3个种植密度[60000、67500、75000株/hm²],随机区组设计,3次重复,共27个小区,每小区行长6 m,行宽3 m,面积18 m²。50 cm等行距与宽窄行为6行区,60 cm等行距为5行区。结果表明,行距对‘协玉3号’的产量影响达到了极显著水平,而且不同行距配置中穗重、穗行数、穗粗以及穗粒重差异显著,不同密度间穗重、穗行数、百粒重与穗粒重差异显著,多个作用大小不一的穗部性状间的交互作用共同影响决定玉米产量。‘协玉3号’在密度为75000株/hm²和60 cm等行距模式下产量最高,可达16646.70 kg/hm²。因此,在山西中部水浇地条件下采用紧凑型玉米品种‘协玉3号’,适当扩大种植行距、缩小株距、增加种植密度是提高玉米产量的重要途径。     

A low-cost procedure for multi-purpose,large-scale field evaluation of forage crop genetic resources

The proposed procedure for field evaluation of large forage germplasm collections allows for simultaneously performing germplasm characterization, stratified mass selection and the assessment of the genetic structure of populations as revealed by among-population vs. within-population genetic variances. Unreplicated genotypes are randomly assigned to different units (grids) with the constraint that each unit should have a fixed proportion of genotypes from each population. The relative homogeneity of plant material between units allows for investigating major spatial trends.Within each unit, one plant is actually a clonal control allocated randomly and used for estimating the environmental variance. The units have a square shape, with plants grown in dense planting arranged at same spacing between and within rows. A set of adjacent units forms a column, and several parallel columns may exist. Observed data can be adjusted for the effects of: i) column of units; ii) row of units (by covariance analysis, using row number as the covariate); and iii) column of plants within units. The procedure was applied to the evaluation of 4,480 lucerne genotypes subdivided into 128 units and grown at 10 cm spacing. The efficiency of data adjustment, estimated as the variance among clones for unadjusted data relative to that for adjusted data, was 33.7% for length of the main stem, 9.8% for plant dry weight, and greater than 7% for three out of four other evaluated traits.