Toxicity of biorational insecticides to Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and predators in cotton field

Field trials on upland cotton (Gossypium hirstum L.) during its reproductive phase were used to assess the toxicity of several biorational pesticides and chemicals to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. puntigera Wallengren, as well as major predators at Dalby, Queensland, Australia. Moderate rate-dependent control was obtained in plots treated with neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed extract-azadirachtin (Aza) at rates of 30, 60 and 90 g/ha. Plots treated with Talstar EC (bifenthrin) applications achieved the best results, followed by treatment with alternation of chemicals (methomyl, bifenthrin, thiodicarb and endosulfan) and biorational insecticides (neem oil, azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki var. Berliner). Predators, including lady beetles, lacewings, spiders and predatory bugs, were insensitive to Aza, tooseendanin (Tsdn) andBT applications. In contrast, chemicals were very destructive of predators. All treatments provided some protection from infestation of H. armigera and H. puntigera. The effect of Aza on Helicoverpa spp. was reflected in a relatively higher yield of seed cotton harvested from Aza-treated plots compared with the control, but chemical control achieved significantly higher yields than any other treatment.     

杏树桃粉大尾蚜及其天敌种群动态研究

对杏树桃粉大尾蚜及其天敌种群动态进行了系统调查研究.结果表明,杏树桃粉大尾蚜4月初开始发生,6月初达到高峰期,7月中旬逐渐消退.其天敌主要由桃瘤蚜茧蜂[Fovephedrus persicae(Froggatt)]、大灰后食蚜蝇[Metasyrphus corollae (Fabricius)]、多异瓢虫[Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)]、菱斑巧瓢虫[Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus)]、十一星瓢虫(Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus)和丽草蛉(Chrysopa formosa Brauer)构成,各种天敌在时间上对桃粉大尾蚜有明显的跟随效应.采用时间生态位法和灰色关联分析研究了各种天敌与桃粉大尾蚜种群数量之间的关系.在明确桃粉大尾蚜及其天敌种群动态的基础上,为桃粉大尾蚜天敌评价提供理论依据.     

广东和海南扶桑绵粉蚧的天敌调查

自2009年7月至2010年12月,我们对广东和海南的扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的天敌进行调查,共发现8种天敌。其中,捕食性天敌有4种,分别是孟氏隐唇瓢虫Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant、双带盘瓢虫Lemnia biplagiata(Swartz)、六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus(Fabricius)和圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫Nephus quadrimacu-latus(Kamiya);寄生性天敌有4种,分别是松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂Acerophagus coccois Smith、班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bam-bawalei Hayat、长崎原长缘跳小蜂Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis(Ishii)和粉蚧广腹细蜂Allotropa sp.。文内简要描述了6种天敌的主要鉴别特征,并提供了一些形态特征图。     

棉铃虫载脂蛋白受体基因克隆及转录分析

载脂蛋白受体(lipophorin receptor, LpR)在昆虫体内脂质转运中发挥重要作用。为了明确棉铃虫载脂蛋白受体基因在其卵巢发育及饥饿胁迫中的功能, 本研究克隆了棉铃虫 HaLpR 基因的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号KU355886.1), 全长3 117 bp, 开放阅读框为2 643 bp, 编码880个氨基酸; 其氨基酸序列包含典型的低密度脂蛋白受体结构域, 与其他鳞翅目昆虫的LpR相似度>80%。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示, HaLpR 在雌蛾的卵巢和脂肪体组织中相对转录水平最高; 在雌蛾卵子发生期均有转录, 在雌蛾羽化后3 d表达量达到最高峰; 饥饿处理会抑制 HaLpR 在雌蛾卵巢和脂肪体中的转录。研究结果有助于解析HaLpR参与棉铃虫卵巢发育过程中的脂质转运以及应对饥饿胁迫的作用。     

Integrated pest management of coffee for small-scale farmers in East Africa: needs and limitations

Coffee in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) is an important cash and export crop for small-scale farmers. The crop suffers heavy yield losses due to damage caused by a wide range of indigenous pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Current recommended pest control measures include a combination of cultural, resistant/tolerant cultivars and the use of broad spectrum chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides are far more popular at the farm level than any of the other recommended pest control measures. Coffee pest control strategies are often aimed at individual pests with little consideration of the implications for the total coffee pest complex and its agro-ecosystem. This unilateral approach has resulted in increased pest pressure on coffee and some of its companion crops, outbreak of new pests of coffee, development of pest strains resistant to the cheap and commonly available chemical pesticides, increased environmental problems, increased health risks to man and livestock and an overall increase in the costs of coffee production, thus forcing many farmers to neglect their coffee plantations. Measures to alleviate the above problems, particularly the high production costs, are needed to improve coffee production and increase the cash return to the small-scale farmer. Integrated pest management (IPM) offers the best prospects for solving the above problems. However, lack of national IPM policies, poor extension systems, inefficient research-extension-farmer linkage and the lack of a holistic approach will delay the development and implementation of appropriate, acceptable and sustainable IPM practices.     

棉铃虫V-ATPase亚基B是Cry1Ac的功能受体

目前对转苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）的研究发现,液泡型ATP酶（Vacuolar-type proton ATPase,V-ATPase）可能是Bt的一类新型受体。我们前期通过构建棉铃虫的中肠酵母文库筛选Cry1Ac的结合蛋白发现棉铃虫V-ATPase亚基B（V-ATPase B）可以与Cry1Ac结合。为明确V-ATPase B在Cry1Ac毒力和昆虫对Cry1Ac抗性机制中的作用,本研究首先采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了该基因在抗感Cry1Ac棉铃虫幼虫中及其受到Cry1Ac诱导时的基因表达情况;通过Ligand blot进一步地证实了其与Cry1Ac的结合特性;并通过在Sf9细胞中表达V-ATPase B的试验验证了其功能。结果表明V-ATPase B在抗性品系及受到Cry1Ac诱导时均下调表达,Ligand blot证实了V-ATPase B与Cry1Ac特异性结合;并且在昆虫细胞内过表达该基因,会增强Cry1Ac的细胞毒力。研究结果表明棉铃虫V-ATPase B是Cry1Ac的功能受体,并有可能通过降低基因表达来参与棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性形成。     

松褐天牛的天敌及其对寄主的控制能力研究

根据国内外的研究和作者的研究结果,总结和记述了传播松材线虫的媒介昆虫松褐天牛的天敌种类及其控害情况。共有9 7种天敌,其中天敌昆虫4 7种,病原微生物1 7种,捕食性鸟类3 3种。同时对主要天敌种类病原微生物、肿腿蜂、斑头陡盾茧蜂、花绒寄甲、天牛斑叩甲和捕食性鸟类对松褐天牛的控制能力进行了阐述。     

Effects of petroleum spray oils on oviposition behaviour and larval survival of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively.     

Effect of pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid efficacy against insecticide-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Pyrethroid resistance in B-type Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Australian Helicoverpa armigera Hübner field populations is primarily conferred by esterase isoenzymes which metabolise and sequester pyrethroid insecticides. It has been shown previously that pyrethroid resistance-associated esterases in H. armigera are inhibited by the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) over a 22-h period. It is demonstrated here that similar inhibition can be obtained against B-type B. tabaci. Small-scale field trials showed excellent levels of pyrethroid control when insects were pretreated with PBO and then dosed with pyrethroid during the time of maximum esterase inhibition. These results demonstrate that PBO can restore pyrethroid efficacy in the field against both B-type B. tabaci and resistant H. armigera.     

Field evaluation of synthetic sex pheromone traps for the cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were conducted to evaluate the attractiveness of five different pheromone blends as well as the impact of trap design on attractiveness towards cocoa mirids, Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in Cameroon. RESULTS: A total of 361 adults of S. singularis (359 males and two females) were caught. The highest numbers of mirids were found in traps with pheromone blends that combined a monoester and a diester, compared with traps with the diester or the monoester individually and control traps with no pheromone. Rectangular traps caught significantly more mirids compared with delta traps. The mean number of 5.1 mirids trap^?1 year^?1 caught in rectangular traps was significantly higher compared with the 1.8 mirids trap^?1 year^?1 for the delta traps. CONCLUSION: The data revealed that rectangular traps containing pheromone blends combining both the monoester and the diester have a good potential to lure and trap adult males of S. singularis on cocoa farms. The pheromone blends used were specific for S. singularis, and the use of pheromone traps appears to be a promising strategy for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies for the monitoring or even the control of S. singularis in cocoa plantations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selection and heritability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki and transgenic cotton in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Compared with an unselected susceptible population, a cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), population selected for 22 generations with transgenic cotton leaves (modified Cry1A) in the laboratory developed 11.0-fold resistance to Cry1Ac (one single-protein product MVPII). Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp kurstaki (Btk) was selected for 22 generations with a 5.2-fold increase in LC50. The estimated realized heritabilities (h2) of resistance for transgenic-cotton- and Btk-selected populations were 0.1008 and 0.2341, respectively. This reflects the higher phenotypic variation in response to Cry1Ac in the transgenic-cotton-selected population. This variation may have been caused by differences in protein toxin levels expressed in different growth stages of the transgenic cotton. Because of the different slopes of the probit regression lines between Cry1Ac and Btk, the estimated realized h2 cannot be used visually to compare resistance development to Cry1Ac and Btk in H armigera. Thus, the response quotient (Q) of resistance was also estimated. The Q values of resistance for transgenic-cotton- and Btk-selected populations were 0.0763 and 0.0836, respectively. This showed that the rate of resistance development would be similar in both selection populations. This result indicates that the selection of resistance using transgenic cotton is different from that selected using the single toxin. Resistance risk to transgenic cotton and Btk in field populations was assessed assuming different pressures of selection by using the estimated h2. Assuming the h2 of resistance in a field population was half of the estimated h2, and the population received prolonged and uniform exposure to transgenic cotton or Btk causing >70% mortality in each generation, we predicted that resistance would increase 10-fold after <23 generations for Cry1Ac in transgenic cotton-selected-populations and after <21 generations for Btk in Btk-selected populations. Cross-resistance would be expected after <48 generations for Btk in transgenic-cotton-selected populations and after <21 generations for Cry1Ac in Btk-selected population. The results show that the potential to evolve resistance is similar in both transgenic-cotton- and Btk-selected populations, but that cross-resistance development to Btk is slower in transgenic-cotton-selected populations than cross-resistance development to Cry1Ac in Btk-selected populations.     

Regional reversion of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is associated with the use of Bt cotton in northern China

A continuous programme for monitoring resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to commonly used insecticides was undertaken for assessing the impact of Bt cotton planting on the evolution of the pest resistance from 1994 to 2002 in China. The bioassay results showed that the resistance levels per year in field populations of H armigera to lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim and endosulfan decreased, respectively, to 9-15-fold, 11-14-fold and 6-8-fold in 2001-2002 from 197-262-fold, 52-74-fold and 18-38-fold before the cultivation of Bt cotton in 1997. This significant increase in susceptibility to insecticides is expected to result in a reduction in insecticide application for H armigera control in Bt cotton. It is concluded that Bt cotton is playing an important role in the long-term management of H armigera by increasing the potential for natural and chemical control of the pest.     

棉铃虫小分子热激蛋白sHSP22.0基因的克隆及表达谱分析

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种重要的农业害虫,本文旨在研究小分子热激蛋白在其生长发育过程、抵御高温及Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白中的功能.利用PCR结合RACE技术克隆了棉铃虫sHSP22.0(small heat shock pro-tein 22.0)基因,通过生物信息学软件分析了棉铃虫sHSP22....     

The incidence of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) (pyralidae) and the contribution of natural enemies to its mortality under intercropping system in Kenya

Abstract

In the present study the incidence of Chilo partellus and its mortality due to natural enemies on sorghum intercropped with cowpea and maize were investigated in the 1984–6 cropping seasons. The lowest larval density was recorded in sorghum/ cowpea intercrop (mean 0. 18 larvae/plant); and the highest density in sorghum/maize (mean 1. 8 larvae/plant), although significant differences in larval density were observed only in three out of five seasons. Life table analysis showed first‐generation mortality of C. partellus to be highest in the age interval from egg to early‐instar larva (95–98% real mortality) and attributable mainly to predation; first‐generation mortality due to parasitoids and pathogens was negligible. Significantly higher (P < 0. 05) apparent pupal mortality due to Dentichasmias busseolae (Heinrich) (Ichneumonidae), in the second generation occurred in sorghum/cowpea (42.8%) than in sorghum/maize (12.5%). It was concluded that predators play a significant role and that intercropping sorghum with cowpea or maize does not interfere with their activity. Intercropping sorghum with cowpea gave nearly 40% higher yield index than sorghum monocrop. The implications of these findings on management