不同营养水平对獭兔生长 毛皮品质影响的研究

饲料的营养水平是影响獭兔生长发育、毛皮品质、繁殖和养殖、经济效益的关键.本研究采用μ6(63×3)均方设计,进行不同营养水平饲养试验,探索消化能、粗蛋白、粗纤维三因素对獭兔生长发育、毛皮品质的影响.筛选出消化能10.88 MJ/kg、粗蛋白18.5%、粗纤维12%的獭兔饲料日粮水平为最佳组合.     

提高獭兔经济效益的技术措施

獭兔养殖已经从疯狂的炒种转变为理智的商品生产阶段，低利或微利时代已经来临，所以獭兔养殖者要想获得效益，必须加大科技应用力度。一、饲养管理技术１．除了常规的饲养管理技术外，对獭兔的饲料还应根据营养需要分阶段饲养。即２０～５０日龄的小兔料，粗蛋白１８％～１９％，粗纤维１０％～１２％，消化能１１～１２兆焦／千克；５０～９０日龄獭兔日粮粗蛋白１６％～１７％，消化能１０～１１兆焦／千克；１００日龄以上的大兔料粗蛋白１５％～１６％，粗纤维１４％～１５％，消化能９～１０兆焦／千克。为了促进家兔的发育，在小兔料…     

不同粗蛋白、粗纤维水平对獭兔种兔生产性能的影响

獭兔母兔繁殖性能直接影响獭兔养殖效益的高低,而影响獭兔繁殖性能的因素较多,包括品种、营养、管理、环境和疾病等,其中营养,如:蛋白质和粗纤维对养分消化吸收具有重要影响,将会直接影响母兔生产成绩.因此,为了探讨饲粮中不同粗蛋白/粗纤维水平与四川白獭兔种母兔生产性能的关系,试验设计了4个水平的粗蛋白/粗纤维饲粮进行研究.     

影响獭兔毛皮质量的主要因素及关键措施

在獭兔生产中,选用什么品种、日粮营养水平、饲养管理方法、预防疾病措施是影响獭兔毛皮质量的主要因素,正确把握这些因素,有利于提高獭兔毛皮质量、取得较高的经济效益。1选用好品种选用被毛厚密、绒细柔软、色泽纯正的皮用品种。目前生产中饲养较多的是美系獭兔、法系獭兔和德系獭兔以及相同色型的杂种后代,生长发育快,毛皮品质     

青年獭兔消化能、粗蛋白水平研究

用 72只 10 0日龄左右青年獭兔进行能量、粗蛋白等营养需要量试验 ,设高能量高蛋白 (第 1组 :DE 11 17MJ/kg ,CP18 44 % )、高能量中蛋白 (第 2组 :DE 10 98MJ/kg ,CP 16 2 9% )、低能量高蛋白 (第 3组 :DE 10 5 3MJ/kg ,CP 19 2 9% )和低能量中蛋白 (第 4组 :DE 10 2 6MJ/kg ,CP 16 0 5 % ) 4个组。 74天生长发育和被毛质量测定结果 :①饲喂消化能为10 98～ 11 17MJ/kg的饲料 ,有利于青年獭兔生长速度和饲料利用率的提高 ,也有利于屠宰率的改善。其中以消化能为11 17MJ/kg、粗蛋白 19 2 9%的饲料 ,其生长速度和饲料利用率最好。②饲喂消化能为 10 2 6～ 10 5 3MJ/kg、粗蛋白16 0 5 %～ 19 2 9%的饲料 ,有利于毛皮质量的提高。③综合本研究结果 :生产优质商品兔皮的青年兔饲喂含消化能为10 2 6～ 10 5 3MJ/kg、粗蛋白 16 0 5 %～ 19 2 9%的饲料为宜。     

不同粗蛋白、粗纤维水平对白獭兔生长性能和肠道发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮中不同粗蛋白、粗纤维水平对断奶至2月龄四川白獭兔的生长性能及肠道发育的影响,以确定其适宜的蛋白质、粗纤维需要量。试验结果表明:饲粮中不同的粗蛋白、粗纤维水平对獭兔生长性能、肠道发育和腹泻率有影响,其中断奶至2月龄獭兔的适宜粗蛋白、粗纤维水平为18.04%、15.72%;当饲粮粗蛋白、粗纤维水平为17.47%、17.05%时,獭兔的肠道组织形态发育最佳,腹泻率最低。     

怎样取得优质獭兔皮

獭兔属皮肉兼用兔，既长皮．又长肉。因此要求饲料的营养水平高，一般要求饲料的消化能为11．4～11．9兆焦／kg、粗蛋白质18％～19％、粗纤维6％～8％、粗脂肪3％-4％、钙0．88％-099％、磷0．80％-0.82％、含硫氨基酸0．9％。     

黑麦草喂兔提高繁殖力的效果试验

黑麦草属禾本科多年生牧草，具有产量高，品质好，营养丰富等特点。经测定，花前期黑麦草干物质含粗蛋白１５．３％，脂肪３．１％，无氮浸出物４８．３％，粗纤维２４．８％，粗灰分８．５％。每１ｋｇ干物质含总能１８．１６ＭＪ。为探讨早春青绿饲料缺乏季节给獭兔加喂...     

在配合饲料中添加蚯蚓喂猪效益试验初报

<正> 全国畜禽营养研究会拟定通过的“南方猪饲养标准”,规定每公斤配合料所含消化能不低于2900大卡,粗蛋白含量为13.6——14.8％,可消化粗蛋白为102——110克,粗纤维7.8——8％。我省虽然高能量饲料不缺,但蛋白质饲料严重不足,生产配合饲料需要的鱼粉、豆饼等蛋白质饲料资源供不应     

生长肉兔饲粮配方的研究

采用Ｕ６（６３ ×３） 均匀设计方案,选择３５日龄断奶新西兰肉兔１４４ 只,进行为期６ 周的饲养试验。主要探讨了消化能、粗蛋白、粗纤维三个因素的三个水平对肉兔增重饲料消耗,料肉比等指标的影响。试验结果表明,最优组合为消化能９６２ 兆焦／ 千克、粗蛋白１６５ ％ 、粗纤维９ ％组。结果还表明,能量是动物采食和生长的主要限制性因素。     

水貂蛋白质及氨基酸营养研究进展

针对我国水貂饲养的特点 ,回顾了国内外水貂蛋白质及氨基酸营养研究进展 ,分别从水貂消化道和蛋白酶分泌特性 ,不同蛋白质水平对水貂生长发育、繁殖和毛皮质量的影响 ,蛋白质合成、分解、转运 ,氨基酸需要以及葡萄糖动态平衡等方面进行了探讨 ,并提出了进一步的研究方向。     

日粮蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维水平对幼龄反刍动物生长发育影响的研究进展

幼龄阶段是反刍动物生长中非常重要的阶段,这一时期的营养供应、生长发育状况和瘤胃发育程度决定了其成年后的生产性能和繁殖效率。由于幼龄阶段消化代谢系统发育不完善且具有极强的可塑性,此阶段日粮的营养水平,尤其是蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）水平,在反刍动物发育过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。在生产实践中,营养供给不足或超量供给都会影响幼畜的生长发育及健康状况,这种情况甚至会伴随其一生。而幼龄反刍动物日粮中蛋白质和纤维水平对生长性能和胃肠道发育的调节具有决定性的作用。适量提高日粮中蛋白质水平,可提高幼龄反刍动物的生长发育程度,并由于饲料中瘤胃微生物可利用氮浓度的提高而提高了营养物质消化率和瘤胃的发育。在保证精饲料充足的情况下,提高日粮中NDF水平可提高幼龄反刍动物开食料的采食量,提高生长性能和促进瘤胃发育,同时也伴随着营养物质消化率的提高。但由于试验动物或原料来源不同,在相关试验中仍存在不同的试验结果。为此,作者针对日粮中不同蛋白质和NDF水平对幼龄反刍动物生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发育的影响,以及出现不同试验结果的原因进行总结和探讨,以期为解决幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理问题、提高其饲养效率提供理论依据。     

Effects of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine supplementation on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Neovision vision)

The effect of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Four groups of male mink were fed with four isocaloric diets containing 32% (P32), 24% (P24), 16% (P16) or P24+Met (0.8%) crude protein of dry matter (DM) from September to December. Skin biopsies were taken at the pelting. Histological techniques and computer‐assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of under hairs and guard hairs respectively. The results showed that when the dietary protein level reduced from 32% to 16%, body length, number and diameter of under hairs and guard hairs of minks declined, and pelt length and pelt weight of minks decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These parameters were similar between P32 and P24 with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The hair follicle density of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary protein levels and Met supplementation (p > 0.05). Low‐protein diets content led to a reduction of hair follicle developing to next phase. It was documented that 24% crude protein of DM with Met supplementation during growing‐furring period was sufficient for minks to express their genetic capacity to develop hair follicles and achieve the prime fur characteristics. Overall this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein and Met supply in the growing‐furring period of minks.     

Genetic relationships between pelt quality, maternal ability, and lamb production in the Gotland sheep breed

The aim of the present investigation was to study the genetic relationships between pelt quality traits (shade of fleece, size of curl, score for fleece colour, score for curl, score for quality of hair, score for thickness of fleece, sum of pelt scores, and overall score) on one hand and maternal ability, live weight, and carcass traits on the other hand for the Gotland sheep breed. Data were received from the Swedish Sheep Recording Scheme and included observations on 4-month weight (4MW) and pelt quality for 51,402 lambs and on weight (CW), fatness (FAT), and fleshiness (FLESH) of the carcass for 12,440 lambs. The lambs were born during the period 1991–2003. When maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects were included in the model direct heritabilities for the pelt quality traits varied between 0.16 and 0.25. Maternal heritabilities (0.01 to 0.05) and common environmental variances as a fraction of the total phenotypic variances (0.07 to 0.10) were low. Maternal heritabilities were higher for 4MW (0.11) and CW (0.12) than for the pelt quality traits. Direct-maternal genetic correlations were both for the pelt quality traits and for 4MW and CW generally negative and low to medium high. Direct genetic correlations between pelt quality traits on one hand and 4MW, CW, FAT or FLESH on the other hand were low (− 0.16 to 0.12). Maternal genetic correlations between pelt quality traits and 4MW or CW were positive and high (0.38 to 0.96). It was concluded that breeding for increased growth and improved carcass quality would not influence pelt quality negatively or vice versa. If maternal genetic effects are considered for 4MW and CW in the breeding program for the Gotland sheep breed, selection for maternal effects on 4MW and CW will have positive effects both on lamb weight and pelt quality.     

Genetic parameters in Finnish blue fox population: Pelt character and live animal grading traits

Abstract

Finnish blue fox farmers breed for increased litter size and pelt size, and improved fur quality. Some farmers select pelt size and fur quality indirectly using live animal evaluations (grading traits). In order to be able to define breeding goals properly, heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for size traits and fur quality traits. There were four pelt character traits (pelt size, pelt colour darkness, pelt colour clarity and pelt quality) measured on dried skins, and six grading traits (animal size, grading colour darkness, grading colour clarity, underfur density, guard hair coverage and grading quality). The data included 54,680 animals born during the years 1987–2002, originating from seven farms. The heritabilities were high for pelt colour darkness and grading colour darkness, moderate for pelt size and low for other traits. In general, heritability of a pelt character trait was higher than its corresponding grading trait. Genetic correlations within the pelt character traits were low (～0.11) and within the grading traits mainly moderate or high (～0.44). There was high genetic correlation between pelt darkness and grading darkness, pelt quality and grading density, pelt size and animal size; between pelt quality and grading quality and between pelt colour darkness and grading guard hair coverage. This suggests that selection of pelt character traits via grading traits in most cases is relatively effective.     

饲喂水平对冬毛生长期雄性北极狐生产性能、器官发育及机体能量沉积的影响

旨在研究不同饲喂水平对冬毛生长期雄性北极狐生产性能、器官发育及机体能量沉积的影响。本试验选取46只161日龄,平均体重为（7 285±5.77）g健康的雄性北极狐,其中6只北极狐作为试验初屠宰试验对照,另外40只北极狐随机分成4组（每组10个重复,每个重复1只）,分别按照自由采食组（AL,I组）、自由采食量的80%组（IR80,II组）、自由采食量的60%组（IR60,III组）和自由采食量的40%组（IR40,IV组）4个水平饲喂,预饲期7 d,试验期67 d,通过饲养试验、屠宰试验并结合化学分析方法来评定生长性能、毛皮品质、器官发育及机体能量沉积的各项指标。结果表明：1）随饲喂水平降低,平均干物质采食量（ADFI）呈极显著降低（P<0.01）,II组平均日增重（ADG）极显著高于IV组（P<0.01）,显著高于III组（P<0.05）,与I组差异不显著（P>0.05）;饲喂水平对北极狐末重和料重比（F/G）无显著影响（P>0.05）,但II组末重略高于其他组,F/G略低于其他组。2）饲喂水平极显著影响了北极狐鲜皮长（P<0.01）,I组极显著高于III和IV组,与II组无显著差异（P>0.05）;随饲喂水平降低,体长、干皮长、针毛长和绒毛长均呈降低趋势,但各组间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。3）饲喂水平显著影响了北极狐心脏重和心脏指数（P<0.05或P<0.01）,II组心脏重显著高于III组（P<0.05）,与I组和IV组差异不显著（P>0.05）,IV组心脏指数极显著高于I组（P<0.01）,显著高于III组（P<0.05）,与II组差异不显著（P>0.05）,而饲喂水平对肝、肾、肺和脾重及其脏器指数均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）随饲喂水平降低,毛皮增重、毛皮脂肪沉积及其能量沉积、毛皮沉积总能量、胴体脂肪沉积及其能量沉积、胴体蛋白沉积及其能量沉积和胴体沉积总能量均呈降低趋势,但饲喂水平对毛皮、胴体能量沉积各项指标均无显著性影响（P>0.05）。采用适当限饲（IR80）不影响冬毛生长期北极狐机体器官的正常发育,能够保证其体重增长及毛皮品质,提高了饲料转化效率,且还降低了机体能量沉积过度带来的肥胖风险。     

不同营养水平日粮对奶公牛直线育肥性能的影响

为了研究不同能量和蛋白质水平日粮对奶公牛直线育肥性能的影响。选择4~5月龄左右、平均体重为121 kg的奶公犊36头,随机分成两组,试验Ⅰ组(饲喂低营养水平日粮)、试验Ⅱ组(饲喂高营养水平日粮),每组18头。试验期440 d。整个育肥试验以12月龄划分为前期和后期2个阶段。结果表明,整个育肥期,试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重比试验Ⅰ组提高了5.83%(P>0.05),料重比降低了3.11%(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率较高,但是与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、生长激素、甲状腺素含量比试验Ⅰ组显著提高了8.27%,13.85%,6.70% 和1.26%(P<0.05)。血清尿素氮含量降低了12.22%(P<0.01)。两个营养水平日粮对屠宰率、胴体产肉率和净肉率没有影响。随着营养水平的提高,pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失、失水率有下降的趋势,牛肉中的蛋白质和脂肪含量有上升的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组的pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失和失水率分别降低了2.34%,12.97%,18.30%和3.38%,牛肉中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别提高了4.95%和8.55%。养殖效益试验Ⅱ组比试验Ⅰ组多收入0.98元/(日·头),全期效益试验Ⅱ组比试验Ⅰ组多收入431.20元/头。因此,提高日粮的营养水平,可以促进奶公牛的生长、改善肉品质和增加经济效益。     

Genetic parameters of pelt character,feed efficiency and size traits in Finnish blue fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Pelt character traits (size, quality, colour clarity, darkness) are important economic traits in blue fox breeding. Better feed efficiency (FE) is another economically important and new breeding goal for fur animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlations between pelt character traits, FE and size traits and to estimate genetic parameters for pelt character traits. Pelt size (pSI_cm) had a high positive genetic correlation with animal grading size (gSI), final body weight (BW_Fin), body length and daily gain (DG), and a moderate correlation with body condition score (BCS). Animal body length and BCS (describing fatness) were considered as genetically different traits. Genetic correlations between pelt quality and size traits were estimated without precision and did not differ from zero, but colour clarity (pCL) had a low antagonistic genetic correlation with FE. Pelt size and DG had a favourable genetic correlation with FE but a fairly high unfavourable genetic correlation with dry matter feed intake. The current emphasis on selection for larger animal and pelt size improves FE indirectly, but selection for larger pelt size favours fast‐growing and fat individuals and simultaneously increases feed intake. The detected genetic connections between FE, size, feed intake and pCL should be taken into account in the Finnish blue fox breeding programme.     

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) chick and grower nutrition

The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is an important agricultural animal. The successful raising of ostriches from hatching to grower to breeder bird stage requires high standards of nutrition, and the producer should be knowledgeable about how the ingredient will provide the essential nutrients for growth and development, the utilization capacity of each nutrient and expected performance outcomes. Correct nutrition of chicks is critical, as they are most vulnerable up to the age of 3 months. Correct nutrition in growers (3–12 months) is important for the attainment of healthy breeding birds. Detailed is an analysis of studies on correct balance of essential nutrients, protein/energy inclusions and of fiber.     

日粮中添加半胱胺对雄性水貂的生产性能、血液激素水平的影响

选用64只初始体重和日龄均匀的雄性美洲标准水貂,随机分成4组,每组16只。采用单因子随机试验设计,研究水貂日粮中添加半胱胺对育成期雄性水貂的生产性能、血液激素水平和冬毛生长期毛皮质量的影响。结果表明,在日粮中添加半胱胺100 mg/kg体重和200 mg/kg体重,可显著提高雄性美洲标准水貂120日龄时的体重(P<0.05),并极显著提高80~120日龄的日增重(P<0.01)。日粮中添加100 mg/kg体重和200 mg/kg体重半胱胺能提高育成期水貂血液中甲状腺素T3和T4的水平;添加200 mg/kg体重半胱胺也能提高育成期水貂血液中的生长激素水平。冬毛生长期日粮中添加200 mg/kg体重的半胱胺能明显提高冬皮的皮重/皮长指数。