云南普洱茶感官品质与内含成份关系研究

在云南不同地区选择具有一定生产规模的5家云南普洱茶生产企业,到厂现场进行普洱饼茶随机取样,共取样6个;在云南省农业科学院茶叶研究所进行感官审评,在云南农业大学普洱茶学院进行内含成份分析,研究云南普洱茶感官品质与内含成份的关系,为云南普洱茶的规范生产和持续健康发展提供参考。结果表明：水浸出物含量的高低直接影响普洱茶的品质,并与普洱茶的汤色、浓度、滋味密切相关;茶多酚含量相对较高的茶样其感官品质均高于茶多酚含量相对较低的茶样;咖啡碱含量和糖类物质含量对云南普洱茶的感官品质的影响不是主要因子,但可以适度增进云南普洱茶的内质。     

祁门红茶初制中的干燥工艺研究

为研究祁门红茶初制干燥工序中不同毛火速度与足火温度对毛茶品质的影响,选用‘祁门槠叶’种1芽2叶鲜叶,经统一萎凋、揉捻和发酵后,毛火速度设置快(9 min)、中(12 min)、慢(15 min) 3个水平;足火温度设置低(60℃)、中(75℃)、高(90℃) 3个水平,随机区组设计,分别制作茶样,重复2次。通过对茶样的感官审评和主要生化成分检测分析,结果表明：不同毛火速度对茶样的感官品质（色泽、香气、滋味、汤色、叶底）和生化成分（氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶红素、茶黄素、茶褐素）含量的影响极显著(P<0.01);不同足火温度对茶样的感官品质（滋味、叶底）和生化成分（可溶性糖、茶褐素）含量的影响极显著,对生化成分（咖啡碱、茶红素、茶黄素）含量的影响显著(P<0.05);不同毛火速度与足火温度互作效应对茶样的感官品质（香气、滋味、汤色、叶底）和生化成分（茶红素、茶黄素、茶褐素）含量的影响极显著,对生化成分（氨基酸、可溶性糖）含量的影响显著。快速毛火,茶样的色泽、滋味和综合评分略低;慢速毛火,茶样的叶底稍暗,香气中等。低温足火处理,茶样的感官审评综合评分低于中、高温足火处理。因此,祁门红茶初制干燥工序采用中速(12 min)毛火与中、高温(75℃、90℃)足火组合较好,尤以中速(12 min)毛火与中温(75℃)足火组合为佳。     

不同焙火程度对黄观音生化成分和抗氧化活性的影响

以武夷山较具代表性的高香品种黄观音岩茶为研究对象，将茶汤生化成分、抗氧化能力和感官评价相结合，分析不同焙火程度对黄观音岩茶品质特性的影响。结果表明，随着焙火程度的升高，黄观音岩茶的水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量、游离氨基酸总量、咖啡碱和黄酮含量相比毛茶样均有所减少；通过感官评价得出，130 ℃下烘焙1.5 h（中火）的黄观音岩茶综合得分最高；不同焙火程度的黄观音岩茶清除羟自由基（·OH）和有机自由基（DPPH·）的能力随焙火程度升高而减弱，其清除能力依次为：毛茶＞轻焙火茶＞中焙火茶＞高焙火茶；相关性分析表明，茶多酚含量与DPPH·清除率呈显著相关（P＜0.05），与·OH清除率呈极显著相关（P＜0.01），水浸出物、咖啡碱、黄酮类化合物含量与·OH清除率呈显著相关性（P＜0.05）。     

梵净山野生茶与常规茶品质比较研究

本文以梵净山野生茶树与常规茶园鲜叶为原料加工成茶叶,进行感官品质、理化成分和香气成分对比分析,结果表明:感官品质常规茶的外形,汤色、叶底品质优于野生茶;野生茶水浸出物、可溶性糖含量相对较高,茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱与常规茶差异不明显;野生茶与常规茶共检测出42种香气成分,野生茶醇类香气成分相对含量高于常规茶。总体来说,梵净山野生茶值得进行开发利用。     

“永川秀芽”茶感官品质与内含成分关系的研究

选择永川地区具有一定规模的3个永川秀芽茶生产企业,于6月从各企业的直销门市随机取样不同级别的永川秀芽茶样8个,研究永川秀芽茶感官品质与内含成分的关系。结果表明,随着茶多酚、氨基酸含量的降低,永川秀芽茶的内质感官品质呈下降的趋势,它们的含量均相对较高且酚与氨的质量比值又相对较低,则其感官品质较好;随着水浸出物含量的降低,永川秀芽茶样的内质感官品质呈上升趋势,这一点与普洱茶感官品质与水浸出物的关系正好相反[1];咖啡碱含量和糖类物质含量对永川秀芽茶样感官品质的影响不是主要因子。     

泰顺东南茶区三杯香主要生化成分分析

为探明泰顺县东南茶区三杯香的主要生化特征,以所属的彭溪茶区和雅阳茶区的三杯香为对象分析了其生化成分,包括水分、水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素总量和单体、茶氨酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量.对比两个茶区的茶样生化指标结果,表明:彭溪茶区茶样水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、矿物质、维生素、儿茶素等成分含量较高,而雅阳茶区茶样的茶多酚、可溶性糖等成分含量较高.     

古茶园与台地茶园鲜叶常量成分及成茶品质比较研究

比较古茶树与台地茶树芽叶常量成分及大树茶与台地茶品质,为茶树资源古茶树的评价和利用提供理论依据。以云南省勐海县南糯山古茶园鲜叶和台地茶园鲜叶为原料,制成不同茶样,通过感官审评结合品质成分分析展开比较。结果表明：（1）古茶园鲜叶成茶品质的物质基础优于台地茶园鲜叶,主要生化成分茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱、水浸出物含量均高于台地茶园鲜叶;（2）从各种成茶品质成分含量来看,大树茶有味物质组成配比更适合于消费者的要求,主要表现在大树茶的氨基酸含量显著高于台地茶,儿茶素含量、酚/氨显著低于台地茶;（3）从各种成茶感官品质来看,大树茶味感优于台地茶,主要表现在滋味协调、味厚、鲜爽回甘,而台地茶味薄、浓带苦涩、欠协调。从冲泡次数来看,大树茶可达5次,多台地茶1次,具有更好的耐泡性。综上,采制于古茶园的大树茶较采制于台地茶园的台地茶消费者接受性高。     

茶树新品系新选801和新选807的白茶适制性鉴定

试验选用茶树杂交种新选801和新选807制得白茶茶样27个,从萎凋变化规律、审评得分和生化指标3个方面对其进行白茶适制性鉴定.结果表明,2个新品系与对照种福鼎大毫茶一样,会随萎凋时间延长,水浸出物、咖啡碱和茶多酚含量呈下降趋势变化,而氨基酸和可溶性糖含量则呈上升趋势变化.对品种间在审评得分及氨基酸、茶多酚和可溶性糖含量方面的差异作可重复双因素方差分析,结果表明,2个新品系与对照种福鼎大毫荼在感官审评得分、氨基酸、可溶性糖和水浸出物含量方面的差异均达到了极显著水平.新选801、新选807适合付制白茶.     

勐海晒青茶品质化学研究

为深入了解云南勐海县晒青茶品质及内在的优异化学成分,以县内10个乡镇晒青茶（古茶园和生态茶园）为试验材料,采用感官审评与品质成分检测分析结合研究。结果表明,勐海晒青茶条索紧结、显毫色润,滋味较浓,醇厚回甘;古树茶在滋味协调性、浓醇回甘上优于生态茶。总体上化学成分比较丰富,均值含量分别为水浸出物52.34%,氨基酸2.62%,咖啡碱3.94%,茶多酚40%,儿茶素总量18.28%,多酚类单体含量多少依次为表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)＞表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)＞儿茶素(C)＞表儿茶素(EC)＞没食子酸(GA)＞表没食子儿茶素(EGC),较一般普洱生茶含量高,尤其是茶多酚、儿茶素总量、GA较为明显;含量变异系数在15%以上的成分为EGC、C、EC、氨基酸。古树茶中EC、氨基酸含量略低于生态茶,氨基酸、EGC、ECG含量变异系数高于生态茶,说明古树茶中的大部分化学成分含量不仅丰富,而且含量变异小。     

祁门红茶初制中萎凋与初烘工艺研究

本试验设置高、中、低的3种萎凋风力处理和重、中、轻3种初烘程度处理,研究祁门红茶初制中不同的萎凋、初烘工艺对主要生化成分含量变化的影响。结果表明：相应试验茶样所检测得到的水解产物、茶多酚及其氧化产物含量数据有一定差异、却大都并不显著,说明现有的制茶设备调控适应性强。风力大的萎调方式工效较高但水解作用较弱,果胶质、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖等水解产物含量略低,风力小的萎调方式水解作用较强、水解产物略高,但工效较低、调控难度大,中等风力的萎凋方式工效较高、理化品质表现较好。初烘程度偏轻的处理,酶性反应及湿热作用较强、时间较长,游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶多酚等主要理化品质成分含量相对较低,茶褐素含量较高。初烘程度适中的处理,游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶多酚等主要理化品质成分含量相对较高,茶红素、茶黄素、茶褐素等比例相对适宜。初烘程度偏重的工艺处理掌控不佳时,容易造成急火或高火,并且不利于后续的足烘焙香。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...