黑河流域沙区植被恢复及演替研究——以高台县为例

用机械和植物措施固定流动沙丘后,随着土壤和水分等生态因子的改善,原来适应于流沙环境或弱固定沙地生境的天然植被趋向于适合固定沙丘生长的人工、天然植被.高台沙区人工和天然植被经25a变化后.多枝柽柳+沙蒿+花棒群落演变为多枝柽柳+油蒿+花棒群落,盖度达到42%,蒙古沙拐枣+多枝柽柳+油蒿群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+油蒿群落.盖度达到9%,花棒+沙蒿+多枝柽柳+骆驼刺群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+花棒+油蒿+骆驼刺群落,盖度达65%,沙拐枣+红砂群落被多枝柽柳+骆驼刺所替代.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落生物结皮的分布特征

为研究毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中生物结皮分布状况,根据放牧强度选取沙利(禁牧)、陶利(轻度放牧)和乌审召(正常放牧)3个试验点,分别调查了油蒿群落中固定沙地和半固定沙地植被盖度、油蒿盖度、生物结皮盖度、凋落物盖度、生物结皮破碎度、生物结皮厚度等指标。结果表明,毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为83.74%,半固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为23.54%;油蒿群落中半固定沙地生物结皮绝大部分是处于初期发育阶段的藻结皮,而固定沙地苔藓和地衣结皮所占比例接近总盖度的1/2;半固定沙地大多数处于初期发育阶段的生物结皮受上层植被的影响更大;轻度放牧干扰对油蒿群落固定沙地生物结皮盖度和厚度的影响均不显著,而正常的放牧干扰会导致生物结皮盖度显著下降;半固定沙地生物结皮对放牧干扰的影响更为敏感,即使是轻微的放牧干扰,也会产生与正常放牧干扰相当的效果。     

油蒿群落演替中的植物密度对土壤氮/磷比的响应

选择腾格里沙漠东缘内蒙古阿拉善左旗境内的油蒿+冷蒿群落为研究对象,在80 m×80 m样地400个4 m×4 m样方中,调查了油蒿和冷蒿的密度,测定了0～20 cm土层中的全氮和有效磷,分析了土壤氮/磷比与植物密度之间及其空间异质性之间的关系。结果表明,油蒿密度随土壤氮/磷比的增大而减小,冷蒿密度随土壤氮/磷比的增大而增大;油蒿密度的空间异质性随土壤氮/磷比的空间异质性的增大而减小,冷蒿密度空间异质性与土壤氮/磷比空间异质性无关。分析表明,植物密度的变化与土壤氮/磷比的变化密切相关,随着土壤氮/磷比的增大,油蒿逐渐退出,冷蒿逐渐侵入。因而,土壤氮/磷比的变化是干旱区油蒿群落演替的一个原因。     

封育对宁夏盐池县草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响

[目的]定量评价封育对宁夏盐池县沙化草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响,为半干旱区草地植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。[方法]对3种封育类型老、新封育区和对照区在2003—2013年样线与样方结合法进行植被调查,并用群落总复杂性、无序结构复杂性、有序结构复杂性3种指数来分析其复杂性特征。[结果]老封育区由黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)群落逐渐演替为阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)群落,新封育区和对照区主要是黑沙蒿群落;新封育区和对照区的植被生物量与盖度大多年份高于老封育区;封育可增加无序与有序结构复杂性,进而增加群落总复杂性。[结论]长期封育降低了植被数量特征值;随封育年限的延长,群落复杂性指数约以5a左右为波动周期,说明适宜封育年限为5a。     

半湿润半干旱过渡区洮河流域植被盖度变化特征

[目的]通过对半湿润半干旱过渡区洮河流域较高空间分辨率植被盖度变化分析,为新一轮退耕还林还草政策落实,流域生态文明建设和可持续发展决策等提供参考。[方法]以1993年Landsat 5TM,2001年Landsat 7ETM+,2015年Landsat 8OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,先用像元二分模型反演植被盖度,再用流域分区、高程、坡度及坡向分级所得基础单元,统计分析各单元内的植被盖度均值和植被盖度变化面积比例。[结果]1993—2015年洮河流域植被盖度均值增加了17.52%,正向变化面积比占62.24%,负向变化面积仍占有6.41%;3期数据均表明,高程2 500m以下植被盖度最低,高程4 000m以上无明显变化与负向变化面积比例之和最大;坡度0°~5°,10°~15°之间植被盖度均值最低但增幅最大,无明显变化和负向变化面积比例之和随坡度增加而增加,并在60°以上达到最大;坡向对植被盖度分布的限制作用逐渐减弱。[结论]洮河流域植被地形分异特征明显,植被盖度总体呈现增加趋势,但还存在一定的负向变化;未来应重视高程2 500m以下,坡度20°以下,坡向为平地、西坡、南坡的植被恢复;加强4 000m以上,坡度45°以上和东坡、东北坡现有植被生态保护。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡典型植物群落生长特征

以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,对其结构特征、物种多样性、盖度、地上生物量进行了系统研究。结果表明:Simpson多样性指数显示为沙棘赖草白羊草柠条苔草茭蒿铁杆蒿;Magarlef丰富度指数表现为草本群落灌木群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木群落草本群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落。灌木群落地上生物量(1.53～5.85 kg/m~2)显著大于草本群落(0.17～0.41 kg/m~2),草本群落地上生物量大小排序为赖草铁杆蒿茭蒿白羊草苔草。植被盖度阴坡草本群落最大,灌木群落居中,阳坡蒿类草本群落最低。沟坡植物群落的Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数略低于梁峁坡面的植物群落,Shannon-wiener多样性指数、草本群落地上生物量显著低于梁峁坡。研究成果对于明确黄土高原小流域植被生长特性、优化水土保持措施的空间配置具有重要的指导意义。     

开发建设项目中植被自然恢复的水土保持作用

通过分析最新的水土保持监测所获得的实地植被调查样方资料，论述了植被自然恢复在开发建设项目中的水土保持作用，并结合监测实践，探讨了植被自然恢对水土保持评价指标的影响。（1）在山西省雨量较为充沛的地区，如果重视保留表土并用之覆盖地表，就能使地面植被得到较大程度的自然恢复，其恢复面积占可绿化面积的比例约达25％。（2）在雨量较多地区的扰动地面，依靠植被自然恢复功能，可使植被盖度在1～2a内达到50％以上，形成初级植被。（3）由于对乔灌木等深根性植物的破坏较为严重，因此，在1～2a时间内，扰动地面上自然恢复所形成的植被一般为草本群落，并不能完全恢复当地的灌草植被、疏林灌草植被。     

毛乌素沙地3种主要植物群落的阻沙效益

[目的]对毛乌素沙地天然沙蒿、沙柳和锦鸡儿这3种主要植物群落的阻沙效益进行分析,为毛乌素沙地沙漠化防治及生态建设提供理论依据。[方法]通过测定标杆风蚀沙埋程度,分析各植物群落的风蚀量与阻沙量,从而对其阻沙效益进行比较分析。[结果](1)植被盖度越大,各植物群落的防风阻沙效果越明显;(2)地形条件相似,风速相同的情况下,3种植物群落在风蚀季节的临界防风蚀盖度不同。沙蒿群落的临界防风蚀盖度最小,约为60%,沙柳群落与锦鸡儿群落的临界防风蚀盖度相对较大,均大于60%,但锦鸡儿群落相对沙柳群落的临界防风蚀盖度小;(3)相同盖度下,3种植物群落的风蚀量与阻沙量之和大小顺序为:沙柳锦鸡儿沙蒿。[结论]在毛乌素沙地固定、半固定沙地上,沙蒿群落的防风阻沙效益突出,可作为主要固沙植物进行推广。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然恢复过程——以吴起县双树沟流域为例

采用TWINSPAN分类法对黄土丘陵沟壑区吴起县双树沟流域30个自然恢复草地植被进行分类,并对分类后各植被群落特征和地上生物量进行统计分析。结果表明：在自然恢复条件下,随着退耕年限的不断增加,退耕地植被自然恢复依次经历了猪毛蒿群落-赖草＋长芒草群落-赖草＋铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落5个发展阶段,地带性植被类型铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落在研究区内开始出现,并且已经占有一定优势;随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,Margalef等丰富度指数以及Shannon-wiener等多样性指数、Pielou等物种均匀度指数和地上生物量都呈现出先减小后增大的发展趋势;在植被自然恢复的稳定阶段,虽然物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数有一定的增加,但是相对恢复初期来讲还是有所下降,并且有达到与初期相当水平的趋势;物种丰富度指数均在第1恢复阶段最大,而均匀度指数Jsw以及Shannon-wiener指数在第5恢复阶段最高。随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,植被群落总盖度随着退耕年限的延长而不断增大。     

半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性研究

为探究半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性变化,选取宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地为研究区,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数测得植被群落多样性,使用SPSS软件以植被重要值为要素进行聚类分析,分析研究区植被类型。结果表明:研究区共有14科41种植物,其中菊科、禾本科、豆科、藜科包含的植物种较多;研究区不同样线出现的植物种数不同,南样线出现的最多,西样线出现的最少;不同样线的植物频率分布存在差异,南样线出现于1个样方中的植物种数最多,西样线出现于9个样方以上的植物种数最多。四儿滩湿地植物分为4个群落,分别为盐爪爪群落、赖草+白刺群落、芨芨草+臭蒿+芦苇群落、猪毛蒿群落。研究区不同样线的多样性指数存在差异,北样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数均为最高值,而西样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数均为最低值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.