母岩母质类型与坡位对湿地松林分生长的影响

对板页岩红壤和四纪红壤2种不同母质土壤和3种不同坡位上的湿地松林分进行调查与分析。结果表明:在四纪红壤与板页岩红壤中生长的湿地松林分其生长量差异显著,说明母质对湿地松林分的生长具有显著影响;位于上坡位的湿地松林分在四纪红壤中的生长表现要显著优于板页岩红壤中的,相反,位于下坡位的湿地松林分在板页岩红壤中的生长表现要显著优于四纪红壤中的。不同母质土壤的湿地松林分受坡位影响程度不同,但生长指标都一致呈现出下坡位>中坡位>上坡位的趋势;四纪红壤中,下坡位林分平均胸径分别高出上坡位、中坡位林分的10.6%和4.0%;板页岩红壤中,下坡位林分平均胸径高出上坡位林分的45.6%,高出中坡位林分的22.2%,差异达极显著(P<0.01)。总体上在不同母质土壤中生长的湿地松林分生长量差异显著,并且板页岩红壤湿地松林分坡位间生长量差异大,四纪红壤湿地松林分坡位间生长量差异较小。     

杨树混交林地土壤微生物与酶活性的变异研究

对北京大兴县林场和河南省民权国营林场２块试验林，面积分别为１．８６ｈｍ￣２和３．２ｈｍ￣２，连续四年（１９９２－１９９５）进行土壤微生物与酶活性定位观测和定量分析，研究杨树不同混交模式土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的变异及其对土壤营养元素含量和林木生长的影响。结果表明：（１）杨树混交可以提高林地土壤微生物数量，５种处理间存在差异（Ｐ＝７９％）。（２）不同混交处理，土壤酶活性存在差异（Ｐ＝８７％），其中转化酶、磷酸酶在Ａ、Ｃ处理中增长较明显；５种酶活性之间差异极显著（Ｐ＞９９％）。（３）杨树混交林的土壤营养元素、土壤微生物、酶活性与林地生产力关系密切。     

杨树人工林地力退化及维护与提高土壤肥力技术的研究

在山东，辽宁，河南，河北，北京等五个杨树（ＰｏｐｕｌｕｓＬ．）栽培地区，抽样调查４８块样地，并进行土壤养分化学分析，研究了杨树同代纯林，一代林、二代林生长对林地土壤肥力的影响以及杨树与刺槐（ＲｏｂｉｎｉａｐｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａＬ．）、沙棘（ＨｉｐｐｏｐｈａｅｒｈａｍｎｏｉｄｅｓＬ．）、紫穗槐（ＡｍｏｒｐｈａｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＬ．）、混交对土壤营养元素含量，土壤微生物数量，土壤酶活性等方面的影响。研究表明，在相同立地条件下，杨树同代林，随林木生长，土壤养分含量有下降趋势；连栽二代纯林比一代纯林，土壤养分含量及林木生长量有明显下降趋势；杨树与刺槐、紫穗槐、沙棘混交，能够提高土壤肥力，促进林木生长，是维护与提高土壤肥力，防治杨树人工林地力退化的有效生物措施。     

元谋干热河谷雨养型酸角对三种燥红土壤适应性研究

分析了元谋干热河谷旱坡地典型三种燥红土（普通燥红土、黄粉沙质燥红土、变性燥红土）土壤的理化性状在三种土壤上种植的同龄、同品种酸角在同管理水平的条件下，其生长、产量、果实品质表现出明显的差异：普通燥红土质酸角生长量、产量、品质表现最好，黄粉沙质燥红土次之，变性燥红土最差。并通过对三种燥红土质退化程度分析研究，提出土壤侵蚀的退化酸角园整治措施。     

四川凉山州云南松飞播区土壤条件和云南松生长

为探讨土壤条件与飞播云南松生长的关系,我们在四川省的西昌、喜德、盐源、昭觉四县云南松飞播区进行了土壤类型、土壤物理性状对云南松高、径、材积和根系生长影响的调查,结果以山地红壤、暗红壤、黄红壤上云南松的高、径、材积生长量最大,在土壤质地为砂土—壤土范围内土层厚度和生长量成正比,适宜根系生长的土壤容重1.2—1.7克/米~3,孔隙度36—55％,石砾含量10％左右。     

浙北涂区杨树生长与土壤条件关系初报

浙北涂区杨树林分的调查结果表明：除土壤盐分外，土壤容重，非毛管孔隙等土壤物理性质也明显地影响着杨树的生长；用土壤全盐量来表示杨树的耐盐力，常具有较大偏差，而用土壤水的盐分浓度表示，更符合客观性和更具有实用性，经实地测得该值为０．４５％时，杨树的生长就受到明显的抑制。同时，对地下水与杨树生长的关系作了初步探讨。     

林参间作对树木生长影响的研究

林参间作是吉林省林业的一项重大科研成果。但林参间作地后期树木生长的影响如何？本文从林参间作对树木的高生、径生长、生物量，根系生长以及土壤物理性质等方面的影响进行研究。结果表明：林参间作地的树木高生长比采伐迹地的高４８．６％，径生长高５２．１％，总生物量高１５８．１５，平均根系分布范围大４８．７％，主根长大４４．７％，以及土壤的各种物理性质优于采伐迹地的。     

土壤盐胁迫下杨树次生木质部的解剖特征

对生长在苏北沿海防护林不同土壤盐度下的主栽树种杨树(欧美杨无性系69杨)进行了解剖,描述了杨树次生木质部结构的特征,测量了次生木质部的16个数量特征：年轮宽度(ARW)、导管长度(VL)、早材和晚材的导管分子面积(VA)、导管周长(VP)、导管直径(VD)、导管单孔率(PSV)、导管频率(VF)、纤维长度(FL)、纤维宽度(FW)、射线高度(RH)和射线频率(RF)。实验结果表明,在不同的土壤盐度胁迫下：(1)杨树次生木质部形态特征的差别不明显,但是组成分子趋向于小型化。(2)次生木质部数量特征的变化比较明显,即当土壤含盐量从0．036％逐渐升高到0．289％,杨树的年轮宽度变小,0．91→0．77mm;纤维长度和宽度的变化分别为693．8→570μm和14．9→13．5μm,射线高度和频率的变化分别为284．3→249．2μm和58．9→75．5mm^-2,表明在盐胁迫下杨树的生长受到抑制。随着盐度的增加0．036％→0．289％,杨树导管长度减小,367．6→341．5μm;在早材和晚材中,导管面积变化分别为1575．6→1703．6μm^2和760．1→947．7μm^2,导管周长变化分别为167．7→195．1μm和120．8→143．7μm,导管直径的变化分别为41．8→43．4μm和29．1→33．1μm,导管频率的变化分别为141．8→144．2mm^-2和160→206．7mm^-2;导管单孔率的变化分别为65．9％→30．5％和59．4％→40．8％。这些都表明在盐胁迫下杨树的导管缩短变粗,呈聚集分布,输水效率和输水安全性都有所提高。     

不同树种生长适应性及其对土壤微生物数量的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量、保存率及其土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等,研究其生长、适应性及对土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：光皮桦、桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松5年生树高分别为7．4、6．5、6．3、4．8、4．2m,保存率分别为92％、65％、82％、78％、90％;不同树种造林后对土壤微生物数量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后林分土壤微生物数量提高的效果排序为桤木〉光皮桦〉栾木〉楸树〉湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤微生物数量明显下降,一般下降35％～40％,第2年底回升并超过造林前水平,第3-5年逐年增加。     

青云山风景区土壤调查初报

对青云山林业土壤进行全面调查，结果表明：山地土壤有2个土类、6个亚类、12个土属，土属分布以酸性岩红壤为主，占59％；中性岩黄红壤次之，占10.5％；酸性岩粗骨性红壤占9．0％，酸性岩暗红壤占7．4％，其余土属面积较小。并研究了主要土壤类型的理化性质，认为该区域土壤肥力较高。     

郁闭后杨树林下养鸡效益分析

研究了郁闭后杨树林下养鸡对林木生长、土壤肥力的影响及其经济效益。结果表明：在郁闭后的杨树林下套养本地鸡种2年后,杨树胸径、树高和蓄积分别比对照提高6.8%、7.1%和20.6%,6年生杨树蓄积增加14.2 m3/hm2。不同土层土壤的各主要养分含量均有所提高,其中以速效N的含量提高最大,上土层提高186.3%,中土层提高296.5%;其次是上土层的速效P含量提高了50.5%;不同土层土壤有机质、全N、速效K含量均提高11.5%～26.3%不等。在不计林木增产收入、不支付地租的前提下,年均利润达22 237.5元/hm2,纯养殖投资回报率为25.8%;支付1 500元/（hm2.年）的地租成本后,还有20 737.5元/hm2的年均利润,套养2年的总利润为41 475元/hm2。因此,在郁闭的杨树林下养鸡是一种很好的＂林禽＂模式,适合在洞庭湖区郁闭后杨树林下大面积推广。     

Growth and root sucker ability of field-grown transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase

Xyloglucan is thought to be a key hemicellulose cross-linking adjacent cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. The growth traits of transgenic poplars (Populus alba) with decreased xyloglucan from overexpression of Aspergillus aculeatus xyloglucanase were characterized during a 4-year field trial. The field-trial site consisted of two blocks, a fertile soil block and a non-fertile soil block, determined by soil analysis. In the fertile block, the growth of aboveground biomass of the transgenic poplars was reduced to 24?C44?% compared to that of wild-type poplars, in contrast to the growth seen in chamber and greenhouse conditions. In the non-fertile block, the aboveground biomass of transgenic poplars was also smaller than that of the wild-type poplars. Because poplars reproduce asexually by root suckers, we also compared the formation of root suckers from transgenic and wild-type poplars. Root suckers formed less frequently from transgenic poplars than from wild-type poplars. The growth rates of root suckers from transgenic poplars were also slower than those from wild-type poplars. The results showed that constitutive degradation of xyloglucan impairs poplar growth and vegetative reproduction ability.     

杨树混交模式养分变化及林木增长率的研究

通过杨树与豆科乔、灌木树种混交以及轮作等生物措施，定量研究不同处理对土壤营养元素和林地生产力的影响，河南与北京的两地试验，采用统一的试验设计，５个处理，３次重复，试验林分别为３．２ｈｍ＾２和１．８ｈｍ＾２。     

伐根嫁接杨树林根系分布特征

通过对比研究大兴区的伐根嫁接杨树林分和与其地下和地上部分分别相同的植苗造林杨树林分,得出伐根嫁接杨树林根系的特殊分布特征。采用全挖法获取杨树总根量和根型,采用土柱法获取吸收根(细根≤2mm,粗根210mm)。结果表明:伐根嫁接林根系总干重分别是相同地下和地上部分植苗造林的1.83倍和7.38倍;其根系数量多且粗壮,为水平斜生根型,而植苗造林林分为水平根型;伐根嫁接林总细根量和总粗根量分别比两个植苗造林林分提高了86.27%和224.65%,59.06%和65.86%;与植苗造林相比,伐根嫁接林表层的吸收根垂直和水平分布都表现异常,垂直分布中0～10cm土层的细根分布较多,10～20cm土层的分布较少;水平分布中株间0～20cm土层的分布异常多。该结论为伐根嫁接杨树林的生长优势提供了进一步的微观解释。     

Nitrogen fertilization of poplar plantations on agricultural land: effects on diameter increments and leaching

Fast-growing poplar plantations on agricultural land require intensive management activities, often involving fertilization. The present paper aims at investigating the effect of fertilization on growth and on groundwater quality, by examining four trials established in commercial poplar plantations in central and south Sweden. The treatments consisted of nitrogen applications (Urea N46, Tot. N: 46%) in two different dosages, 75 and 150?kg?ha^?1 for two years, and a control, in three replicates (plot size: 20?×?20?m) following a randomized block design. Diameters were measured at each plot at the end of each growing season for the period 2012–2015. At the same time, groundwater pipes were installed in the center of each plot, at ca. 1.5?m depth. Samples were regularly collected and analyzed for NO₃-N and PO₄-P. The results show a large variation in the diameter growth response to nitrogen fertilization and the leaching of poplar plantations after canopy closure. In young plantations, the effect on growth was clear with moderate fertilization rates although it was not observed on sandy soils with already good growth, leading to high nitrogen leaching.     

Intercropping hybrid poplar with soybean increases soil microbial biomass,mineral N supply and tree growth

We hypothesized that tree-based intercropping in southwestern Québec, Canada, would stimulate soil microbial activity and increase soil nutrient supply, thereby benefiting the growth of trees. Our experimental design comprised alternating rows of hybrid poplar (Populus nigra L. × P. maximowiczii A. Henry) and high-value hardwood species spaced 8 m apart, between which two alley treatments were applied 5–6 years after planting the trees. The first alley treatment consisted of a fertilized soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) intercrop grown over two consecutive years, while the second consisted of repeatedly harrowing to minimize vegetation in the alley. Tree rows were mulched with a 1.5 m wide polythene mulch. Microbial respiration and biomass, and mineral N concentrations and mineralization rates were measured on five or six dates at 0, 2 and 5 m from hybrid poplar rows. On some of the sampling dates, we found significantly higher soil microbial biomass, mineral N concentrations and nitrification rates, and a significantly lower microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂), in the soybean intercropping than in the harrowing treatment. Over the 2 year period, hybrid poplar biomass increment and N response efficiency (NRE) were significantly higher (51 and 47%, respectively) in the intercropping than in the harrowing treatment. Microbial biomass and mineral N supply were significantly lower beneath the polyethylene mulch than in the alleys, and we posit that this may stimulate the growth of tree roots into the alley. We conclude that soybean intercropping improves nutrient turnover and supply for hybrid poplar trees, thereby increasing the land equivalent ratio (LER).     

民勤绿洲枣树、杨树防护林经济效益对比分析

对民勤绿洲枣树林带、杨树林带及其防护下的作物进行经济效益对比分析 ,结果表明 :枣树林带防护下小麦的产量比杨树下的高 7.9% ,玉米的产量比杨树下的高 4 .2 % ;枣树林带胁地范围比杨树林带小 3～ 6m ;枣树林带的年均净收入是 6 584 .2 3元 / (hm2 林网 ) ,投入产出比是 9.2 8,分别是杨树林带的 16 .7倍和 3.78倍。枣树林带相对杨树林带经济效益明显。近林带 30m的范围内作物的产量曲线呈“S”型 ,可分为强烈减产带、平稳过渡带和产量恢复带。适宜在民勤地区大力推广经济型枣树防护林     

Pasture production under densely planted young willow and poplar in a silvopastoral system

New Zealand is subject to summer and autumn droughts that limit pasture growth. The planting of willow and poplar trees is one option used to provide green fodder during drought. However, there is a wide concern that such an option can reduce the overall understorey pasture growth. This study evaluated the comparative establishment and growth of densely planted young willow and poplar and their effects on understorey pasture growth. Two experiments were established for 2 years in Palmerston North and Masterton, North Island, New Zealand. In the first experiment, densely planted willow and poplar significantly reduced understorey pasture growth by 24 and 9%, respectively, mainly due to shade, but coupled with soil moisture deficit in summer. In the second experiment, pasture growth in a willow browse block was 52% of that in open pasture as a result of shade and differences in pasture species composition and management. Willow and poplar survival rates were similar (P > 0.05) after 2 years of establishment (100 vs. 90.5%, respectively). However, willow grew faster than poplar in height (1.90 vs. 1.35 m), stem diameter (43.5 vs. 32.6 mm), canopy diameter (69 vs. 34 cm) and number of shoots (8.7 vs. 2.3) at the age of 2 years.     

Evaluating the ecological niche of American chestnut for optimal hybrid seedling reintroduction sites in the Appalachian ridge and valley province

This study examines the ecological niche of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) and the latest blight resistant American chestnut?×?Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) hybrids. Planted seedlings of chestnut, tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were subjected to two levels of light and two soil types in parallel field and greenhouse studies. The field study took place in the Appalachian ridge and valley province of Virginia. Growth and survival were quantified after three growing seasons. The interaction between light levels and topographic position (soil type) was significant for growth rates in the field and greenhouse. Species were significantly different from each other although hybrid varieties were not significantly different from each other or from pure American chestnut. Tulip poplar showed the greatest growth rates under all treatments in the field. Both tulip poplar and chestnut had the greatest growth rates in large gaps within mesic, mid and lower slope (MML) sites in the field. In contrast to growth, optimal conditions for survival differed among species. Tulip poplar had the greatest survival (71%) within large gaps in MML sites while chestnuts and oaks had the greatest overall survival (64%) in small gaps within xeric, upper slope and ridge (XUR) sites. In the greenhouse, tulip poplar did not outperform chestnut. Discrepancies in field and greenhouse studies were accounted for by uncontrolled factors, such as rodent predation. We conclude that optimal sites for planting American chestnut hybrids are in small gaps located within XUR sites.     

杨树用材人工林集约栽培经济效益研究

根据杨树用材人工林生长模型、收获模型、结构模型和材种出材量模型 ,采用技术经济的原理 ,利用净现值法 ,对我省主栽的两个杨树品种 (“鲁×山”、小钻杨 )的经济效益进行了预测分析。结果表明 :“鲁×山”、小钻杨的净现值和内部收益率分别达到 7819.5 7%、5 2 80 .4 0 %和 33.97%、2 2 .0 0 % ,且产投比大于 1,经济效益显著 ,该项研究可为同类地区大面积营造杨树用材人工林 ,特别是优化栽培模式提供技术依据