Leaf and seed micronutrient accumulation in soybean cultivars in response to integrated organic and chemical fertilizers application

Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响

2015和2016年在大田试验条件下,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、常规施肥+有机肥(增施鸡粪1 500 kg/hm~2,NPKM)对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK和NPKM处理2015和2016年玉米产量分别增加13.62%和18.61%、36.75%和44.93%。植株叶片SPAD值、植株根系和地上部生物量均表现为NPKMNPKCK。与CK相比,增施有机肥后,土壤呼吸、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著增高,过氧化氢酶活性降低。相关分析表明,连续两年玉米子粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、成熟期的SPAD值和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与吐丝期和成熟期的根系生物量、地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。     

Relationship of growth parameters and nutrients uptake with canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and yield contribution at different nutrients availability

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrients on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth parameters, nutrient uptake and ultimately on seed yield. For this purpose a split plot experimental design, with 10 treatments in 4 replications was carried out in 2004-2005, in silt-clay soil at Baiecola Agricultural Research Station, Mazandaran Iran. Canola seed yield, growth parameters (CGR, LAI, RGR and NAR), dry matter accumulation and HI and nutrient content of the leaf were examined. NPK fertilizers together with S and Zn, singly or in combination were applied. The results showed that at treatments T5 (NP), T8 (NPK), T9 (NPKS) and T10 (NPKZn) the higher seed yield (> 2600 kg ha(-1)) coincided with TDM > 880 g m(-2) the peak CGR > or = 13.9 g m(-2) day(-1) and the maximum LAI > or = 4.1. The higher seed yield at T5, T8, T9 and T10 coincided with higher concentrations of nutrients: N, P, K, S and Zn in leaf at flowering having > or = 3.40%, > or = 0.25%, > or = 1.53%, > or = 110 ppm and > or = 22.7 ppm, indicating substantial levels of translocation of nutrients at various stages of plant growth and higher number of pods per plant (> or = 179). Combined application of NPKZn at T10 resulted in maximum seed yield (3090 kg ha(-1)), coinciding with the maximum number of pods per plant (230), maximum TDM (1043 kg ha(-1)), maximum CGR (20.09 g m(-2) day(-1)) and maximum LAI (4.69).     

长期定量施肥对大豆根系形态和根瘤性状的影响

为阐明施肥对大豆根系生长和结瘤性状的影响,以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位施肥试验为平台,研究了施用不同种类肥料(NPK、NPKM、NK、NP和PK)对大豆根系特征和根瘤性状的影响.结果表明:各施肥处理大豆根长、根表面积和根体积变化趋势相似,均在结荚期出现峰值.NPK和NP处理的根长和根表面积比其它施肥处理大,而...     

长期不同施肥模式对我国玉米产量可持续性的影响

采用产量可持续性指数(SYI)对我国22个长期试验点5种施肥模式下的玉米产量可持续性进行了研究。结果表明：玉米SYI受施肥、经纬度和气象因子的影响,据此将玉米产量稳定性划分为3类,不施肥和单施氮肥(N),玉米产量低,产量持续性差,SYI小于0.45,极显著地受到温度、降雨量等气象因子的影响;氮磷肥(NP)配施玉米产量较高,SYI在0.45～0.55,受气象因子的影响较小;氮磷钾肥配施与氮磷钾和有机肥配施(NPK和NPKM),玉米产量高,持续性好,SYI大于0.55,气象因子对其无显著影响。不施肥、单施N和NP肥的玉米SYI与纬度或气象因素间呈显著相关性,而施用NPK和NPKM的SYI相对稳定。     

黑土区长期施肥对大豆光合产物分配的影响

在东北黑土区中心-中同科学院海伦实验站进行盆栽试验,研究不同施肥处理对大豆光合产物分配的影响.设5个肥料处理,分别为无肥(CK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK),氮磷钾(NPK)和化肥有机肥配施(NPK+OM),同时进行相应肥料的无作物处理.结果发现:光合产物的分配趋势表现出分配到地上部的比例逐渐增加,由35%增加到66%,同时地下部所占有的比例相应减少,南65%降低到34%.其中分配到根中的光合产物有4%～20%通过根系呼吸而消耗.碳同化产物的分配受施肥的影响(P＜0.05).随着大厦的生长,土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加,在培养后的第77天,CK、NP、NK、NPK和NPKOM处理土壤呼吸速率达到最大值,分别为113、164、143、222、274 mg C·cm-2·h-1,然后逐渐降低,到生育末期达到最小值.不同施肥处理土壤呼吸速率存在差异,大小顺序为NPK+OM＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK,在整个生长季的变化范围分别为29～302,25～238,25～185,24～160 and 20～129 mg C·m-2·h-1.     

种肥对大豆子粒蛋白质、油分含量形成的影响

以高油品种东农46为试验材料,采用N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK七种种肥处理,每种种肥四个水平,探讨了各种肥料对高油大豆子粒蛋白质、油分含量的影响.结果表明,NK肥配方为(75 75)kg.hm-2时对蛋白质含量增加效果最优,高水平施肥蛋白质含量高;中水平施肥油分含量达到最高,NK复合肥对提高油分含量效果显著.     

长期秸秆还田对黑土碳氮及玉米产量变化的影响

利用黑土长期定位试验,研究长期秸秆还田对黑土碳氮及玉米产量变化的影响。结果表明:与NPK处理比较,玉米秸秆还田处理没有显著促进黑土有机碳的积累。与试验初期相比,3个处理(CK、NPK和秸秆还田+NPK)土壤有机碳均同步增加,2006年与试验初比较均呈显著差异。与CK、NPK处理相比,秸秆还田+NPK处理能显著提高土壤N素的供应水平。各处理C/N比值在10.23～11.26之间。秸秆还田+NPK处理19年的玉米平均产量为8 958kg/hm2,与NPK处理基本一致,显著高于CK处理,表明施用有机氮(玉米秸秆还田)代替部分无机氮可以达到相同玉米产量水平。     

NP配比对专用高蛋白大豆产量和品质的调节效应

采用田间试验研究了不同NP配比对南农88-31大豆产量和品质的调节效应.结果表明,最有利于南农88-31大豆籽粒产量和蛋白质产量提高的NP配比是N150kg/hm2与P2O575kg/hm2;NP配比可以调节大豆叶面积和干物质积累,但这种调节效应主要归功于氮肥的作用,随施N量增加,大豆叶面积和干物质积累增加;NP配比对大豆籽粒蛋白质含量的调节效应不明显.     

氮肥减施与接种根瘤菌对大豆光合与产量的影响

为揭示氮肥减施与接种不同根瘤菌对大豆光合作用及产量的影响,通过设置不同减氮量+接种根瘤菌处理,研究其对大豆净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:在开花期, T1(1/2施氮+拌种NF)、T2(1/2施氮+土壤施用NF)、T3(1/2施氮+拌种DF)处理的净光合速率相对于CK分别提高了50.4%、30.1%、29.6%。所有处理较常规施肥(CK)的蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度均有所上升,而大豆叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著,各处理的叶片干重较CK差异不显著,除T3处理外,各处理的茎干重较CK差异也不显著。进入结荚期后,T1、T2处理的胞间CO_2浓度较CK分别提高了34.3%、47.0%,各处理净光合速率较CK均下降,而蒸腾速率、气孔导度均高于CK,除T4、T5外,叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著。除T2处理外,各处理的叶干重均低于CK,茎与荚皮干重较CK差异不显著,籽粒干重在所有减1/2施氮量+接种根瘤菌处理中均显著高于CK。在鼓粒期,各处理的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度较CK差异不显著,气孔导度均高于CK,不施氮肥处理的叶绿素含量均显著低于CK。各处理的叶片干重均显著低于CK,但茎、荚皮干重与CK相比差异不显著,且籽粒干重有一定升高趋势,T3处理籽粒干重较CK提高了24.6%;在成熟期,1/2减氮+接种根瘤菌处理基本上均能提高大豆的产量及其构成因子,尤其是T3处理较CK产量提高9.75%。     

杂交大豆吉育609选育及栽培要点

吉育609是利用"三系法"选育的大豆杂交种,不育系为JLCMS103A,恢复系为JLR102。吉育609的主要特点是高油、高产、稳产。两年区域试验平均产量2 795.9公斤/公顷,较对照增产17.0%;生产试验平均产量2 653.8公斤/公顷,较对照增产2.2%。人工接种鉴定抗大豆花叶病毒病混合株系,抗大豆灰斑病。田间自然诱发鉴定,抗大豆花叶病毒病、大豆灰斑病,高抗大豆霜霉病、大豆细菌性斑点病,感大豆食心虫。籽粒脂肪含量22.54%,蛋白质含量37.52%,适宜吉林省和黑龙江省早熟区种植。     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

在接种和施氮胁迫下应用综合等级指数对大豆种质固氮的评价

在根瘤菌接种和施氮胁迫下,应用综合等级指数对田间种植的东北40个大豆品种(系)固氮能力进行了评价。高N(80kg)/ha)抑制大豆结瘤固氮;低N(40kg/ha)接种产量最高。评价了对氮反应为耐氮和氮敏感的大豆种质和对接种反应亲合力高、低的大豆种质。     

Effects of Soil Amendment with Crab Shell on the Growth and Nodulation of Soybean Plants (Glycine max Merr.)

Abstract

Three pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendment with crab shell on (1) soybean (Glycine max Merr., cv. Akishirome) yield after 120 days outdoors, (2) soybean nodulation after 6 weeks in the greenhouse, and (3) soil chemical properties after 10 weeks in the greenhouse. The experimental treatments were addition of crab shell at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1% (w/w), standard fertilizer (NPK) treatment, and an untreated control with neither crab shell nor fertilizer application. The crab shell amendment treatment was applied either two months before seeding (incubated) or immediately before seeding (non-incubated). The soil used was a volcanic ash soil (Andosol) from Kakamigahara. Addition of crab shell just before seeding caused a significant increase in seed yield and 100-seed weight compared to the control, but similar yield to NPK treatment. However, seed yield and 100-seed weight did not differ with the crab shell application rate. Amendment by 0.1–0.3% crab shell without incubation lead to the formation of slightly more nodules than in the NPK and control treatments. Reduced numbers of nodules were observed in soil incubated at 0.5–1%, and in non-incubated soil with 1% crab shell application. Nodule fresh weight and N₂-fixation plant^?1 were decreased in all incubation treatments and 0.3-1% non-incubation treatments as compared to the NPK treatment and the control. Both nodule fresh weight and N₂ fixation were lower in incubated soils than in non-incubated soils, at corresponding rates of crab shell treatment. Dry matter production of soybean plants in soil given the crab shell treatment, especially when incubation was used, was found to be reduced after 6 weeks of plant growth. EC, N, and P availability increased with the increasing rate of crab shell treatment. However, there was a gradual decrease of soil pH following the crab shell treatment. In conclusion, although soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation were not improved by crab shell application, seed yields were similar to those obtained with the NPK fertilizer.     

缓效和速效氮配施对春玉米产量、养分积累及氮肥利用的影响

为研究稳定性缓释肥与尿素配施的玉米增产增效效应,采用田间试验,设5种处理,CK(不施肥)、NPK(习惯施肥)、80%C(80%缓释肥)、60%C+20%Ub(60%缓释肥+20%尿素基肥)和60%C+20%Ut(60%缓释肥+20%尿素追肥)。结果表明,60%C+20%Ut处理能够增加有效行粒数和百粒重,显著提高春玉米产量,达10256 kg/hm²。各处理玉米整株养分含量和积累量均表现出氮>钾>磷,玉米养分积累量以玉米子粒和叶的氮积累量最高,分别为153.87、106.76 kg/hm²;玉米茎对K的积累量最多,以60%C+20%U处理最高,为83.75 kg/hm²;60%C+20%Ub和60%C+20%Ut处理均能提高氮肥农学效率、偏生产力、表观利用率和氮收获指数;在经济效益上,60%C+20%Ut处理的纯收入最高。综上,在贵州黄壤区氮肥减量20%下的缓释肥和尿素配施更能促进玉米高产,达到减氮增产增效的目标。     

不同种肥对高油大豆籽粒蛋白质、油分含量的动态影响

以高油品种东农46为试验材料,采用N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK七种种肥处理,每种种肥四个水平,探讨了各种肥料在花后45～65天对高油大豆籽粒蛋白质、油分含量的动态影响.结果表明,花后55天蛋白质含量最高,花后65天油分含量最高,NPK低等水平肥力油分含量最高,N肥中等水平肥力蛋白质含量最高.     

Soybean inoculation: Dose, N fertilizer supplementation and rhizobia persistence in soil

The effect of rate of application of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii SMH12 or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 inoculants on grain yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cv. Osumi was studied in a field experiment laid out in Southern Spain. All inoculant doses tested (10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶ and 10⁷ rhizobia/seed) produced higher seed yields than those obtained in un-inoculated plots. Increments in nodule dry weight, seed yield and seed N content were observed when the number of rhizobia applied to seed increased from 10⁴ up to 10⁷. The addition of N fertilizer to inoculated soybean plants (50 kg N/ha applied at R1 or R4 stage) did not increase seed yields in comparison with treatments that were only inoculated. Survival of strains SMH12 and USDA110 was monitorized for three years in two different soils of Southern Spain after soybean inoculation. Rhizobia survival was varied dependent on the soil and the rhizobia strain used.     

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.     

不同氮素水平下接种根瘤菌对大豆生长的影响

通过田间小区试验,在高氮素(73.80kg N/hm2)和低氮素(32.40kg N/hm2)两个水平下接种大豆根瘤菌,比较不同处理大豆花期植株地上部生物量的积累和籽实的产量及产量构成情况。结果表明,较高氮素水平条件下接种大豆根瘤菌对大豆植株地上部生物量的积累和大豆产量的增加都较为明显,与其他处理相比产量增加在8.4%以上,而低氮素水平下接种根瘤菌增产效果不明显。在不接种根瘤菌的情况下,高氮素水平下的产量低于低氮素水平产量。建议今后大豆生产上在保证适量施用氮肥的情况下应接种大豆根瘤菌,这样才能够起到增产及增加肥料利用率的作用。     

吉林中部大豆高产氮磷钾肥适宜用量研究

研究吉林中部大豆高产氮、磷、钾肥适宜用量,为大豆高产高效施肥提供依据.2006～2007年,以吉育88为供试品种,设计了氮、磷、钾肥量级田间试验.结果表明:吉林中部大豆高产氮肥适宜用量为4567.5 kg·m~(-2),磷肥(P_2O_5)适宜用量为60～90 kg·hm~(-2),钾肥(K_2O)适宜用量为45～80 kg·hm~(-2),氮、磷、钾肥对大豆产量的影响顺序为N>P>K.