月季突变体抑制差减杂交cDNA文库构建及分析

为了分析月季花色花香突变机理和揭示花色花香代谢的相关基因, 利用抑制性消减杂交技术分离了月季红花无香突变体‘往日情怀’ (以下简称突变体) 与其野生型金黄色浓香品系‘金银岛’ (以下简称野生型) 之间表达差异cDNA片段。分别以突变体作为驱赶子, 野生型为检测子, 以及以野生型作为驱赶子, 突变体为检测子建立了两个差异表达cDNA文库WSSH和JSSH, 分别代表在突变体和野生型中特异表达的cDNA; 再经文库高密度点阵膜的杂交差示筛选分析, 在WSSH库中获得特异表达的27个阳性克隆, 在JSSH文库中得到25个阳性克隆。差异表达克隆测序后经BLAST比对分析发现WSSH文库中含有与红花突变体的花青素积累直接相关的CHS、DFR、细胞色素P450加单氧酶、乙二醛酶Ⅰ、己糖转移因子、MYB1 转录因子、S - 腺苷蛋氨酸转移酶、ADR等花色相关EST; JSSH文库中含有与野生型花香形成相关的月季甲基间苯二酚O - 甲基转移酶、转醛醇酶、Acyl-CoA 结合蛋白、钙调素结合蛋白、MYB92转录因子的EST以及导致芽变的Ty1-cop ia-like逆转座子。     

‘西伯利亚’百合花香随开花进程变化及日变化规律

 采用动态顶空套袋-吸附技术,采集东方百合‘西伯利亚’不同花期和一天不同时间点释 放的花香,并利用自动热脱附-气质联用（ATD–GC/MS）技术分析花香成分和释放量。结果表明：‘西 伯利亚’百合花香成分主要包括萜烯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、芳香族类和烷烃类7 大类;其释放 量和化合物数量在初开期较少,半开期逐渐增加,盛开期最高,衰败期急剧下降。在4 个时期分别检测 出12、46、55 和20 种成分,其中萜烯类化合物最多,释放量最大;在一天当中其释放量和化合物数量从 早到晚同样表现出先增加后减少的变化,15：00-16：00 时间段总释放量最高,成分最多,而在7：00- 8：00 和19：00-20：00 这两个时间段成分及释放量明显减少;从7：00 到20：00 的7 个时间段释放的 花香中分别检测出27、42、51、57、45、40 和16 种化合物,萜烯类化合物最多,释放量最大。花香成 分中含量最高的芳樟醇、β–罗勒烯和β–月桂烯等萜烯类化合物可能是‘西伯利亚’百合花香的主要致 香成分,而光强的变化是引起‘西伯利亚’百合花香日变化的重要原因。     

Floral analysis cannot be considered as an alternative to the foliar diagnosis in the olive

Correlations between macro and micronutrient concentration of olive leaves and those obtained in floral buds at five development stages, were studied in order to evaluate the utility of floral analysis for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Bella de España’ and ‘Picual’ cultivars were taken during July of 2002 and 2003. Samples of floral buds were collected at five development stages: closed bud (E), petal fall (G), G + 15 days, G + 30 days and pit hardening (H). Results showed a lack of signification of the correlation coefficients between leaf and floral analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Na in both years of the experiment. The few significant correlations obtained were not repeated in both years. Therefore, the results indicate that floral bud mineral analyses cannot substitute the foliar diagnosis to establish the nutritional status of the olive orchards.     

Potential of ethephon,NAA, NAD and urea for thinning pistachio fruitlets

Alternate bearing, the occurrence of high yield ‘on’ year followed by low yield ‘off’ year, is striking in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Floral buds of pistachio are formed a year before bloom, but abscise during the years with heavy crop (‘on’ year). Abscission of floral buds is due to competition between growing seeds on 1-year-old shoots and developing buds on current season growth. We studied the effects of chemical fruit thinning on alternate bearing and nut characteristics in a commercial orchard of ‘Owhadi’ pistachio cultivar during 2003–2004 in Rafsanjan, Iran. In both years, ethephon (100 and 200 mg l⁻¹), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (125 and 250 mg l⁻¹) and urea (2.5 and 5%) were applied to the branch units of each individual ‘on’-year trees. The results showed that ethephon at both concentrations significantly increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention for the subsequent year. Other treatments also increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention but were inferior to ethephon.     

月季功能基因研究与应用进展

月季是花中皇后.为了充分利用月季优良农艺性状的相关基因来培育具有新奇花色、浓郁芳香、瓶插期长、抗逆性强的新品种,对月季功能基因研究方法、花色代谢相关基因、花香相关基因、乙烯信号传导相关基因、抗根癌病和白粉病基因的研究进展加以综述;对月季转基因育种发展前景做了评价.     

Fragrance heritability in Hybrid Tea roses

Most of the Hybrid Tea roses that are sold as cut flowers are non-scented, despite the long-standing interest of the perfume industry to rose scent. In the absence of comprehensive knowledge on the genetic and biochemistry of volatile biosynthesis in roses, we decided to characterize a Hybrid Tea progeny obtained from parents that emit very different scents. First, we identified the 11 most abundant volatile compounds synthesized by the progeny, and a short review is given for each one that describes their occurrence in the genus Rosa, in the parents and the studied progeny. We have then used statistical analysis on the distribution of volatiles among individual progeny members to unveil the laws of segregation of the scent traits in this cross. As a general rule, the quantity and quality of volatile compounds was lower in the progeny members. Variations in scent quality were mostly linked to the quantity of monoterpenes that was present. Offsprings emitting a pleasant fragrance were, in practice, found to be rare.     

Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) EST-derived microsatellite markers and their transferability to strawberry (Fragaria spp.)

The ‘Genome database for Rosaceae (GDR)’ provides a large collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) harboring simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from several Rosaceae genera, including Rosa (rose). Primer pairs flanking SSR were designed for 312 unique Rosa ESTs based on GDR database. Eight rose (Rosa hybrida L.) genotypes were tested for PCR amplification, and 287 (92%) of the primer pairs generated allele-specific PCR bands that were readily scored. From 183 (63.7%) primer pairs that evidenced polymorphic alleles among the eight rose cultivars, 20 pairs evidencing EST sequence homology to known gene functions and high levels of polymorphism were selected and utilized for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity assessments of 47 rose hybrids. A total of 202 polymorphic bands were scored and generated unique fingerprints for each rose hybrid. The Nei–Li genetic similarity coefficients among 1081 pair-wise comparisons of 47 cultivars exhibited a broad range of genetic variations from 0.30 (‘Grand King’ and ‘Carnival’) to 0.99 (‘First Red’ and ‘Red Champ’). UPGMA cluster analysis divided 47 hybrids into five major groups and two sub-groups. The cross-species transferability of 273 EST-SSR primer pairs was evaluated using four genotypes of the strawberry, a genus member of the Rosaceae family. PCRs on the DNA samples of strawberry were successful for 165 primer pairs; among these, 123 pairs amplified 243 polymorphic bands. As surrogates of the marker transfer, the phenetic relationship among the four strawberry genotypes was evaluated. Genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.78 (‘Maehyang’ and ‘Janghyee’) to 0.64 (‘Janghyee’ and ‘Pragana’). The results of cluster analysis showed that the three octaploid strawberry cultivars were quite similar, whereas the diploid ‘Pragana’ was related distantly at the genomic DNA level. The EST-SSR markers developed in the present study can be efficiently utilized for genetic diversity studies in Rosaceae.     

Seasonal timing of floral initiation in strawberry: Effects of cultivar and geographic location

It was previously shown that nitrogen fertilization immediately after commencement of SD exposure enhanced the floral induction effect of SD in June-bearing strawberries (Sønsteby et al., 2009). In order to optimize the timing of such fertilization under field conditions, seasonal timing of floral initiation in the strawberry cultivars ‘Frida’, ‘Polka’, ‘Korona’ and Florence’ was studied in the field at five contrasting latitudinal and altitudinal geographic locations in Norway and, for comparison, under controlled environment conditions with 12 h photoperiod and temperatures ranging from 9 to 18 °C. Serial collections and dissections of crowns from the various locations revealed that floral initiation was successively delayed with increasing latitude and altitude of the location, and with decreasing temperature under controlled environment conditions. Both in the field and in the phytotron, floral initiation was earliest in ‘Frida’ closely followed by ‘Polka’ and in due course by ‘Korona’ and finally ‘Florence’ which was particularly slow to respond. Floral initiation in the phytotron was progressively advanced with increasing temperature and was optimal at 15–18 °C. Flowering time in the field was mainly determined by thermal relations in the spring and early summer, and accordingly, it was strongly delayed with increasing latitude and altitude of the location. In addition, late floral initiation in autumn also delayed flowering in the spring. Based on these observations, optimal timing of autumn fertilization for the various locations and cultivars are suggested.     

Temperature responses,flowering and fruit yield of the June-bearing strawberry cultivars Florence,Frida and Korona

The effect of night temperature on short day (SD) floral induction has been studied in three June-bearing strawberry cultivars of different geographic origin and compared with yield performance in the cool Nordic environment. At the optimum day temperature of 18 °C, the SD flowering response of the cultivars ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ increased significantly with increasing night temperature from 9 to 18 °C, while an optimum was reached at 15 °C in the cultivar ‘Frida’ that is selected under cool-environment conditions in Norway. Also, while saturated flowering response was obtained with 3 weeks of SD treatment at all temperatures in ‘Frida’, several plants of ‘Florence’ and ‘Korona’ failed to initiate flowers at 9 °C night temperature even with 5 weeks of SD. The effect of extended SD period was particularly pronounced in ‘Florence’. The slow SD floral induction response of ‘Florence’ was associated with a 2 week delay of anthesis in subsequent long day (LD) conditions at 21 °C. Yield performance of the same cultivars during 2 years under field conditions at Nes Hedmark and in North Norway also demonstrated that the yield potential of ‘Florence’ was not realized under the climatic conditions prevailing at these locations. In both years the yields varied significantly among the cultivars, ‘Frida’ having the highest yields followed by ‘Korona’, with ‘Florence’ far below. It is concluded that, in the Nordic environment, autumn (September) night temperatures are obviously sub-optimal for yield performance of some June-bearing strawberry cultivars, and that this effect is mediated by autumn temperature effects on flower initiation responses.     

Cybrid/hybrid plants regenerated from somatic fusions between male sterile Satsuma mandarin and seedy tangelos

Somatic hybridization provides an alternative for transferring mitochondria-encoded cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Herein, symmetric protoplast electrofusion was conducted between embryogenic callus protoplasts of Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Guoqing No. 1 (G1), a CMS cultivar, and mesophyll-derived protoplasts of seedy ‘Page’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)] or ‘Nova’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)], to transfer CMS trait. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 14 plants recovered from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo that displayed typical morphological character of ‘Page’ were diploid, and 6 plants regenerated from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were tetraploid. Genetic compositions of regenerated plants from the two fusions were determined by SSR, CAPS and chloroplast-SSR analysis. Cybrid nature of diploids from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo with nuclear DNA from ‘Page’, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the G1 and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) derived from either parent was confirmed. Tetraploid plants from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were identified as somatic hybrids with random cpDNA inheritance. The regenerated cybrid and hybrid plants hold great potential for Citrus seedless breeding at diploid or triploid levels.     

Identification of Petunia hybrida cultivars that diurnally emit floral fragrances

In order to identify genetic resources for breeding fragrant petunias for use as bedding plants, volatile compounds released by day from the flowers of 40 commercial Petunia hybrida cultivars were analyzed using a solid-phase micro-extraction technique coupled with GC–MS. The three cultivars with solid deep-blue flowers that accumulate malvidin in corollas with high tissue pH were found to emit abundant iso-eugenol as the principal floral fragrance. Several other cultivars that emitted considerable amounts of methylbenzoate and/or benzylbenzoate from the flower were also identified. Association between the floral fragrance and the other floral traits such as floral anthocyanin composition and corolla-tissue pH was discussed.     

Horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks

Despite its outstanding position, the Brazilian citriculture is established on a very limited pool of varieties that limits its expansion and restricts the fruit availability throughout the year. This situation determines the urgent necessity of developing alternative scion and rootstock cultivars, with good performance under local conditions. ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is a late-harvest cultivar, suitable both for the juice processing industry and the fresh fruit market, being described as tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.), and less affected by citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). A study was conducted in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’, and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco); the ‘Sunki’ mandarin (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the ‘Rangpur’ limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 7 m × 4 m spacing, in a randomized block design, with five replications and two plants per plot. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, tree tolerance to drought and to citrus variegated chlorosis, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. Trees grafted onto the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate were smaller in size, but had largest yield efficiency when compared to those grafted onto other rootstocks. Lower alternate bearing index was observed on trees budded onto ‘Cravo FCAV’ ‘Rangpur’ lime. Both ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstocks and the ‘Sunki’ mandarin induced higher tree tolerance to drought. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate induced better fruit quality and higher tolerance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) to ‘Folha Murcha’ trees. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three groups of rootstocks with similar effects on ‘Folha Murcha’ tree performance. Among the 12 evaluated rootstocks, the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate has a unique effect on plant growth, tolerance to drought and CVC, fruit yield and fruit quality of ‘Folha Murcha’ trees, and may be better suited for high-density plantings.     

Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks

The citriculture in Brazil, as well as in other important regions in the world, is based on very few mandarin cultivars. This fact leads to a short harvest period and higher prices for off-season fruit. The ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is among the earliest ripening mandarin cultivars, and it is considered to be tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.) and to citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). Despite having regular fruit quality under hot climate conditions, the early fruit maturation and absence of seeds of ‘Okitsu’ fruits are well suited for the local market in the summer (December through March), when the availability of citrus fruits for fresh consumption is limited. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted in Brazil on rootstocks for ‘Okitsu’. Consequently, a field trial was carried out in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the mandarins ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ (C. reticulata Blanco) and ‘Sunki’ (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the Rangpur limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 6 m × 3 m spacing, in a randomized block design. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three different rootstock pairs with similar effects on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Okitsu’ mandarin. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate had a unique effect over the ‘Okitsu’ trees performance, inducing lower canopy volume and higher yield efficiency and fruit quality, and might be suitable for high-density plantings. The ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’ Rangpur limes induced early-ripening of fruits, with low fruit quality. ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins and the ‘Orlando’ tangelo conferred lower yield efficiency and less content of soluble solids for the latter rootstock.     

Correlation of saponin content and Fusarium resistance in hybrids from different ploidy levels of Lilium Oriental

Lilium Oriental is of great commercial value, but large losses in production can result from its susceptibility to diseases caused by Fusarium ssp. Here we report a mutant of Lilium Oriental resistant to Fusarium, Cai-74, which was generated from crossing tetraploid (from ‘Star fighter’) and diploid (‘Cor. Amore’ × ‘Acapulco’) plants. Hybrid progeny were screened via inoculating Fusarium oxysporum into tissue cultured plantlets in a greenhouse. Although Cai-74 had a saponin content of 3.81 mg g⁻¹, which is much higher than its parents, the highly Fusarium-resistant wild species Lilium dauricum had the highest content of 4.11 mg g⁻¹ among the tested genotypes. Cai-74 had a 3A karyotype rather than 3B found in normal plants of Lilium Oriental. Taken together, our results suggest that Cai-74 bears a chromosomal variation in its structure, and that the saponin content in the lily scales correlate with the Fusarium resistance of Lilium Oriental. Cai-74 could be used as a gene resource for breeding Fusarium-resistant cultivars of Lilium Oriental.     

In vitro propagation using adventitious buds technique as a source of new variability in chrysanthemum

Eleven cultivars of Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.: ‘Richmond’ and its 10 radiomutants, representing the Lady group, were propagated in vitro with shoot tips and leaves as explants. The aim of this study was to investigate if the explant type used for micropropagation affects the genotype and phenotype of chrysanthemums. Plants grown from shoot tips and adventitious buds formed on leaves were rooted in vitro, acclimatized and cultivated in glasshouse up to full-flowering. The colour and shape of inflorescences of plants obtained from two different explant types were compared within the cultivars. All plants derived from shoot-tip explants showed the inflorescence colour and shape typical for the cultivars. Inflorescence colour of plants derived from adventitious buds were true-to-type in four cultivars: ‘Richmond’, ‘Lady Amber’, ‘Lady White’ and ‘Lady Yellow’. All plants of ‘Lady Apricot’ (originally: golden beet) and ‘Lady Salmon’ (salmon) propagated from adventitious buds technique showed altered inflorescence colour (respectively: purple gold; pink and white). ‘Lady Bronze’ (originally: reddish brown), ‘Lady Orange’ (orange brown) and ‘Lady Rosy’ (purple gold) propagated with adventitious buds had both typical and changed inflorescence colours (respectively: yellow; yellow and red; reddish pink). ‘Lady Vitroflora’ showed altered number of ligulate florets grown into tubes in inflorescence when propagated with shoot tips and leaves as explants. Those changes might be an effect of either chimeral structure or somaclonal variation of the plants investigated. The variation appears only if non-meristematical explants were used. The adventitious buds technique might be useful in chrysanthemum breeding as a source of a new variability.     

Testing genetic control hypotheses for Plum pox virus (sharka) resistance in apricot

The resistance/susceptibility level of 213 descendants from three different crosses between the French apricot cultivar ‘Polonais’ (susceptible to Plum pox virus, sharka), and the North American cultivar ‘Stark Early Orange’ (resistant) was evaluated during four cycles of study under controlled greenhouse conditions. Resistant:susceptible ratios were 83:17 in the case of the ‘Stark Early Orange’ open-pollination descendants, 62:38 in ‘Polonais’ × ‘Stark Early Orange’ descendants, and 28:72 in ‘Polonais’ × ‘Polonais’. These ratios were checked against the expected ratios of different genetic control hypotheses, combining one, two or three genes involved in the expression of this trait and with the resistance being a dominant (Hypothesis A) or recessive trait (Hypothesis B). In addition, two other, more complex hypotheses were proposed: that the resistance is controlled by 2 independent genes, the resistance being recessive for one and dominant for the other (Hypothesis C), and another hypothesis considering the resistance to be controlled by one dominant gene and admitting a 25% error in the evaluation process (Hypothesis D). The χ²-test was applied to compare the goodness-of-fit of the proposed hypotheses. Hypothesis D seems to be the most consistent in the three apricot crosses studied.     

Responses of eight chile peppers to saline water irrigation

Salt tolerance of five cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. Early Jalapeno, Golden Treasure, NuMex Sweet, NuMex Joe E. Parker, and Santa Fe Grande, two cultivars of C. chinense Jacq. Habanero and Pimienta De Chiera, and one accession of C. annuum, NMCA 10652, were evaluated in a field study. Seedlings were transplanted in late May to field raised beds containing loamy sand soils in a semi-arid environment. Plants were well irrigated throughout the experiment. Three saline solution treatments, prepared by adding NaCl, MgSO₄, and CaCl₂ to tap water at different amounts to create three salinity levels of 0.82 dS m⁻¹ (control, tap water), 2.5 dS m⁻¹, and 4.1 dS m⁻¹ electrical conductivity (EC), were initiated on 15th June and ended in late August. Among the eight varieties, NMCA 10652 had the highest survival percentage at 100% in the 4.1 dS m⁻¹ treatment, followed by ‘Early Jalapeno’, ‘NuMex Sweet’, ‘Pimienta De Chiera’, ‘Santa Fe Grande’, ‘Golden Treasure’, and ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’. ‘Habanero’ had the lowest survival at 28%. Compared to control, final shoot dry weight of the plants irrigated with saline solution at 4.1 dS m⁻¹ was reduced by 92% in ‘Habanero’, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 80%. For fruit fresh weight in 4.1 dS m⁻¹ vs. control, ‘Habanero’ had the highest reduction at 86%, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 74%, while NMCA 10652 and ‘Santa Fe Grande’ had the least at 26% and 19%, respectively. NMCA 10652, the most tolerant to salinity, had the lowest leaf Na⁺ accumulation, while ‘Habanero’, the most sensitive to salinity, had the highest Na⁺ in the leaves. For leaf Cl⁻, ‘Early Jalapeno’ had the highest, while ‘Habanero’ had the lowest Cl⁻ accumulation in the leaves. Generally, sensitive varieties accumulated more Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ in leaves, except for ‘Early Jalapeno’, which was relatively tolerant to salinity but had high Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation in leaves.