Early detection of graft incompatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) using phenol analyses

The study investigated the role of phenols in apricot graft incompatibility. Assays of phloem with cambium from 1-year-old apricot trees of cultivars Marlen, Leskora and Betinka which were grafted on the rootstocks of different genetic origin: M-LE-1, Lesiberian, MY-KL-A, Tetra, Penta, Green Gage, Julior, MRS 2/5 and Isthara were analysed with HPLC (together 23 scion/stock combinations). The phloroglucinol, catechin, p-coumaric acid and further non-identified phenols with the retention time 23–25 and 30 min were determined. The content of individual phenol compounds was related to specific cultivar/rootstock combination. The minimum number of statistical significant differences in the phenol content between tissues above and below graft union was established in homospecific combinations (P. armeniaca/P. armeniaca). Cultivars Marlen, Leskora and Betinka differ in the degree of compatibility or incompatibility with rootstocks. The pattern of non-identified phenol 23 in different graft combinations is similar to catechin and p-coumaric acid.     

Determination of grafting compatibility of grapevine with electrophoretic methods

This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of electrophoretic methods in predicting graft incompatibility of grape cultivars with American rootstocks. Three isoenzyme systems (peroxidase, PER; esterase, EST; acid phosphatase, AcPH) and total protein profiles were obtained in 15 grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) and 12 American rootstocks. Compatibility levels were determined by the band similarities. Field compatibilities were also calculated. Results showed that incompatibility exists between different cultivar–rootstock combinations. AcPH and total protein profiles of the cultivar–rootstock combinations could be suggested to use for forecasting graft incompatibility.     

Isoelectric focusing of proteins and some enzymes from secondary phloem of cherry grafting-combinations. II. Proteins in spring

Buffer-soluble proteins in secondary phloem surrounding the xylem in grafting-unions of P. avium/P. avium, P. avium/P. cerasus and P. avium/P. fruticosa combinations were extracted and isoelectric-focused in spring. The total number of proteins as well as their concentrations were found to be generally lower in spring than in winter. In all graft combinations, except Hed./(F 12/1) and Hed./Cer. W 11, the number of proteins in the sections adjacent to the graft union was reduced. However, Hed./(F12/1) showed a rise to a maximum in the section below the union. The proteins of rootstock sections located at a greater distance from the union were relatively high in 3 combinations (Hed. on Frut., Cer. W 10 and F 12/1) as compared to those of the scion, whereas the other combinations did not show marked differences in this respect.     

Isoelectric focusing of proteins and some enzymes from secondary phloem of cherry grafting-combinations. I. proteins in winter

Buffer soluble proteins in secondary phloem surrounding the xylem in grafting-unions of P. avium/P. avium, P. avium/P. cerasus and P. avium/P. fruticosa combinations were extracted and isoelectro-focused in winter. The pattern of the pherograms showed that at the union the number and intensity of protein bands decreased to some extent in all graftings. The drop was smallest for P. avium/P. avium and deeper for P. avium/P. fruticosa combinations. An intermediate pattern showed for graftings of P. avium/P. cerasus, but the band pattern in the sections located furthest from the union also differed. There seems to be a connection between the pattern of proteins in the scion and rootstock and the compatibility or incompatibility of the graftings.     

Determination of Graft Compatibility of Pear Cultivars Grafted on Different Rootstocks by Carbohydrate Analyses

In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks.

     

Studies in the Development of the Strawberry: II. Stolon Production by First-Year Plants in 1952

Studies were carried out on the assumption that incompatibility and dwarfness of budded citrus trees result from impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union. During autumn and winter, carbohydrates move from the tree tops to the roots and accumulate there as starch. The starch level can therefore serve as a measure of this movement.

This study included seven rootstock varieties all budded with Shamouti orange scion. Unbudded rootstocks were included for purposes of comparison.

The starch level was determined in the winter at three locations along the trunk, below and above the bud union.

No clear indication was found of impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union of stock-scion combinations showing very low growth vigour.

The starch level in bark and wood in the rootstock portion of trunks of budded trees was found to be negatively correlated with tree size. This indicates that the level of starch in the trunk results from the growth vigour of the tree and is not a factor which affects it.

No relation was found between starch level in the scion and tree size. Based on these findings the conclusion was reached that incompatibility and low growth vigour in citrus do not seem to result from impaired carbohydrate movement through the trunk and starvation of the roots.     

Peach/myrobalan plum graft incompatibility in the nursery

Various peach/myrobalan graft combinations were compared in nursery trials. Two peach cultivars (Prunus persica L. Batsch) grafted on five myrobalan x myrobalan (Prunus cera- sifera L. Ehrh.) clones were observed during the first year of growth after budding. Graft combinations, comprising the same peach cultivars grafted on other myrobalan x myrobalan clones that had shown symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicated trees during the first year, were observed during the second year of growth. The time taken for the appearance of symptoms of incompatibility was determined. The degree of incompatibility was determined from growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area, and leaf pigment content. Root carbohydrate content was measured at leaf fall. The sanitary state of plant material was determined to explain differences in severity and/or time for symptom appearance, observed between some replicates. No relationship was found between the sanitary state of plant material and the severity or speed of expression of peach/myrobalan incompatibility. When incompatibility was expressed during the first year of growth, modifications in growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area and leaf pigment content preceded the expression of visible symptoms on leaves by several weeks. In one peach cultivars, in which graft combinations showed symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicates during the first year after budding, all replicates showed such symptoms during the second year. Therefore, the variation observed during the first year appeared to result from a delayed expression of incompatibility. Significant differences in speed and/or severity of incompatibility expression were shown between the two peach cultivars for any given rootstock.     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

The genetic variability,inheritance and inter-relationships of ascorbic acid, β-carotene,phenol and anthocyanin content in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is rich source of dietary antioxidants, minerals and nutrients. Dietary antioxidants have been known as beneficial for enhancing the fitness, preventing certain diseases and even mitigating the effects of ageing. The objectives of the present study were to determine variability and inheritance of antioxidants, to identify antioxidant rich and productive genotypes, and to suggest suitable breeding approaches. The genotypes, namely Ofra, Chandler, Festival and Camarosa showed higher concentrations of dietary antioxidants and therefore could be useful in future breeding. Results indicate that the effect of the genotypes on antioxidant contents is stronger than that of the environment. The high heritability (>80%) and low genetic advance as percentage of mean (<40%) for ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents could be improved by heterosis breeding. However, selection and hybridization would be effective tools to enhance the phenols and anthocyanin content, and yield potential as these traits showed high heritability (>80%) and high genetic advance as percentage of mean (>40%). Positive direct effect on fruit yield was highest for phenol content (0.609) which is also fairly close to its correlation coefficient (0.765) indicating that a direct selection based on phenol content would be most effective and that the phenol content could be used as a reliable biochemical marker to identify the productive genotypes having higher amounts of dietary antioxidants. The information could also be used for developing antioxidant rich cultivars, i.e. ‘Breeding Strawberry for High Antioxidants’.     

Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks

In composite (scion–rootstock) dwarfing fruit trees, an overgrowth at the graft union is often observed, the severity of which is correlated with degree of dwarfing. The graft union of dwarfing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks may limit soluble sugar transport or starch mobilization, leading to localized accumulation. Soluble sugars and starch were measured in the tissues surrounding the graft union of young ‘Rainier’ (2002) and ‘Lapins’ (2003) sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela 5’ (‘Gi 5’; dwarfing) and ‘Colt’ (vigorous) rootstocks. Separate rootstock shank, rootstock, graft union, and scion tissues were analyzed for both starch and soluble sugar content throughout the growing season in both years. Starch concentrations did not vary among locations within the graft union for ‘Rainier’ on either the dwarfing or vigorous rootstock, or for ‘Lapins’ on the dwarfing stock. However, for ‘Lapins’ on ‘Colt’, starch was highest in the rootstock shank and declined vertically (rootstock shank ? rootstock > union > scion). Soluble sugar concentrations were generally similar to or higher in scions on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’, and were similar to or lower in the rootstock and rootstock shank on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’. Results suggest that rootstock has a significant effect of localized accumulations of carbohydrates above and within the graft union of ‘Gi 5’ and below the graft union of ‘Colt’.     

橙色大白菜球叶总黄酮提取与测定方法的研究

以橙色叶球大白菜为试材对总黄酮提取及含量测定方法进行了研究。通过单因素试验和L₁₂ (4³ )正交试验筛选出最佳提取方法是超声波法, 其提取工艺是以80%乙醇为溶剂, 在料液比( g/mL)为1∶20, 温度60℃条件下, 用频率为60 Hz的超声波连续提取2次, 每次提取1 h。以芦丁为标样, 利用分光光度法和RP-HPLC法进行黄酮测定, 比较表明, 分光光度法和RP-HPLC法测定的结果趋势一致, RP-HPLC法优于分光光度法。建立了大白菜黄酮的RP-HPLC测定法, 流动相为甲醇∶水∶乙酸= 6∶93.4∶0.6,流速0.5 mL /min, 柱温25℃, 检测波长280 nm。     

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Unripe Grape (Qora)

Optimization of the extraction and analysis of phytochemicals can improve the production and quality of foods. The aim of this study is to evaluate ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from unripe grape (Vitis vinifera). At first stage, conventional thermal extraction was carried out in order to optimize the temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) and duration (20, 40, and 60?min) of the process (control). Investigations showed that the optimum condition of temperature and duration is 70 °C and 30?min, respectively. Then, grape pulp was treated for 30?min by ultrasound at a fixed frequency of 20?kHz. Results showed that ultrasound application increased the total phenolic content of the samples considerably. In addition, individual phenolic composition of the samples, namely rutin, gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and resveratrol were measured by HPLC. A good relation was observed between chromatographic and total phenol results. This study showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction is a sufficient method to produce verjuice as a rich and inexpensive source of antioxidants.     

Auxin synergists in the rooting of mango cuttings

Preplanting application of phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, in most cases promoted auxin-induced rooting on cuttings of mango, a difficult-to-root fruit plant. The ethylene-releasing chemical CEPA (ethrel, ethephon) also stimulated rooting in the presence of auxins. Synergism was more pronounced in the presence of IBA than with IAA. To a certain extent, root-promoting effects of auxins and non-auxin chemicals were related to the utilization of carbohydrate fractions from the region of root formation. Utilization of reserve polysaccharides assumed greater importance only during the root-development phase.     

杀青工艺对杜仲叶抗氧化活性的影响

杜仲叶有较强的抗氧化活性,为了充分利用杜仲叶资源,以DPPH自由基法评价抗氧化活性,硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定总黄酮含量,Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量,比较了微波、空气加热、蒸汽和炒制等4种杀青工艺对杜仲叶抗氧化活性以及黄酮和总酚含量的影响,并与自然阴干杜仲叶比较.结果表明:以短时间大功率微波处理,即800 W功率微波处理样品2.5 min,时间短易操作,能较好保留杜仲叶中的黄酮和总酚,对抗氧化活性影响较小,对杜仲叶外观破坏小,是较好的杀青工艺.     

Stenting of roses; a method for quick propagation by simultaneously cutting and grafting

A method was developed for quick propagation of roses under conditions prevailing in The Netherlands, based on cutting and grafting in one action and called “stenting” (to stent), being a contraction of the dutch words “stekken” (to strike a cutting) and “enten” (to graft). A piece of stem of the cultivar with one leaf and a dormant bud is grafted on a single internode of the rootstock. Formation of the graft union and of adventitious roots occur simultaneously, resulting in a complete plant in 3 weeks.Absence of buds on the rootstock is essential to diminish wild suckering. Factors influencing the percentage of successful stentlings were investigated. With R. chinensis ‘Indica Major’ as a rootstock, the best results were obtained with mature internodes 6–8 mm in diameter after application of 5000 mg 1^?1 IBA. Pre-treatment of the rootstock internodes by application of IBA and storage at 4° C for 3 weeks improved rooting. Comparison of grafting by hand and by machine showed that machine-grafting offers good possibilities.The influence of the cultivar, after cutting or stenting, on root-formation and root-growth was studied. Grafting on seedling rootstocks (bench-grafting) and stenting proved to give similar results. In the first year after stenting, R. chinensis ‘Indica Major’ was a better rootstock for the cultivar ‘Cocktail 80’ than R. canina ‘Inermis’, while ‘Inermis’ was better for ‘Motrea’.Rose culture can be improved by using cultivars stented on a convenient rootstock. Stenting can be applied around the year, is ideal for screening new scion/stock combinations and to investigate the interaction between shoots and roots.     

Flavonol and phenolic acid composition of sweet cherries (cv. Lapins) produced on six different vegetative rootstocks

The effect of rootstock (‘MaxMa 14’, ‘Weiroot 13’, ‘PiKu 1’, ‘Weiroot 158’, ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘F12/1’) on phenolic acid and flavonol content of “Lapins” sweet cherry was investigated. Phenolic acids and flavonols were isolated from sweet cherries and analyzed by using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The major phenolic acids in sweet cherries were neochlorogenic acid (18–50 mg kg⁻¹), chlorogenic acid (19–62 mg kg⁻¹) and p-coumaric acid derivatives (15–125 mg kg⁻¹). The amount of flavonol quercetin-3-rutinoside (8–37 mg kg⁻¹) was significant as well. There are significant variations in the phenolic compound content among sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on different vegetative rootstocks. The significantly higher chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric derivative and quercetin-3-rutinoside contents were found in sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on ‘Weiroot 13’ and ‘PiKu 1’ rootstocks. Sweet cherries produced on trees grafted on other rootstocks had significantly lower phenolic compound content.     

In vitro establishment of Picea pungens f. glauca and P. sitchensis seedling rootstocks with an assessment of their suitabilities for micrografting with scions of various Picea species

A successful technique was developed for micrograftirig resting-bud and growing-tip scions of three Picea spp. (P. abies (L.) Karst, P. pungens f. glauca (Regel) Beissn. (and its clone ‘Koster’) and P. sitchensis Bong) on P. pungens f. glauca and P. sitchensis rootstocks. In vitro rootstock production under both sterile and non-sterile conditions and micrografting using two types of graft (apical and side) are described. Both types of graft were equally successful although apical grafts were preferred since the additional operation of removing at four to five weeks the epicotyl above the graft following union was unnecessary. Culture medium strength was found to affect micrografting success rates: 1/3- strength B5 medium with 2% (w/v) sucrose giving the best results. Antioxidant additives applied to the micrograft unions were found to reduce significantly union success rates whilst the physiological age of scions used had no effect on graft union successes. A modified micrografting method was developed from which preliminary results indicated that high success rates are possible. The method is suitable for attempts to rejuvenate mature bud materials of these important ornamental and forest conifers by serial grafting.     

枇杷属植物种间及近缘属杂交亲和性研究

采用去雄、套袋、人工授粉方法对7种枇杷属植物及2种枇杷近缘属植物共14份材料配置的91个种间、21个属间共112个杂交组合进行研究,结果发现：91个种间杂交组合中有28个坐果率为零,即杂交不亲和,约占30%;杂交组合大多为部分亲和,仅少数为完全亲和。枇杷属与其近缘属植物（石斑木、石楠）的正交基本不亲和,反交有5个组合能结果,但杂种胚中途败育,需要进行胚挽救。不同的种类作为父本或母本时,坐果率相差较大,以大渡河枇杷,栎叶枇杷、野生普通枇杷和‘解放钟’作母本,平均坐果率高达36.2% ~ 58.2%;而以台湾枇杷及其两个变型和椭圆枇杷作母本,平均坐果率仅为2.9% ~ 16.3%,作父本时,平均坐果率较高,达22.4% ~ 43.1%。花粉管生长的荧光观察显示,台湾枇杷恒春变型作母本与栎叶枇杷杂交为孢子体不亲和。     

核桃枝条中总酚、黄酮类化合物含量研究

对祁县6个核桃品种1年生枝条韧皮部的总酚、黄酮类化合物含量进行了测定,并比较不同树龄间和不同品种间总酚、黄酮类化合物含量的差异。结果表明,核桃1年生枝条韧皮部总酚、黄酮类化合物含量在不同生长发育期存在显著差异,休眠期总酚、黄酮类化合物含量显著高于生长期;不同品种、不同树龄核桃1年生枝条韧皮部的总酚、黄酮类化合物含量差异显著;还对不同品种、不同树龄核桃1年生枝条韧皮部中总酚、黄酮类化合物含量与抗寒性的关系进行了分析。