葡萄施用氯化钾及其与氮磷肥配施效果试验

试验于1988—1990年在河南省民权农场沙地葡萄园进行。试验包括单施不同量氯化钾和氯化钾与氮磷肥配比两个部分。试验结果表明,单施氯化钾或以氯化钾与氮磷肥配合施用,均能提高葡萄树体的钾素含量,增加叶片的叶绿素含量,提高果实的含糖量和着色度。单施不同量氯化钾,平均株产比对照提高28.2％—43.2％;氯化钾与氮磷肥不同配比施用,平均株产比对照提高18.8％—41.3％。通过试验综合比较,亩施钾肥量以7.5kg K_2O的效益为最佳。经分析测定,施用氯化钾后,葡萄果实中的氯离子含量增加甚微,未发现有不良作用。     

不同钾肥品种对柑桔产量和品质的影响

钾素能刺激柑桔果实膨大,增加产量,改善果实品质。氯化钾和硫酸钾比较,氯化钾能降低果实含酸量,相对增加果实甜味,能提高果实维生素C含量,提高果实营养价值。但氯化钾使果实含糖量略有降低,平均比硫酸钾含糖量降低0.62%。试验证明,柑桔可以施用氯化钾,但一次施用量不能过多(不超过0.5-1斤/株),且不宜连年长期施用(施3-5年,停施1-2年)。从理论上看,柑桔属半忌氯作物比较合适。在柑桔生产上可用氯化钾代替硫酸钾。     

不同种类钾肥对长富2号苹果产量及品质的影响

在苹果树土施同量氮肥、磷肥的基础上,分别进行施用碳酶钾肥、氯化钾肥和不施钾肥试验,研究对长富2号苹果产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施用碳酶钾肥、氯化钾肥比不施用钾肥的果实单果重、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量显著提高,可滴定酸的含量降低,产量分别增加28％、14％;施用碳酶钾肥的效果好于施用氯化钾肥.     

氯化钾在苹果上的应用试验

钾是果树营养三大元素之一 ,对促进果实膨大、上色、花芽形成及提高果实内在品质、抗病性均有显著作用。但以往施用钾肥 ,多用硫酸钾 ,而不用氯化钾 ,认为苹果树是“忌氯植物”,导致这一价廉有效的肥料不能发挥应有的作用 ,影响了钾肥的施用。为开辟钾肥资源 ,降低生产成本 ,我们于 1995～ 1999年在苹果树上进行了氯化钾的应用试验 ,收到了良好效果。1　材料与方法选用加拿大生产的进口氯化钾。1995年在万家、宁家、寨里 3村 6处 10年生以上红富士苹果园试验 ,总面积 1hm2 ,每株施氯化钾 0 .2 5kg ,每园留 5株不施为对照树。1996年株施量加…     

玉红李钾肥试验初报

试验于1985～1987年在山东省临沭县刘疃河南、杨沙埠南村的丘陵地果园进行,供试品种为当地优良李品种-玉红李(又名玉皇李),株行距3×4m。供试肥料为氯化钾和硫酸钾。设株施0.5、1.0和1.5kg三个肥量处理;施肥时期设:花期、硬核前(5月中旬)、硬核期(6月上旬)和果实第二次膨大期(6月下旬)。单株小区重复三次。施肥方法采用环沟施,除施钾肥处理外,试树均株施尿素1kg,过磷酸钙1.5kg。 试验结果看出,增施钾肥可以明显提高产量、改善果实品质,从株产、单果重、果实可溶性固形物四项指标来看,氯化钾和硫酸钾效果均较好,氯化钾对李树的产量和果实品质…     

不同钾肥用量对荔枝生长发育及品质的影响

作者采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同钾肥(氯化钾)施用量对妃子笑荔枝农艺性状、品质、产量和经济效益的影响。试验结果表明,每667 m^(2)施氯化钾45 kg处理的荔枝平均单果质量最大(0.026 kg)、产量最高(每667 m^(2)为1 044.67 kg)、利润最大(每667 m^(2)达13 610.22元),且果实的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量最高、品质最好。在一定范围内,荔枝产量随着钾肥施用量的增加而提高,但施钾量超过一定水平后,荔枝的增产效果不明显。建议进一步开展试验,研究当地妃子笑荔枝的钾肥最大用量。     

不同肥料配比对香蕉的施用效果

采用L16（44）正交试验研究香蕉有机质肥、钾肥、镁肥、硼肥不同水平间的配施效果。结果表明,在土壤有机质含量适宜、钾素和镁素含量丰富、硼素较缺乏的香蕉园,以氮（年株N 0.4 kg）、磷（P2O50.16 kg）施用量固定的条件下,香蕉年株施氯化钾1.335 kg＋硫酸镁75 g＋硼砂0.2%溶液喷1遍（不施有机肥）产量最高,其N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.0∶0.4∶2.0;年株施氯化钾1.0 kg（不施有机肥、镁肥和不喷硼）肥效最好,667 m2净利润2 559.6元,投入产出比1∶1.89,其N∶P2O5∶K2O为1.0∶0.4∶1.5。有机质肥对增产作用不大,但可改善果肉品质。在土壤镁素含量丰富的香蕉园,不宜盲目增施镁肥;在土壤硼素较缺乏的香蕉园,每年喷1遍硼砂0.2%溶液。     

生物钾肥在葡萄上的应用

生物钾肥(硅酸盐细菌)是由河北省科学院生物研究所研制的一种新型细菌肥料,经在农作物和瓜菜类上应用效果很好。为了探讨其在葡萄上的增产增质效果,1991年我们在河北省栾城县内营果园进行了葡萄追施生物钾肥效果试验,于6月25日每株追施生物钾肥75g,顺序排列、4次重复,每小区16株,并设不施生物钾肥为对照。调查结果表明:追施生物钾肥的各小区平均比对照粒重增加 6.2%,株产增加 1.0kg;每666.7m2(1亩)增产345. 3kg;果穗整齐度指数降低88.1%;果穗着色指数增加 15.3%;可溶性固形物提高9.6%;叶面积增加 1. 23%;叶片干物重增加 32.45%,并可提前成熟…     

钾肥用量和施用时期对苹果产量、品质和果园钾素平衡的影响

为确定苹果生产中钾肥的合理用量和施用时期,在陕西凤翔、山东栖霞、辽宁盖州开展田间试验,研究钾肥用量和施钾时期对苹果产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在陕西凤翔、山东栖霞、辽宁盖州试验点,苹果树密度分别为1 667、889、833株/hm~2的情况下经济最佳钾用量分别为K_2O577、467、1182 kg/hm~2,最高产量施钾量分别为K_2O 582、491、1 190 kg/hm~2。适量施用氯化钾可提高可溶性固形物含量,增加果实硬度,降低果实酸度。钾用量相同下,氯化钾与硫酸钾对苹果产量和品质影响相当。施钾处理果园钾素均有盈余。陕西钾肥适宜的施用时期是50%钾肥花期施,50%钾肥果实膨大期施;山东和辽宁钾肥适宜施用时期是50%钾肥基施,50%钾肥果实膨大期施。果实硬度与K/Ca比呈负相关,施钾有引起果实缺钙风险,因此施钾肥尤其后期施钾应注意补充钙营养。     

膜下滴灌氯化钾的施用量和施用方式对新疆地区加工番茄产量和品质的影响

在新疆灌耕灰漠土上,采取膜下滴灌方式种植加工番茄,以常规习惯施肥为对照,研究了膜下滴灌氯化钾的施用量和施用方式对新疆地区加工番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:增施钾肥均能提高加工番茄的单株结果数、单果重和产量;单果数的增加是产量增产的主要因素;施钾量为150kg/hm2(50%基施,50%开花期施,分3次滴入)的处理产量最高,达15t/hm2,比对照(不施钾)增产14.4%;施钾量为75kg/hm2(50%基施,50%开花期施,分3次滴入)处理的钾肥产投比较高,但钾肥的产投比易受钾肥价格的影响而改变;钾肥对加工番茄的可溶性固形物含量、色差、粘度和总酸含量影响显著;就综合性价比而言,在新疆膜下滴灌条件下,适宜推荐加工番茄氯化钾的施用量范围在75~150kg/hm2,施用方法分基施和追施。     

The effect of paclobutrazol injected into the soil on vegetative growth and yield of Vitis vinifera L., cv. Thompson Seedless

Summary

Grapevines, cv. Thompson Seedless were treated with the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol in the spring of 1984. The treatments consisted of four soil application rates (including a zero control) of paclobutrazol on two phenological dates (budbreak and bloom). Vegetative growth, as measured by pruning weight, vine yield and fruit maturity characteristics, were determined in 1984 and in the next three growing seasons. There was no significant difference in vine yield between treatments at harvest in 1984; however, the fruit of vines receiving paclobutrazol at budbreak had accumulated less sugar at that time. Paclobutrazol application significantly (P < 0.01 ) reduced pruning weights in 1984 for all vines receiving paclobutrazol. Only the highest rate of paclobutrazol significantly reduced pruning weights in 1985. The number of clusters per vine and yield were significantly less for the treated vines than for the control ones in 1985 and 1986. Pruning weights in 1986 and yield in 1987 showed no significant differences between treatments. The results indicate that a single soil application of paclobutrazol was effective in reducing vegetative growth of Thompson Seedless grapevines for a period of two years if the rate of application was greater than 1.1 kg a. i. ha^-1. However, the adverse effect of this growth regulator on vine yield indicate that it would be of little practical use when applied via the soil to this seedless cultivar.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and fruit oil content of avocado trees

This work was carried out to study the effect of two nitrogen levels, 250 and 500 g of actual nitrogen per avocado tree per year. The nitrogen sources were calcium nitrate (as soil application) and urea (as foliage application).Nitrogen fertilization gave a highly significant increase in tree yield (kg/tree) in most treatments. Moreover, urea sprays seemed to be more effective on the yield than calcium nitrate added to the soil at the same nitrogen level. The 500 g nitrogen level of both sources gave a higher yield increase than 250 g nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilization gave a slight increase in mean avocado fruit weight and size, while urea sprays seemed to be more effective in increasing the mean fruit weight and size. A slight decrease in flesh oil content occurred as a result of nitrogen fertilization.     

单株留芽量及结果母枝剪留长度对猕猴桃结果性能的影响

对栽植株行距3m×4m的美味猕猴桃秦美品种连续进行了3年试验,单株分别剪留250、300、350、400个芽处理后,平均单株新梢数、叶面积指数、落叶率与留芽数量呈正相关,叶幕下层的光强度、净光合率与留芽数量呈负相关;单株果枝数、果实数及单位面积产量均以留400芽处理最高,但平均单果重最小,88g以上的优质果产量最低。综合评价以单株剪留350个有效芽的效果最佳,优级果产量达到2102.7kg/666.7m2。结果母枝分别剪留7、12、17个有效芽处理后,平均每母枝的结果枝数、果实数、产量与留芽数量呈正相关,均以17芽处理最高,分别达到9.5个、30.4个和3.09kg,各处理间的单果重差异不显著。     

硫酸钙对西瓜枯萎病的防治效果

以硫酸钙(生石膏粉)为材料,在西瓜上进行防治枯萎病试验,结果表明,与不施用硫酸钙的处理相比,施用硫酸钙后防病效果较好,且植株茎粗度、蔓长度、叶面积系数、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量等均有所提高,在试验设计范围内以667m2施用硫酸钙30kg的综合效果最好。     

极早熟豇豆新品种天畅五号的选育

天畅5号是农家品种杨家豇豆与之豇28—2杂交，并通过系统选育而成的极早熟豇豆新品种。该品种表现早熟，叶片小。以主蔓结荚为主，有侧蔓1-2个，始花节位2-3节。成荚率高。每花穗结荚2~4条，前期产量较高。嫩荚白绿色，荚条长而直，荚长65cm，单荚质量22g。荚条肉质脆嫩，品质优，商品性极佳。春播从播种到商品荚采摘期为52天。露地种植的产量1800-2500kg/667m2，适于长江流域栽培。     

Optimum leaf area index in T-bar trained kiwifruit vines

Summary

The effect of leaf area index (LAI) on canopy growth, light interception, yield, fruit growth and quality and return bloom of kiwifruit were examined in 1990 and 1991. Different LAIs were obtained in the 1990 season with defoliation treatment made precociously at different intensities, in a diffuse way, uniformly in the whole canopy. At the end of canopy development LAIs of 3.6,3.3,3.1,2.6 and 1.8 were obtained and evaluated. The kiwifruit vines with a bud load of 680?700 and LAIs of 3.3 and 3.6 in 1990, showed an optimum and constant yield (>90 kg per vine), good average fruit weight (>100 g) and high fruit quality in both years, and also good return bloom the following season. The reduction of LAI to 2.6 and 1.8 drastically reduced, in the year of LAI imposition, both yield (?18.5% and ?30%, respectively) and mean fruit weight (?18.6% and ?29.1%, respectively) compared with vines with an LAI higher than 3.1. In the same treatments, the soluble solids concentration in the fruit was significantly decreased and a great reduction in numbers of fruiting shoots and numbers of fruits per fruiting shoot were observed in the year following the LAI imposition. In vines with the same bud load, fruit number and an LAI of 3.1, small variations in yield and fruit weight in the year of defoliation treatments were recorded, but in the following season the yield was significantly reduced (?14 kg per vine) due mainly to a decrease in the number of fruiting shoots (?14%). In kiwifruit vines with low LAI (2.6 and 1.8) nearly all fruits present in the canopy ripen, with no significant fruit drop. At low LAI, the sink strength of the fruit was greater and more extended so that vine growth and the plants reserves were restricted. Under the conditions of this experiment, an LAI higher than 3.3, corresponding to a leaf area-fruit ratio higher than 600 cm² per fruit, is necessary to obtain regular vine growth and yield, optimum fruit size and quality and return bloom the following season.     

不同施磷水平下温室冬春茬黄瓜日产量变化及其与光温环境的关系

针对设施蔬菜生产不合理施用磷肥问题,采用3年定位试验,研究滴灌条件下施用不同量磷肥后,温室冬春茬黄瓜的日产量变化、光温响应,及其产瓜高峰期,明确养分需求最大效率期和适宜施磷量。共设3个施磷水平,分别为不施磷P0处理、推荐施磷量P1处理和农民常规磷量P2处理。P1处理磷量参考基础土壤Olsen-P测试值、土壤磷素丰缺指标和目标产量推荐,单季施用P₂O₅ 300 kg · hm^-2。P2处理磷量按照调查所得河北省设施黄瓜生产磷肥平均用量设计,单季施用P₂O₅ 675 kg · hm^-2。结果表明,（1）3年日产瓜量变化均符合二次曲线特征,产瓜高峰出现在定植后97 ~ 104 d,此时温室早8：00 ≥ 10 ℃的累计气温为1 389.4 ~ 1 849.6 ℃,累计日照时数为629.0 ~ 866.8 h;根据温室内外气温回归关系,估算该时期温室日均气温23 ~ 27 ℃、活动积温约1 650 ~ 2 050 ℃,该阶段即为冬春茬黄瓜养分需求最大效率期。（2）与P2处理相比,P1处理减施磷56%后磷素供应满足了黄瓜产量建成需求,3年产瓜高峰出现时期、高峰期产瓜量和总产量均无显著改变。（3）连续不施磷肥高产黄瓜果实成熟推迟,2009年P0较P2处理产瓜高峰推迟16 d,产瓜高峰形成时已接近拉秧期。综上,在华北平原地区光温条件下,温室冬春茬黄瓜养分需求最大效率期在5月下旬至6月上旬,满足该时期养分适量供应有利于提高肥料利用效率;在与供试条件相近的温室,冬春茬黄瓜目标产量170 t · hm^-2时,P₂O₅施用量300 kg · hm^-2（较农民常规施磷量减少50%以上）能保证产瓜高峰期不滞后,产量不降低。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄适宜树形调查

对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄直立龙干形、倾斜龙干形、多主蔓扇形和斜干水平形4种树形进行产量和质量的比较研究.结果表明:“霞多丽”品种直立龙干形前期667 m2产量高,斜干水平形树形新梢生长健壮、长势一致,冬季修剪、埋土防寒容易,但前期667 m2产量不如龙干形;随着单株产量的提高、浆果可溶性固形物含量下降.“威代尔”与“赤霞珠”品种多主蔓扇形株产高于倾斜龙干形,但浆果可溶性固形物含量低于后者.单壁篱架、倾斜龙干形株产低,而667 m2产量高,浆果可溶性固形物含量也高,有利于酒质提高和植株抗寒越冬,并便于越冬埋土防寒.     

钾肥施用量对脐橙产量和品质的影响

１９９６～１９９９年连续４年在湖北省秭归县进行了脐橙钾肥施用量田间试验。结果表明，尽管各处理脐橙产量年度变化很大，但施钾显著提高产量和经济效益，１９９７～１９９９年施钾平均增产２６．３％～４１．８％，施钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）１２５、２５０、３７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２年均增加纯利 １０１１０、１５８４０、９９７０元／ｈｍ２，产投比分别为 １９．３８、１５．４０和７．０４；在试验条件下施钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增产效果最好；施钾有提高脐橙外观品质和内在品质的趋势，例如施钾提高或保持单果重、增加果皮厚度、提高维生素Ｃ含量等；但施钾对品质的影响年度间差异较大，尚需进一步研究。     

苦瓜新品种如玉5号的选育

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