飞行参数对六旋翼植保无人机雾滴在荔枝树冠层沉积分布的影响

为实现植保无人机施药技术在荔枝病虫害防控中的高效应用,研究了油动六旋翼植保无人机的飞行高度（5、6、8 m）和飞行速度（2.8、3.4 m/s）对雾滴在荔枝冠层的沉积分布及穿透性的影响。结果表明：不同飞行高度对雾滴在荔枝冠层的沉积分布及穿透性影响显著,飞行高度为5 m和6 m时雾滴在荔枝冠层分布及穿透性较好,飞行高度为8 m效果较差。飞行高度为5 m时：飞行速度的变化对雾滴在荔枝冠层分布影响不显著,而对穿透性影响显著,飞行速度2.8 m/s的穿透性显著好于3.4 m/s;飞行高度为6 m时：飞行速度2.8 m/s雾滴在荔枝冠层分布和穿透性均显著好于3.4 m/s;飞行速度为2.8 m/s时：飞行高度6 m雾滴在荔枝冠层分布和穿透性均显著好于5 m。油动六旋翼植保无人机飞行高度和飞行速度均对雾滴在荔枝冠层沉积分布和穿透性有显著影响,此种机型对荔枝树进行植保作业最佳施药参数为飞行高度6 m、飞行速度2.8 m/s。     

喷施参数对四旋翼植保无人机雾滴在橡胶林中分布的影响

雾滴分布特征影响作物上喷雾的施药效果,而喷施参数是影响植保无人机雾滴分布特性的重要因素之一。为了揭示施药量和雾滴粒径等喷施参数对电动四旋翼植保无人机雾滴在高大乔木橡胶树林段中分布的影响,以成龄‘热研7-20-59’胶林为试验地,分别设置18.75、37.50、75.00、90.00、105.00 L/hm²施药量,70、100、150、250 μm雾滴粒径,采用5点采样法在6个高度上测量水平方向及垂直方向的雾滴谱宽度、雾滴覆盖密度、雾滴分布均匀度等主要作业质量技术指标数据,结合橡胶树白粉病的防治效果,筛选四旋翼无人机的最佳喷施参数。结果表明,随施药量的增加,雾滴谱宽度呈下降趋势,雾滴覆盖密度显著增加;施药量在75 L/hm²及以上时满足最低施药雾滴覆盖密度的要求。随着雾滴粒径的增加,雾滴谱宽度呈上升趋势,雾滴覆盖密度无显著差异,雾滴粒径100 μm的水平分布均匀度最优。不同施药量和雾滴粒径的雾滴在橡胶林垂直方向的分布均匀度一致,穿透性良好。本研究筛选出施药量75 L/hm²和喷雾粒径100 μm的最佳喷施参数,在橡胶树白粉病最佳防治时期使用咪鲜胺（EW）和戊唑醇（SC）复配药剂进行田间飞防试验,效果优异,2块试验地的防效分别为65.7%和82.9%。本研究提供了一组橡胶树白粉病防治的四旋翼无人机施药参数,为植保无人机在橡胶林病虫害防治作业中提供参考。     

无人机与人工喷施雾滴在水稻冠层内沉积特征及效益比较

【目的】旨在阐明无人机和人工喷施雾滴在水稻冠层内沉积分布特征,比较其稻瘟病防效、水稻产量及经济效益。【方法】选用电动四旋翼植保无人机,设置3个不同飞行高度和3个不同施药量,于孕穗期观测喷施雾滴在水稻冠层内沉积分布状况,并和人工喷施处理防治稻瘟病的效果、产量及经济效益进行比较。【结果】雾滴沉积量随飞行高度的升高而减少,雾滴沉积均匀性和穿透性随飞行高度的升高而增大。无人机和人工喷施的雾滴沉积量、均匀性和穿透性随施药量的增加而增大,雾滴沉积量和均匀性均呈水稻冠层上部>中部>下部的分布特征。无人机喷施的雾滴均匀性和穿透性大于人工喷施。无人机喷施在防效和产量不降低的情况下,用工成本减少165元/hm²,净收益提高164元/hm²,产投比提高20.9。【结论】与人工喷施相比,无人机喷施可在保证丰产的基础上,提高作业效率,降低生产成本,获得更高经济效益,在水稻精确管理和丰产高效栽培中具有应用价值。     

不同植保机械喷施雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布规律及对病虫害防效比较

[目的]为阐明无人机与地面植保机械喷施雾滴在水稻冠层的沉积分布特征,比较其对不同冠层病虫害防治效果,科学推广及使用植保机械.[方法]采用雾滴沉积分布检测、利用率测定以及田间调查等方法,研究6种不同植保机械在水稻田喷雾后雾滴在冠层的沉积分布、利用率以及对纹枯病和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果.[结果]3种无人飞机喷施雾滴在水稻冠层...     

大载荷植保无人机施药参数优选及不同药剂对橡胶树“两病”的飞防效果研究

本研究利用大载荷油动植保无人机(FBH300T)开展橡胶树白粉病和炭疽病(简称橡胶树“两病”)的飞防试验，分析飞行离冠层高度3、5、7 m和施药量60、90、105 L/hm²两个参数对橡胶树上、下层叶片雾滴沉积分布的影响。发现飞行高度和施药量对雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率均表现出极显著的影响，筛选出飞行离冠层高度5 m、施药量90 L/hm²、飞行速度5 m/s是该机型的最优施药参数。利用兼治橡胶树多种叶部病害的新型专用药剂19%保叶清微乳剂，以及60%硫磺粉悬浮剂、45%戊唑·咪酰胺水乳剂和50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂等高效药剂与大载荷植保无人机配套施用，分析各药剂单独和两两混配施用对橡胶树“两病”的飞防效果。结果表明：4个单剂中对白粉病防效最好的是50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂，其次是19%保叶清微乳剂；对炭疽病防效最好的是19%保叶清微乳剂，其次是45%戊唑·咪酰胺水乳剂。药剂两两混配施用下，19%保叶清微乳剂和60%硫磺粉悬浮剂按1∶1混配对白粉病和炭疽病的防效最好，其次是19%保叶清微乳剂和50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂按1∶1混配。本研究结果可为橡胶树...     

P20植保无人机作业参数优化及其施药对棉蚜防效评价

为明确适合麦盖提垦区防治棉田蚜虫的高效技术,以P20植保无人机、常规机力牵引式喷雾机的2种喷施方式以及不同药剂剂型（超低容量剂和乳油）为研究对象,探讨不同施药方式及农药剂型对棉蚜的防治效果。结果表明：P20植保无人机飞行高度为3 m、飞行速度为5 m·s^－1时施药,对棉蚜有较好的控制作用,且对棉花安全,无药害。吡虫啉超低容量剂的防效大于吡虫啉乳油,高剂量的吡虫啉超低容量剂处理防效高于低剂量;机力牵引式喷杆喷雾机施药效果好于无人机喷药防效。     

常温弥雾植保无人机喷施不同剂型吡虫啉防治棉田蚜虫效果

为明确搭载常温弥雾系统的植保无人机（简称为“常温弥雾植保无人机”）喷施不同剂型吡虫啉对棉田蚜虫防治效果（防效）的差异,选择乳油、可湿性粉剂、水分散粒剂和可溶液剂吡虫啉,按照相同有效成分用量42 g·hm－2在山东省临清市棉田喷雾进行苗期蚜虫防治。结果：常温弥雾植保无人机施药,叶片正反面的雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率在4种剂型间差异均不显著;可湿性粉剂在叶片正反面的单位面积药液沉积量均最少,其中叶片反面的单位面积药液沉积量显著低于其他3种剂型;可湿性粉剂的农药利用率显著低于水分散粒剂和可溶液剂。从4种剂型田间防效看,可溶液剂最好,药后1～7 d防效为68.86%～83.07%,其次是水分散粒剂（药后1～7 d防效为65.34%～80.27%）和乳油（药后1～7 d防效为63.40%～79.18%）,这3种剂型间差异不显著;可湿性粉剂防效显著低于其他剂型,药后3 d为66.98%,药后7 d为58.73%。试验结果表明,采用常温弥雾植保无人机在棉花苗期施药对蚜虫的防效较好,且乳油、水分散粒剂和可溶液剂剂型的吡虫啉防效更佳。     

无人机喷施与人工喷施棉花脱叶剂效果对比

采用植保无人机和背负式手动喷雾器在棉田喷施噻苯隆·敌草隆,比较无人机喷施和人工喷施2种不同的施药方式对脱叶剂在棉花上的应用效果的影响。结果表明,植保无人机按照90 g·hm^－2、135 g·hm^－2、180 g·hm^－2喷施噻苯隆·敌草隆,施药后5 d,对棉花的脱叶药效显著低于同等剂量的人工喷雾处理,但施药后10～20 d,无人机喷雾处理脱叶药效逐渐提高,直至与人工喷雾处理无显著差异;无人机喷雾处理的吐絮药效也与同等剂量的人工喷雾处理相当;无人机喷雾处理对棉花产量主要因子铃重、衣分和纤维品质主要指标无明显不利影响。因此,采用植保无人机喷施噻苯隆·敌草隆可以达到理想的脱叶、催熟效果。     

无人机飞防对棉花生长调控效果研究

通过设置3WQF125-16型智能悬浮植保机的飞行高度、飞行速度研究了不同作业参数喷施缩节胺对棉花株高、果枝节间的调控效果。试验结果表明:当无人机飞行高度为1.5 m、速度为4 m·s-1时喷施缩节胺,棉花株高、果节增长值显著低于清水对照,对调控棉花生长效果最好,且优于喷雾器喷施效果,对塑造棉花合理株型提供了有益探索。     

无人机喷施噻苯隆·敌草隆对棉花的脱叶催熟效果

为评价无人机喷施棉花脱叶剂的效果，利用3WQF120-12型植保无人机在棉田开展了噻苯隆·敌草隆悬浮剂与不同用量的乙烯利水剂及烷基乙基磺酸盐助剂混合喷雾试验。结果表明，无人机喷施135 g·hm－2 噻苯隆·敌草隆时，添加乙烯利和助剂的处理对棉花的脱叶药效和吐絮药效显著高于单剂处理，其中噻苯隆·敌草隆135 g·hm－2、乙烯利1 200 g·hm－2和助剂900 g·hm－2混合喷施，对棉花的脱叶及催熟效果最好。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。