三江平原典型环型湿地土壤有机碳剖面分布及碳贮量

选取岛状林(棕壤型草甸白浆土)、小叶章草甸(潜育白浆土)和毛果苔草沼泽湿地(腐殖质沼泽土)研究了三江平原典型环型湿地土壤剖面有机碳分布特征与积累现状。结果表明,从环型沼泽湿地边缘向中心,土壤剖面有机碳含量和有机碳储量变化明显。小叶章草甸剖面土壤有机碳含量高于岛状林,但两者差异不大;毛果苔草沼泽湿地明显高于岛状林和小叶章草甸,最大值(为284.1 g kg-1)出现在10~20 cm,20 cm以下明显下降。从环型沼泽湿地边缘向中心,土壤剖面有机碳储量明显增加。1m深度内有机碳储量分别为1.04、1.48和4.22×104t km-2。     

土地利用对沼泽湿地土壤碳影响的研究

以三江平原分布最广泛的两种自然沼泽湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和小叶章草甸)以及不同利用类型土地为研究对象,探讨了土地利用变化对三江平原沼泽湿地土壤碳含量的影响.结果表明,沼泽湿地土壤中碳含量主要受地表积水环境的控制.表现为常年积水的毛果苔草沼泽高于季节性积水的小叶章草甸,毛果苔草沼泽土壤总碳(TC)、有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别为(258.4±81.9)g/kg.(203.7±62.4)g/kg,(54.7±19.4)g/kg和(4.8±0.85)g/kg.小叶章草甸土壤则分别为(99.4±24.2)g/kg,(81.4±24.5)g/kg,(17.9±9.8)g/kg和(2.4±0.27)g/kg.垦殖导致沼泽湿地土壤碳含量显著降低,土壤TC及SOC含量随开垦年限的增加而递减,并与垦殖年限呈极显著负相关关系.沼泽湿地退化后,土壤碳含量降低.小叶章草甸退化为小叶章一杂类草草甸后土壤TC,SOC,SIC及DOC分别减少了71%,72%,67%和76%,毛果苔草沼泽退化为灌丛-杂类草草甸后则分别减少了69%,65%,83%和60%."退耕还湿"能提高土壤中的碳含量,但增加速率较慢.土壤pH值是影响土壤碳含量的一个重要因素.     

三江平原湿地CH4排放通量研究

2002年6月到10月在三江平原利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对不同土壤水分状况或积水深度的毛果苔草沼泽、小叶章草甸以及灌丛进行了CH4排放的测定,结果为毛果苔草沼泽CH4排放通量(11.9 mg/m2·h)>小叶章草甸(8.5 mg/m2·h)>灌丛(0.75 mg/m2·h),差异达到高度显著水平(α=0.01),主要是由土壤水分状况不同而造成的.由于生境的差异,3种湿地类型CH4排放通量的季节变化形式也不尽相同.温度、土壤Eh和毛果苔草生物量是影响CH4排放的重要因素,湿地CH4排放通量和箱内外温度或不同深度的地温均呈显著或极显著正相关,小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽分别与10 cm及15 cm的Eh呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),毛果苔草生物量和CH4排放通量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).     

三江平原不同类型湿地土壤酶活性及其与营养环境的关系

对三江平原3种典型湿地(毛苔草湿地、小叶章湿地、岛状林湿地)的土壤酶活性、土壤养分进行了研究,探讨了不同湿地土壤酶与土壤养分及酶活性间的相关性。结果表明:不同湿地土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量有较大差异。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量变化趋势一致,表现为毛苔草湿地>小叶章湿地>岛状林湿地。酸性磷酸酶活性表现为岛状林湿地>毛苔草湿地>小叶章湿地;纤维素酶活性则表现为毛苔草湿地>岛状林湿地>小叶章湿地。经分析,土壤酶活性和养分密切相关,且酶活性间存在一定的相关关系,其中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶活性与土壤养分相关性最好,呈显著或极显著正相关。并且这3种酶活性之间也呈显著或极显著正相关,因此脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶活性可以作为该地区较为理想的湿地营养状况的表征指标。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤中硫的分布特征

本文以三江平原的三种典型类型湿地:小叶樟(Calamagrostisangustifolia)草甸、毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carexmeyeriana)沼泽为研究对象,对其土壤中硫的含量在水平及垂直变化方面进行分析。研究在自然环境下硫的分布特征。经过试验分析和数据处理,得出以下结论:总硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硫、盐酸挥发性硫、有机硫含量均为小叶樟草甸<乌拉苔草沼泽<毛果苔草沼泽;别拉洪河、挠力河、鸭绿河、浓江是三江平原四条有代表性的沼泽性河流,流域土壤中的硫素含量为挠力河>鸭绿河>浓江>别拉洪河;在土壤层次上,具有明显的规律性:除盐酸挥发性硫以外,其余各硫组分自上而下含量呈递减趋势;在湿地土壤各形态硫中,有机硫是土壤总硫的主体,盐酸挥发性硫含量最低。总硫与有机硫相关性最显著,达极显著正相关(P=0.01),水溶性硫与盐酸可溶性硫的相关性最差。影响湿地土壤中硫素含量的因素为土壤有机质、土壤pH值、物理粘粒及氧化-还原条件。     

不同利用类型土壤剖面溶解性铁的含量与迁移特征

选取三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸、毛苔草沼泽湿地、水稻田三种土地利用类型定点原位研究了不同深度土壤溶液中铁的含量与垂直迁移特征。结果表明各剖面深度溶解性铁总量均表现为小叶章>水稻田>毛苔草。同一类型不同深度溶解性铁总量存在很大差异,其中水稻田和毛苔草土壤溶液中溶解性铁主要富集在20cm深度,而小叶章富集在40cm深度。Fe(Ⅲ)是三种土地利用类型溶解性铁发生垂直迁移的主要形态,络合淋溶在白浆土形成中起到很大作用。     

纳帕海高原湿地土壤有机碳密度及碳储量特征

选取纳帕海典型沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸为研究对象,研究纳帕海湿地土壤有机碳密度及碳储量特征。结果表明:沼泽和沼泽化草甸土壤剖面有机碳含量明显高于草甸土壤;沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸土壤剖面有机碳密度与有机碳含量变化趋势基本一致,沼泽和沼泽化草甸土壤剖面有机碳密度均在30kg/m3以上,草甸土壤0-40cm有机碳密度高于30kg/m3,40cm以下有机碳密度均低于30kg/m3;沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸土壤储碳层厚度分别为60,80,20cm,1m深度以内有机碳储量分别为393.53,458.81,305.78t/hm2。     

湿地退化条件下土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化特征

为了研究湿地退化过程中土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化,明确碳氮"汇"功能的变化和土壤碳、氮、磷的平衡关系,采用实地采样调查、室内分析与数理统计法,研究了若尔盖自然湿地保护区内未退化湿地沼泽(MA)、沼泽化草甸(MM)、草甸(ME)3种不同退化程度湿地的典型样地在碳氮磷含量、储量以及生态化学计量的变化特征。结果表明,草甸化沼泽土与草甸土全剖面总有机碳、全氮含量较沼泽土分别降低了29.55%,6.52%和67.53%,40.04%,碳氮储量分别降低了67.49%,60.10%和85.14%,54.47%;3种土壤全磷剖面含量大小顺序为MMMEMA,其储量高低顺序是MEMAMM。随着土层深度的增加,沼泽土的总有机碳、全氮含量明显升高,全磷含量与草甸化沼泽土、草甸土的总有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均呈现降低趋势;3种土壤碳氮磷储量40—100cm土层高于0—40cm土层。沼泽土、草甸化沼泽土、草甸土3种不同类型土壤C/N分别为40.38,31.70,23.26,C/P分别为409.52,247.46,113.07,N/P分别为10.43,7.90,5.02,土壤C/N、C/P、N/P均随湿地退化而减小,较高的C/P与N/P14揭示氮磷元素均是影响植物生长的限制性因素,且受氮素限制高于磷素。因此,若尔盖湿地退化导致土壤碳氮含量与储量降低,碳氮"汇"功能减弱,尤其是碳"汇"。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征

以三江平原腹地挠力河、别拉洪河、浓江河流域自然沼泽湿地为研究对象,研究了典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征,并探讨了土壤腐殖质与植被类型及土壤全氮含量的关系。三江平原典型湿地土壤草根层和泥炭层中胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的累计含量在整个剖面总量中的比例均大于70%,各组分相对含量分别高于35%总有机碳和23%总有机碳,其剖面分布与土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化趋势一致,由表层向下层逐渐减少。除小叶章湿地土壤草根层HA/FA值为0.97外,三江平原典型湿地土壤HA/FA均大于1,其剖面均值为1.4~2.5,表明三江平原湿地为胡敏酸型土壤.腐殖质各组份含量及其HA/FA值因植被类型而异,而与土壤全氮含量呈显著线性相关(p<0.05)。     

利用高通量测序对三江平原小叶章湿地土壤细菌多样性的研究

利用黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所三江平原野外实验研究站内3个不同小叶章生态类型湿地土壤样品,直接提取土壤微生物总DNA,应用Miseq测序技术对16S rDNA进行序列测定和分析。结果表明:不同小叶章湿地土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,土壤细菌多样性和丰富度随着土壤含水率的增加而降低。草甸化湿地和沼泽化草甸湿地优势种群为酸杆菌,变形菌次之;沼泽化湿地优势种群为变形菌,酸杆菌次之。土壤含水率的增加减少了酸杆菌的分布,而增加了变形菌的分布。16S rDNAheatmap分析则表明,湿地水位的变化对酸杆菌和变形菌的群落结构影响最大。     

若尔盖高寒湿地蓄水能力评估

[目的]评估若尔盖3种不同类型湿地的土壤蓄水能力,为湿地生态系统水文功能价值的评估提供科学依据。[方法]通过对若尔盖高寒湿地三种湿地类型的土壤采样分析,测量其土壤物理特性和土壤最大滞留贮水能力,进而对其土壤蓄水能力进行评估。[结果](1)在0—60cm深度范围内,3种湿地类型的土壤容重基本上随着深度的加深呈升高趋势,但草本沼泽在80—100cm处、沼泽化草甸和洪泛湿地在60—80cm处呈现出减小趋势。(2)在0—100cm深度范围内,沼泽化草甸的毛管孔隙度随深度增加呈减小趋势,而草本沼泽和洪泛湿地变化不明显。(3)在0—100cm深度范围内,3种湿地类型土壤容重的平均值大小表现为草本沼泽(0.46g/cm~3)沼泽化草甸(1.08g/cm~3)洪泛湿地(1.25g/cm~3)。3种湿地类型土壤最大滞留贮水能力的平均值大小表现为草本沼泽(239.40t/hm~2)沼泽化草甸(171.18t/hm~2)洪泛湿地(148.51t/hm~2)。[结论]草本沼泽贮水能力最强。因此在若尔盖区域实施湿地保护与恢复措施时,应将保护区外的草本沼泽分布的区域纳入重点计划。     

Response of soil constituents to freeze-thaw cycles in wetland soil solution

Soil freeze-thaw cycles in the winter-cold zone can substantially affect soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, and deserve special consideration in wetlands of cold climates. Semi-disturbed soil columns from three natural wetlands (Carex marsh, Carex marshy meadow and Calamagrostis wet grassland) and a soybean field that has been reclaimed from a wetland were exposed to seven freeze-thaw cycles. The freeze-thaw treatments were performed by incubating the soil columns at −10 °C for 1 d and at 5 °C for 7 d. The control columns were incubated at 5 °C for 8 d. After each freeze-thaw cycle, the soil solution was extracted by a solution extractor installed in each soil layer of the soil column, and was analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP). The results showed that freeze-thaw cycles could increase DOC, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N concentrations in soil solutions, and decrease TDP concentrations. Moreover, the changes of DOC, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N and TDP concentrations in soil solutions caused by freeze-thaw cycles were different in various sampling sites and soil layers. The increments of DOC concentrations caused by freeze-thaw cycles were greater in the wetland soil columns than in the soybean field soil columns. The increments of NH₄⁺-N concentrations caused by freeze-thaw cycles decreased with the increase of soil depth. The depth variation in the increments of NO₃⁻-N concentrations caused by freeze-thaw cycles in the wetland soil columns was different from that in the soybean field soil columns. The decrements of TDP concentrations caused by freeze-thaw cycles were greater in columns of Carex marsh and Carex marshy meadow than in columns of Calamagrostis wet grassland and the soybean field. The study results provide information on the timing of nutrient release related to freezing and thawing in natural versus agronomic soils, and have implications for the timing of nutrient application in farm fields in relation to water quality protection.     

Methane concentration and emission as affected by methane transport capacity of plants in freshwater marsh

To elucidate effect of the CH₄ transport capacity of plants on CH₄ production and CH₄ emission, we measured CH₄ emission and the CH₄ transport capacity of plants as well as CH₄ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in porewater and redox potential in the freshwater marsh vegetated with Carex lasiocarpa, Carex meyeriana and Deyeuxia angustifolia. Although only 31% of CH₄ emitted was released via Deyeuxia angustifolia into the atmosphere compared to 72–86% via Carex plants and the CH₄ transport capacity of per stem of Deyeuxia angustifolia was only 8.0 g CH₄ stem^–1 h^–1 being equal to half for Carex plants, the flux of CH₄ emission from the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh was just lower by 17–28% than those from the Carex marshes as the standing water depth decreased significantly from 15–20 to 5 cm, indicating that despite the poor CH₄ transport capability of Deyeuxia angustifolia partly reduced CH₄ emission via plants, however CH₄ emission was not greatly reduced as expected. This is because although the poor gas transport capability of Deyeuxia angustifolia lowered CH₄ emission to some extent, however it also decreased the input of O₂ into the rhizosphere via plants; the latter not only reduced CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere and/or rhizome but also lowered redox potential in the vertical profile resulting in an increase in CH₄ production potential and CH₄ concentration especially at 5 cm depth, which in turn facilitated CH₄ emission through diffusion in the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh. This study suggests that the sharp decrease in the CH₄ transport capacity of plants did not necessary result in an expected lowering of CH₄ emission in the freshwater marsh.     

人为活动对云南纳帕海湿地土壤碳氮变化的影响

以纳帕海湿地原生沼泽作为参照 ,选择人为干扰下的沼泽化草甸 ,草甸和排干湿地开垦的耕地作为研究对象 ,研究人为干扰对纳帕海湿地土壤碳氮变化的影响。两年的定位研究结果表明 :沼泽土壤C/N值较高 ;人为干扰下纳帕海湿地土壤空间结构上土壤有机质 0～ 2 0cm表层与 2 0～ 4 0cm下层相差 4倍 ,水平分布上则随人为干扰加强、沼泽化过程减弱而降低 ,下降幅度高达 2 2 .92 %～ 6 9.6 4 %;土壤全氮及其空间分布呈现与有机质相同趋势 ,两者相关系数r=0 .98;NH 4 N、NO-3 N与全氮和水解氮相关系数分别为r=- 0 .74、r=- 0 .6 5 ,r=- 0 .81、r=- 0 .76。表明了纳帕海湿地沼泽土壤较低的矿化量和对碳的固定及较大的氮累积量 ,以及人为活动干扰后湿地土壤碳氮养分的释放变化。     

Soil C, N and P stoichiometry of Deyeuxia angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Purpose

The theory of ecological stoichiometry has improved understanding of nutrient circulation processes in ecosystems. The purpose of this work was to study ecological stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland soils of Sanjiang Plain, northeast China.

Materials and methods

A Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland (swamp meadow) and a Carex lasiocarpa wetland (marsh) were chosen for collection of soil cores (0?C30?cm depth). Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed to study patterns of C/N (R _CN), C/P (R _CP), N/P (R _NP), and C/N/P (R _CNP) in wetland soils.

Results and discussion

Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry differed between the two wetlands. Soil R_CN (0?C30?cm depth) in the D. angustifolia wetland was close to that in C. lasiocarpa wetland (12.97 and 12.80, respectively), but R _CP and R _NP in C. lasiocarpa soils were significantly higher than those in D. angustifolia soils. R _CN changed little within soil profile, without obvious trends in both wetlands. Both R _CP and R _NP decreased with depth from the surface, and both R _CP and R _NP were higher at every depth interval in C. lasiocarpa soils compared to D. angustifolia soils. R _CN in surface soil (0?C10?cm, organic-rich ??Lo?? layer) was not significantly different from R _CN in the entire profile (0?C30?cm, ??La layer??) of D. angustifolia wetland, while R _CP and R _NP were both significantly different between the Lo and La layers. In Carex lasiocarpa wetland, R _CN, R _CP and R _NP in Lo layer were significant higher than those in La layer. R _CNP in La layer of D. angustifolia and C. lasiocarpa wetlands were 65:5:1 and 163:13:1, respectively.

Conclusions

Soil R _CN was relatively consistent, while R _CP and R _NP reflected P limitation in wetlands of Sanjiang Plain. Further research is needed to determine whether these ratios hold among other wetland ecosystems.     

Soil carbon and nitrogen storage in alluvial wet meadows of the Southern Sierra Nevada Mountains,USA

Purpose

Wet meadows formed on alluvial deposits potentially store large amounts of soil carbon (C) but its stability is subject to the impacts of management practices. The objective of this study was to quantify and characterize soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) in mountain wet meadows across ranges of meadow hydrology and livestock utilization.

Materials and methods

Eighteen wetlands in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains representing a range of wetness and livestock utilization levels were selected for soil sampling. In each wetland meadow, whole-solum soil cores delineated by horizon were analyzed for total and dissolved organic C (DOC) total (TN) and mineral nitrogen and soil water content (SWC). Multiple regression and GIS analysis was used to estimate the role of wet meadows in C storage across the study area landscape.

Results and discussion

Average solum SOC contents by wetland ranged from 130 to 805 Mg ha^?1. All SOC and TN components were highly correlated with SWC. Regression analyses indicated subtle impacts of forage utilization level on SOC and TN concentrations, but not on whole-solum, mass-per-area stocks of SOC and TN. Proportions of DOC and TN under seasonally wet meadows increased with increasing utilization. GIS analysis indicated that the montane landscape contains about 54.3 Mg SOC ha^?1, with wet meadows covering about 1.7% of the area and containing about 12.3% of the SOC.

Conclusions

Results indicate that soil organic C and N content of meadows we sampled are resilient to current light to moderate levels of grazing. In seasonally wet meadows, higher proportions of DOC and N with increasing utilization indicate vulnerability to loss. Partial drying of the wettest and seasonally wet meadows could result in losses of over five % of landscape SOC.