白头鹤的孵化及育雏

哈尔滨北方森林动物园自2007~2010年,人工饲养繁育白头鹤9只,在这4年里,深入的研究了白头鹤的生活习性。并对白头鹤卵的孵化条件进行研究,确定为白头鹤卵孵化前中期适宜温度为37．4～37．7℃,最适宜温度为37．6℃．湿度为48％~53％。晾卵时间根据天气情况及室内温度、湿度、通风条件而定,一般为3~8min;孵化后期温度为36．5—37℃,湿度为60％～62％,晾卵时间为5~15min;在孵化期间对白头鹤卵采取不同的孵化方式,包括人工孵化、义亲代孵、亲鹤自然孵化、人工孵化与自然孵化结合等孵化方式,通过对比发现,以上几种孵化方式都比较成功。同时本文通过对白头鹤人工育雏总结了白头鹤育雏方式、方法、以及饲料对白头鹤雏鸟体重的影响,为今后白头鹤在迁地保护中人工饲养繁育奠定基础。     

冠斑犀鸟的半人工孵化及全人工育雏试验

为掌握冠斑犀鸟的人工孵化和育雏技术,了解冠斑犀鸟雏鸟的生长情况,2007年6月4日对一个处于封巢期的冠斑犀鸟巢箱进行了掏窝取卵,取出仅有的一枚处于孵化中期(照卵比照)的冠斑犀鸟卵进行人工孵化(蛋壳乳白色,蛋重30.1g,外径48.52mm×35.70mm)。孵化温度为37.8～38℃,湿度为40%～50%。入孵后9d顺利出雏,推算其孵化期约(21±2)d。雏鸟重26.0g,属晚成鸟。眼睛从9日龄起张开一条缝隙至16日龄完全睁开;卵齿没有脱落而是与喙融合生长至22日龄消失;羽毛从4日龄开始生长至33日龄全身羽毛长齐。雏鸟从出雏到飞行共哺育了42d,哺育期的体重峰值为616.0g,出飞前体重回落到590.0g,出飞体重减重率为4.22%。除体重外其他各项指标与自然哺育的生长一致,体重增长可以用Logistic方程很好地拟合。测量结果显示全人工育雏的幼鸟出飞重是亲鸟哺育的168.6%倍,反映了人工育雏体重增长过快,虽然出飞时间没有推后但飞行质量受到了体重过重的影响。     

黑鹳在人工饲养条件下的繁殖

１９８５年－１９９３年对黑鹳先后组成４对配偶，共产卵３２枚，受精卵１４枚，受精率４３．７５％，出雏８只，出雏率５７．４％，成活５只，成活率６２．５％。黑雏在笼养条件下，３岁龄性成熟。齐齐哈尔地区４－６月份产卵，一般窝产卵４枚，年最多产卵１６枚，孵化期３１天。黑鹳为晚成鸟。自然育雏在雏鸟出壳后３－４小时开食，人工育雏２４小时开食，１５日龄雏鸟开始生长初级飞羽羽鞘，２０－２５日龄能站立，３０－３５日龄     

海兰褐蛋鸡饲养管理中存在的问题

１．育雏成活率不高。海兰褐商品代蛋鸡，在正常情况下，到４２日龄成活率在９８％以上，但在有些鸡场和专业户忽视了本品种需要较高的育雏温度及较高的能量和蛋白水平，致使育雏失败死亡率上升。育雏的正常要求是：温度，第１周雏鸡的温度要求３２℃～３４℃，以后每周下降２℃～３℃，直至脱温。温度一定要恒定，不能忽高忽低；蛋白水平，６周龄前日粮中蛋白水平不能低于２０％以下。而有些专业户所用的饲料经我们检测，蛋白水平更低，仅为１７．５％。２．育成期体重不达标。海兰褐要求１８周龄体重要达１５５０克，胫长９８～１０５毫米…     

斑嘴环企鹅人工孵化和育雏技术

为提高斑嘴环企鹅(Spheniscus demersus)的孵化率和成活率，选取上海动物园园内、繁殖场的4对斑嘴环企鹅的种卵进行人工孵化和育雏研究。结果显示：斑嘴环企鹅受精卵在孵化箱(温度36.3～36.8℃,相对湿度55%～65%)内孵化，孵化周期为39～42 d,出雏率达100%,刚出生的雏鸟体重为60.0～70.8 g; 40日龄前，饲喂与亲鸟嗉囊内半消化食物相近的自制鱼浆，40日龄雏鸟体重可达500 g左右；40～59日龄，饲喂鱼浆和整条小黄鱼；60日龄开始，仅饲喂整条小黄鱼；90日龄幼鸟可自主采食；203日龄幼鸟体重达2 500 g左右。结果表明：上海动物园斑嘴环企鹅的人工孵化和育雏技术已经相对成熟，可为斑嘴环企鹅繁育工作提供参考。     

提高育雏成活率的措施

提高鸡成败的重育雏成活要因素之一。率,是关系到养为此介绍一些技术措施,供参考。 一、创造条件是基础:1.温度。育雏室内的温度要适宜、平稳,控制在20～24℃内,不可忽高忽低。育雏器(保温伞等)中的温度在1～2日龄时为35℃;3～7天龄时为35～32℃;2周龄内为32～29℃;3周龄内为29～27℃;4周龄内为27～21℃。2.湿度。育雏室内空间相对湿度,一般在雏鸡10日龄内为65％,10日龄以后60％,20日龄以后55％,但在实际操作中,还要根据季节、饲养情况和雏鸡体质而适当调整。3.通风。舍内通风不良会影响雏鸡生     

高原条件下藏鸡人工孵化的研究

对高原地区藏鸡种蛋进行了4组人工孵化试验，测定不同的孵化温度和相对湿度对胚胎发育、受精蛋孵化率及健雏率的影响。试验结果表明：林芝地区藏鸡种蛋在不同的人工孵化温度、湿度条件下，受精蛋孵化率和健雏率均存在着一定的差异。通过对比筛选出孵化的最佳条件：孵化温度在1～6d为37．68C，7～14d为37．65C，15～20d为37．56C，21d为37．48C；相对湿度1～6d为54％～56％，7～14d为61％～63％，15～20d为64％～65％，21d为63．8％。其受精蛋孵化率可达88．9％，健雏率达97．0％。     

肉用品系鹅生长发育与性状间相关分析

对吉林农大肉用品系鹅体重、体长、颈长、胸深、胸宽、胫长、胫粗和龙骨长7项体尺指标进行测定及相关分析。结果表明：吉林农大肉用品系鹅早期生长快，其中1～3周龄生长强度较大；4～10周龄体重增加迅速；10周龄体重可达4．6kg；10周龄后相对生长速度减小。10周龄体重和其它7项体尺指标的数据经SAS软件分析，体重与体长、颈长、胸宽、胸深、龙骨长、胫粗相关极显著。     

夏季蛋鸡饲养管理新技术

1．1育雏温度 育雏舍的温度必须为34℃-35℃．湿度：10日龄为60％-70％，10日龄后为50％-60％，前期湿度略高于后期。     

饲养美国七彩山鸡应把好“五关”

美国七彩山鸡体型较大、适应性强、生长快，成年鸡平均体重达三．5公斤。养1羽这种商品鸡，饲养期3个月左右，成本大约15元，销售价35元，经济效益相当可观。根据各地的经验，其养殖技术要把好五关：1种蛋孵化关入孵的种蛋、孵化室、蛋架等要用福尔马林熏蒸消毒。孵化第1～21无期间，机内温度控制在37．8℃，湿度65～70％。21天后转入出雏机，温度保持在37℃，湿度要提高到75％。每隔2～4小时翻蛋1次，每天中午凉蛋1次，每次约10～20分钟。2雏鸡抚育关进雏后（出壳24～36小时）先开饮，喂给0．1％温高锰酸钾水溶液清洗肠道。育雏期主要喂给…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.