兴安落叶松天然林不同分化等级林木树干液流对综合环境因子的响应

[目的]以大兴安岭北部典型寒温带针叶林优势建群树种兴安落叶松为对象,分析不同分化等级林木树干液流对环境因子的综合响应,构建不同分化等级林木树干液流模型。[方法]利用热扩散式液流监测系统和通量塔的梯度气象系统连续监测树干液流及环境因子的变化。[结果]表明:1)观测期间,优势木具有较强的蒸腾能力,其平均液流密度分别为中等木和被压木的1.9倍、2.5倍。总体上,分化程度越高的林木日树干液流持续时间越长,液流密度峰值出现时间越早,液流密度的峰值也越高。2)利用主成分分析将降雨、净辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、风速、土壤温度、土壤含水量和水汽压亏缺降维为蒸发需求因子(EDI)、土壤水热因子和降水因子。EDI(与净辐射、温湿度、水汽压亏缺显著相关)是影响该地区林木树干液流的关键环境要素,其携带环境数据信息量的45%;土壤水热因子和降水因子分别携带20%和13%。3)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI呈顺时针时滞,对净辐射和水汽压亏缺则分别呈逆时针、顺时针时滞,且EDI的时滞效应明显较小。不同分化等级林木液流密度对EDI和水汽压亏缺的时滞表现一致,对净辐射的时滞则以优势木最小。4)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI的响应均符合"S"型模型,即液流升高到阈值后,不再随蒸发需求的增加而增大。模型中,中等木(0.458)和被压木(0.457)的过渡斜率略高于优势木(0.443),表明优势木树干液流对环境因子的敏感性略低。该模型对不同分化等级林木液流密度的模拟精度均在90%以上,考虑EDI的时滞效应或引入土壤水热因子、降水因子对模型精度的影响较小。[结论]兴安落叶松树干液流对综合环境因子存在较强的响应性,且在不同分化等级间存在差异;利用"S"模型和综合环境因子可有效估算不同分化等级兴安落叶松的树干液流。     

应用热扩散技术对红松人工林树干液流通量的研究

以黑龙江帽儿山森林生态定位研究站42年生红松人工林为研究对象,选择有代表性的优势木、中等木和被压木各3株,2004年5月29日-10月30日应用热扩散技术对不同径级红松树干液流进行测定,并同步测定相关的主要环境因子.通过生长锥获得不同径级红松边材宽度,建立边材面积与胸径的关系方程A＝8.032DBH-46.95(R2=0.82,P＜0.001).结果表明:晴天红松树干液流呈明显的单峰曲线,最大值一般出现在12:00-14:00,且优势木＞中等木＞被压木;而在阴雨天呈不规则曲线,最大值的出现没有规律,夜间也不同程度地出现液流,且优势木、中等木和被压木之间液流密度的差异缩小.日液流通量随着生长季节的进程基本呈现减小的趋势,且优势木＞中等木＞被压木.相关分析和逐步回归表明,影响生长季红松树干液流的主要环境因子为蒸汽压亏缺和光合有效辐射.由液流通量和边材面积的推算获得,被测红松人工林边材面积为89 436.94 cm2·hm-2,生长季蒸腾耗水量为678.95 t·hm-2;其中优势木、中等木和被压木分别占整个林分耗水量的54.83%、35.68%和9.48%.优势木、中等木和被压木在生长季的日总蒸腾量分别为0.06～1.42、0.014～0.83和0.017～0.25 t.     

生长季水曲柳树干液流密度的特征

应用热扩散技术测定帽儿山不同径级水曲柳样木生长季的树干液流,初步分析和对比优势木、中等木和被压木树干液流密度的特征及季节变化趋势。结果表明,水曲柳树干液流密度变化具有明显的昼夜节律性,中等木液流密度变化呈单峰曲线,被压木液流密度变化曲线近似梯形,优势木液流密度变化呈弧形曲线,水曲柳中等木液流密度明显大于被压木和优势木。不同天气条件下液流密度日变化规律大不相同,阴雨天液流密度值较小且变化曲线十分不规则,波动性较大,甚至出现多峰曲线。生长季,优势木和被压木日液流通量最大值均出现在7月初至8月耒,分剐为1032．481／（m^2·d）和l063．78I／（m^2·d）;中等木液流通量最大值出现在6月初至6月末,为2260．911／（m^2·d）;优势木和被压木日液流通量最小值出现在9月份,中等木日液流通量最小值出现在生长季未期。,随季节推移,生长季各月份液流密度均值基本逐渐减小,进入生长季末期（10月）基本处于微弱渡动状态。水曲柳优势木和被压木6月份和9月份液流密度平均值均小于中等木,7月份和8月份液流密度月平均值非常接近;中等木液流密度平均值6月份最大,优势木和被压木的液流密度最大月均值出现在7月份,     

华北落叶松液流速率的优势度差异及其对林分蒸腾估计的影响

将实测的杨树液流速率和林木边材厚度(或胸径)经尺度扩展得到林分蒸腾,已成为常用的野外测定方法,但此法没有考虑其他树形因子的影响,当林分密度大、光竞争激烈时,会导致蒸腾估计误差偏大。为认识主要树形因子对液流速率的影响,并为改进样树液流向林分蒸腾的尺度扩展方法提供依据,在六盘山北侧半干旱区华北落叶松人工林内,利用热扩散探针对5株不同优势度样树的液流速率进行了连续观测,研究了生长季中期(叶面积指数达到峰值并保持稳定)不同土壤水分条件下不同优势度树木的液流速率差异。结果表明:优势度越大的树木,其液流在日内的启动越早,结束越晚,到达峰值越早,峰值也越大;日均液流速率明显比优势度小的树木高;液流速率对太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差瞬时变化的响应敏感性比优势度小的树木高,而对土壤水分条件的响应敏感性则弱于后者,但整体上对环境条件的响应趋势一致,不同优势度树木间液流速率的相对差异比较稳定。相关分析表明:液流速率与优势度(或相对树高)、树高呈极显著正相关,与冠长、胸径显著正相关,而与冠幅、边材面积正相关但不显著。利用拟合的优势度与液流速率之间的线性关系(R²=0.95)计算了样地内所有树木的液流速率及其平均值,即林分平均液流速率,该值比常用方法计算结果低16%。建议今后在利用样树液流速率测定结果进行尺度扩展计算林分液流速率和蒸腾时,增加考虑优势度等主要树形因子的影响。     

西藏柏木优树选择研究

通过对220个样地调查资料分析，得出以胸径为主要选择性状，辅以树高及形质指标作为西藏柏木优树选择依据。优树标准为：树高、胸径为样地均值加2．64和3．0个标准差，或树高大于三株优势木24．7％，大于五株优势木29．0％；胸径分别大于三、五株优势木47．5％和53．2％；树干通直无弯(树干通直度I级)；直立不倒伏(树干倒伏级I级)；高径比80-l10；健康且树型为尖塔型或圆锥型。通过评分法确定总分90分以上为I级优树。     

华北落叶松树干液流的个体差异和林分蒸腾估计的尺度上推

2005年6-10月在宁夏六盘山南侧的西峡林场,选择比较均匀的坡面(坡度45°),布设了20m×20m的华北落叶松固定标准地,应用热扩散茎流计连续测定13株树木的树干液流.结果表明:不同径级树木的树干日液流量存在较大差异,在6-7月,其值变化在11.17～24.46kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.298(n=5);在8-10月,其值变化在5.01～22.25 kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.454(n=13).方差分析表明,胸径和液流密度是2个显著影响树干日液流量变异的因子,前者主要通过决定树干边材面积来控制树干液流量大小,它可以解释变异方差的56.9%;树干液流密度可以解释变异方差的34.7%.相关性分析表明,树干液流密度与与林木个体的生长指标(树高、胸径、冠幅和边材面积)无显著相关关系,但与林木的空间指标--树冠重叠度呈显著线性负相关(r=-0.668),即树干液流密度随树冠重叠度增加而降低,说明树干液流密度主要受其林木所处的空间位置及周围树木遮荫影响而发生变化.最后,利用树干液流密度与树冠重叠度之间的关系,提出基于林木空间差异估计华北落叶松林分蒸腾量的方法,并与常用的基于边材面积的尺度转换方法进行对比.结果表明,2种方法估计的林分日蒸腾量的数值变化趋势基本相同,但基于林木空间差异的方法估计的华北落叶松林分平均日蒸腾量为1.15mm·d-1,而基于边材面积的方法的估计值为1.32mm·d-1,前者低于后者13.13%,说明不考虑林木空间特征可能会导致林分日蒸腾量估计值偏大.     

不同地形条件下木荷幼林生长状况

为提高木荷造林成效,探索影响木荷生长的地形因子,在福建省华安西陂国有林场对不同地形条件下木荷的生长情况进行系统调查和研究。结果表明,造林3 a后,不同坡位标准地中木荷的胸径、树高和冠幅生长均表现为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,其中下坡位标准地的木荷平均胸径、树高和冠幅分别为3.11 cm、4.44 m和2.50 m。同处山脊的标准地,造林4 a后,东北坡的木荷在胸径生长方面表现最佳,平均胸径为5.29 cm;东南坡的木荷在树高和冠幅生长方面表现最佳,平均树高可达6.75 m、平均冠幅可达4.54 m;西北坡的木荷生长情况相对较差。在坡向和造林苗木规格相同的情况下,造林2 a后,位于山谷标准地的木荷长势明显好于山脊标准地上的木荷,但两者在胸径、树高和冠幅生长方面的差异并不显著。此外,在山谷地带,南坡标准地上营造木荷较西南坡向标准地上的木荷长势更好,造林2 a后,平均胸径、树高和冠幅分别可达2.96 cm、3.14 m和2.14 m;在山脊地带,南坡较北坡更有利于木荷胸径和冠幅生长,但在树高生长方面影响不大。     

杉木人工林目标树经营技术参数的研究

对浙江省杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata主要分布区51个不同发育阶段杉木人工林典型样地调查,分析不同优势木高杉木人工林的径级结构,并利用126株优势木数据,建立杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高、冠幅之间关系,得出胸径与树高相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.361 8X+4.497 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.796 5(X表示胸径,Y表示树高);胸径和冠幅的相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.137 9X+0.858 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.881 6(X表示胸径,Y表示冠幅)。通过对3株50年生杉木人工林大径级林分优势木的树干解析,研究大径级杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高与材积的生长规律,结果显示生长率都呈现逐年降低趋势,树高较为明显。树高、胸径、材积生长率最大值出现在10年生时分别为5.278 7%,15.069%,25.895%;而50年生时仅为0.273 3%,0.186 9%,0.921 7%。研究提出杉木人工林目标树经营的发育阶段划分、合理密度、目标树数量等关键经营技术参数,为杉木人工林的目标树经营提供理论依据。     

不同时间尺度下兴安落叶松树干液流密度与环境因子的关系

基于连续1年的兴安落叶松树干液流密度和环境因子(光照、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度)的测定结果,探讨不同时间尺度下树干液流密度与环境因子的关系差异.在月时间尺度上,土壤温度和土壤湿度显著影响树干液流密度变化,土壤温度单位增加引起树干液流上升0.084～0.123 L·cm-2 month-1;在天时间尺度上,显著影响因子有土壤温度、光照和空气温度,其中土壤温度为最主要的影响因子,单位增加会导致树干液流上升1.9 ～2.7 mL·cm-2 d-1;在小时时间尺度上,主要影响因子在不同季节不同,但最主要因子多是直接影响地上叶片生理指标如光照和空气湿度,二者单位上升平均分别引起树干液流上升1.239 mL·cm-2 min-1和下降0.0566 mL·cm-2 min-1.随尺度由大到小,对树干液流影响最大的因子有从地下直接与根系水分吸收相关的土壤环境因子向地上直接影响叶片蒸腾的环境因子(光照和空气湿度)转变的趋势.同时,随着尺度增大,与树干液流显著相关的环境因子数明显下降,且相关系数R2显著提高,长期监测树木耗水可以采用监测环境因子反推的方法,而在小尺度上相同方法可能导致很大误差,最好采用直接测定法.     

杉木闽楠木荷混交林不同坡位生长情况浅析

对福建省将乐国有林场8年生的杉木闽楠木荷混交林不同坡位各树种的树高胸径生长量进行调查分析,结果表明:不同坡位的杉木、木荷及闽楠,下坡的胸径和树高生长量均大于中坡和上坡;坡位对杉木与木荷的生长没有显著影响,对闽楠的胸径和树高生长影响显著;混交林中各树种均生长良好,种间关系较协调。各树种不同部分的生物量都是树干最大,树根次之,树叶和树枝最小。     

Radial distribution of sap flux density in trunks of a mature beech stand

In a mature beech stand located in north-eastern Germany, xylem sap flux measurements were continuously performed during the 2002–2004 growing seasons. Ten representative trunks were studied using heated thermal dissipation probes. The measurements aimed at identifying principles governing radial profiles of xylem flux in beech trunks. The measurements were taken up to a trunk depth of 132 mm. The sap flow density in the pericambial xylem was found to vary among trees of different diameters, but was not considerably smaller in suppressed trees. A model for the radial distribution of sap flux density was formulated relating trunk radius and sap flow density. The model takes into account different trunk diameter. About 90% of the sap flux was found to occur in the outer two fifths of the trunk. Using this model, an adequate estimate of transpiration can be achieved at tree and stand level, even when the sap flux measurements are restricted to the outer trunk sectors.     

Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk of orchard-grown,mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions

Circumferential and radial variations in xylem sap flux density in trunks of 13-year-old mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees were investigated with Granier sap flow sensor probes under limiting and non-limiting soil water conditions. Under non-limiting soil water conditions, circumferential variation was substantial, but there was no apparent relationship between sap flux density and aspect (i.e., the radial position of the sensor probes on the trunk relative to the compass). Hourly sap flux densities over 24 hours at different aspects were highly pair-wise correlated. The relationships between different aspects were constant during well-watered periods but highly variable under changing soil water conditions. Sap flux density showed marked radial variation within the trunk and a substantial flux was observed at the center of the trunk. For each selected aspect on each tree, changes in sap flux densities over time at different depths were closely correlated, so flux at a particular depth could be extrapolated as a multiple of flux from 0 to 2 cm beneath the cambium. However, depth profiles of sap flux density differed between trees and even between aspects within a tree, and also varied in an unpredictable manner as soil water conditions changed. Nevertheless, over a period of non-limiting soil water conditions, depth profiles remained relatively constant. Based on the depth profiles obtained during these periods, a method is described for calculating total sap flow in a mango tree from sap flux density at 0-2 cm beneath the cambium. Total daily sap flows obtained were consistent with water use estimated from soil water balance.     

Diurnal and seasonal variability in radial distribution of sap flux density: Implications for estimating stand transpiration

Daily and seasonal patterns in radial distribution of sap flux density were monitored in six trees differing in social position in a mixed coniferous stand dominated by silver fir (Abies alba Miller) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in the Alps of northeastern Italy. Radial distribution of sap flux was measured with arrays of 1-cm-long Granier probes. The radial profiles were either Gaussian or decreased monotonically toward the tree center, and seemed to be related to social position and crown distribution of the trees. The ratio between sap flux estimated with the most external sensor and the mean flux, weighted with the corresponding annulus areas, was used as a correction factor (CF) to express diurnal and seasonal radial variation in sap flow. During sunny days, the diurnal radial profile of sap flux changed with time and accumulated photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), with an increasing contribution of sap flux in the inner sapwood during the day. Seasonally, the contribution of sap flux in the inner xylem increased with daily cumulative PAR and the variation of CF was proportional to the tree diameter, ranging from 29% for suppressed trees up to 300% for dominant trees. Two models were developed, relating CF with PAR and tree diameter at breast height (DBH), to correct daily and seasonal estimates of whole-tree and stand sap flow obtained by assuming uniform sap flux density over the sapwood. If the variability in the radial profile of sap flux density was not accounted for, total stand transpiration would be overestimated by 32% during sunny days and 40% for the entire season.     

Vertical foliage distribution determines the radial pattern of sap flux density in Picea abies

Understanding the causes determining the radial pattern of sap flux density is important both for improving knowledge of sapwood functioning and for up-scaling sap flow measurements to canopy transpiration and ecosystem water use. To investigate the anatomical connection between whorls and annual sapwood rings, pruning-induced variation in the radial pattern of sap flux density was monitored with Granier probes in a 35-year-old Picea abies (L.) Karst tree that was pruned from the crown bottom up. Modifications in the radial pattern of sap flux density were quantified by a shape index (SI), which varies with the relative contribution of the outer and inner sapwood to tree transpiration. The SI progressively diminished during bottom up pruning, indicating a significant reduction in sap flow contribution of the inner sapwood. Results suggest that the radial pattern of sap flux density depends mainly on the vertical distribution of foliage in the crown, with lower shaded branches hydraulically connected with inner sapwood and upper branches connected with the outer rings.     

A model of heat transfer in sapwood and implications for sap flux density measurements using thermal dissipation probes

A variety of thermal approaches are used to estimate sap flux density in stems of woody plants. Models have proved valuable tools for interpreting the behavior of heat pulse, heat balance and heat field deformation techniques, but have seldom been used to describe heat transfer dynamics for the heat dissipation method. Therefore, to better understand the behavior of heat dissipation probes, a model was developed that takes into account the thermal properties of wood, the physical dimensions and thermal characteristics of the probes, and the conductive and convective heat transfer that occurs due to water flow in the sapwood. Probes were simulated as aluminum tubes 20 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, whereas sapwood, heartwood and bark each had a density and water fraction that determined their thermal properties. Base simulations assumed a constant sap flux density with sapwood depth and no wounding or physical disruption of xylem beyond the 2 mm diameter hole drilled for probe installation. Simulations across a range of sap flux densities showed that the dimensionless quantity k [defined as (ΔT(m) -ΔT)/ΔT, where ΔT(m) is the temperature differential (ΔT) between the heated and unheated probe under zero-flow conditions] was dependent on the thermal conductivity of the sapwood. The relationship between sap flux density and k was also sensitive to radial gradients in sap flux density and to xylem disruption near the probe. Monte Carlo analysis in which 1000 simulations were conducted while simultaneously varying thermal conductivity and wound diameter revealed that sap flux density and k showed considerable departure from the original calibration equation used with this technique. The departure was greatest for variation in sap flux density typical of ring-porous species. Depending on the specific combination of thermal conductivity and wound diameter, use of the original calibration equation resulted in an 81% under- to 48% overestimation of sap flux density at modest flux rates. Future studies should verify these simulations and assess their utility in estimating sap flux density for this widely used technique.     

基于热消散技术的毛竹林蒸腾耗水估算

【目的】试验不同长度热消散探针(TDP)测量毛竹液流的可行性,分析年龄对立竹液流的影响,并据此对立竹液流进行尺度扩展,估算桂北毛竹林的蒸腾耗水,为区域毛竹林的生态水文效应研究和指导关键生态功能区植被结构调整提供依据。【方法】显微镜观察毛竹输水结构在竹壁上的径向分布。基于热消散方法,用5 mm和10 mm长度的TDP探针对1～2年生立竹和3龄以上立竹的基部液流进行连续测量,并同步测定环境因子。【结果】维管束在毛竹竹壁上不均匀分布,竹壁外侧维管束小而密,导管分化不完全,竹壁内侧维管束大而疏,导管分化完全,直径较大。10 mm TDP探针测得的液流密度显著高于5 mm探针,其平均液流密度是5 mm探针的4.03倍。在生长旺季的7月,基于10 mm TDP探针测量的1～2年生立竹正午液流密度显著高于3龄以上立竹,而在早上和傍晚二者基本相同。1～2年生立竹液流的平均日通量在测量生长季内均高于3龄以上立竹,二者的平均日液流通量分别为51.15和33.80 g·cm^-2 d^-1。以立竹年龄和基径作为液流尺度扩展依据估测的桂北毛竹林日蒸腾耗水量在观测生长季内为0.01～0.72 mm·d^-1,平均日蒸腾耗水量为0.31 mm·d^-1。【结论】10 mm长度的TDP探针较5 mm探针更适宜用于毛竹液流的测量。1～2年生立竹比3龄以上立竹具有更高的液流密度和日液流通量,因此年龄是毛竹液流由立竹到林分尺度扩展时除立竹直径外另一个必须要考虑的因素。     

Heat dissipation sensors of variable length for the measurement of sap flow in trees with deep sapwood

Robust thermal dissipation sensors of variable length (3 to 30 cm) were developed to overcome limitations to the measurement of radial profiles of sap flow in large-diameter tropical trees with deep sapwood. The effective measuring length of the custom-made sensors was reduced to 1 cm at the tip of a thermally nonconducting shaft, thereby minimizing the influence of nonuniform sap flux density profiles across the sapwood. Sap flow was measured at different depths and circumferential positions in the trunks of four trees at the Parque Natural Metropolitano canopy crane site, Panama City, Republic of Panama. Sap flow was detected to a depth of 24 cm in the trunks of a 1-m-diameter Anacardium excelsum (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels tree and a 0.65-m-diameter Ficus insipida Willd. tree, and to depths of 7 cm in a 0.34-m-diameter Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. trunk, and 17 cm in a 0.47-m-diameter Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin trunk. Sap flux density was maximal in the outermost 4 cm of sapwood and declined with increasing sapwood depth. Considerable variation in sap flux density profiles was observed both within and among the trees. In S. morototoni, radial variation in sap flux density was associated with radial variation in wood properties, particularly vessel lumen area and distribution. High variability in radial and circumferential sap flux density resulted in large errors when measurements of sap flow at a single depth, or a single radial profile, were used to estimate whole-plant water use. Diurnal water use ranged from 750 kg H2O day-1 for A. excelsum to 37 kg H2O day-1 for C. alliodora.     

Influences of environmental factors on the radial profile of sap flux density in Fagus crenata growing at different elevations in the Naeba Mountains, Japan

Sap flux density was measured continuously during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons by the heat dissipation method in natural Fagus crenata Blume (Japanese beech) forests growing between 550 and 1600 m on the northern slope of the Kagura Peak of the Naeba Mountains, Japan. Sap flux density decreased radially toward the inner xylem and the decrease was best expressed in relation to the number of annual rings from the cambium, or in relation to the relative depth between the cambium and the trunk center, rather than as a function of absolute depth. The relative influences of radiation, vapor pressure deficit and soil water on sap flux density during the growing season were similar for the outer and inner xylem, and at all sites. Measurements of soil water content and water potential at a depth of 0.25 m demonstrated that sap flux density responded similarly and sensitively to water potential changes in this soil layer, despite large differences in rooting depth at different elevations, localizing one important control point in the functioning of this forest ecosystem. Identification of the relative influences of radiation, vapor pressure deficit and drying of the upper soil layer on sap flux density provides a framework for in-depth analysis of the control of transpiration in Japanese beech forests. In addition, the finding that the same general controls are operating on sap flux density despite climate gradients and large differences in overall forest stand structure will enhance understanding of water use by forests along elevation gradients.     

Variation in the radial patterns of sap flux density in pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) and its implications for tree and stand transpiration measurements

Radial variation in sap flux density across the sapwood was assessed by the heat field deformation method in several trees of Quercus pubescens Wild., a ring-porous species. Sapwood depths were delimited by identifying the point of zero flow in radial patterns of sap flow, yielding tree sapwood areas that were 1.5-2 times larger than assumed based on visual examinations of wood cores. The patterns of sap flow varied both among trees and diurnally. Rates of sap flow were higher close to the cambium, although there was a significant contribution from the inner sapwood, which was greater (up to 60% of total flow) during the early morning and late in the day. Accordingly, the normalized difference between outer and inner sapwood flow was stable during the middle of the day, but showed a general decline in the afternoon. The distribution of sap flux density across the sapwood allowed us to derive correction coefficients for single-point heat dissipation sap flow measurements. We used daytime-averaged coefficients that depended on the particular shape of the radial profile and ranged between 0.45 and 1.28. Stand transpiration calculated using the new method of estimating sapwood areas and the radial correction coefficients was similar to (Year 2003), or about 25% higher than (Year 2004), previous uncorrected values, and was 20-30% of reference evapotranspiration. We demonstrated how inaccuracies in determining sapwood depths and mean sap flux density across the sapwood of ring-porous species could affect tree and stand transpiration estimates.