Effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on development and intracellular redox status of bovine preimplantation embryos exposed to heat shock

The development of cleavage stage preimplantation embryos is disrupted by exposure to heat shock, such as high temperatures in the summer season. In this study, we investigated whether addition of anthocyanins, which are strong scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), improves development and intracellular redox status of heat-exposed bovine preimplantation embryos by reduction of heat shock-derived oxidative stress. After in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryos were cultured at 38.5 C through Day 8 (Day 0=day of IVF) with 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml anthocyanins (non-heat-shocked group). On Day 2, embryos were cultured at 41.5 C for 6 h with 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml anthocyanins followed by culture at 38.5 C until Day 8 (HS group). After exposure to heat shock, the intracellular ROS and glutathione (GSH) contents of individual embryos were measured in the non-heat-shocked and HS groups using fluorescent probes. On Day 8, the blastocysts formation rates of the embryos and total cell numbers of blastocysts were evaluated. Embryos exposed to heat shock without anthocyanins showed a significant decrease in blastocyst formation rate and GSH content (P<0.05) and an increase in intracellular ROS (P<0.05) compared with non-heat-shocked embryos. In contrast, addition of 0.1 microg/ml anthocyanins significantly (P<0.05) improved the blastocyst formation rate of the heat-shocked embryos. Addition of any dose of anthocyanins produced a significant decrease in the ROS levels (P<0.05) and tended to increase the GSH levels under heat-shock conditions. However, addition of higher concentrations (1 and 10 microg/ml) of anthocyanins to the culture media under heat shock did not improve the development of embryos. These results indicate that anthocyanins maintain the intracellular redox balance of heat-shocked bovine embryos by reducing intracellular oxidative stress and increasing the GSH levels. Thus, alterations of the redox state using natural antioxidative polyphenols is a useful approach for reducing heat shock-derived oxidative stress.     

Effect of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone as an Antioxidant on In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes and Development of Parthenogenetic Embryos in Pigs

One of the factors that impairs in vitro produced porcine embryos is the oxidative stress that is mainly caused by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidants activity, especially that of glutathione (GSH). Here, we examined the effect of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a kind of flavonoid antioxidant, on porcine oocyte maturation and its developmental competence. Porcine oocytes were cultured in media supplemented with 0, 1, 5 and 10 μM 7,8-DHF during both in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) after parthenogenetic activation. Maturation of oocytes was evaluated based on first polar body (PB) extrusion and intracellular GSH level, and developmental competence was assessed through observing cleavage and blastocyst formation. In each step, the levels of intracellular GSH and ROS were assessed by fluorescence intensity, and the apoptosis-related gene expression was examined using semiquantitative RT-PCR. The group treated with 1 μM 7,8-DHF during IVM and IVC showed increased cytoplasmic maturation and reached the blastocysts stage (36.1%) at a higher rate than the other groups (24.7, 16.0 and 10.3% for 0, 5 and 10 μM, P<0.05). In that group, the intracellular GSH level was significantly increased while ROS generation was significantly decreased after IVM and IVC (P<0.05). Moreover, it showed high expression of an anti-apoptotic gene (BCL2L1) and low expression of a pro-apoptotic gene (BAK1) (P<0.05). In conclusion, treatment with 1 μM 7,8-DHF during IVM and IVC showed an anti-apoptotic effect by increasing intracellular GSH synthesis and scavenging ROS and therefore improved the developmental competence of porcine embryos.     

Developmental Competence of Frozen-thawed Blastocysts from Fair-quality Bovine Embryos Cultured with β-Mercaptoethanol

Two-hundred-and-thirty-one fair-quality embryos at the compacted morula stage collected from 89 superovulated cows were cultured in TCM199 or Brinster's BMOC-3 medium with or without 100 microM beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME). After 24 h culture, a total of 142 fair-quality embryos developed to the blastocyst stage, of which 106 were subsequently frozen with 1.8 M ethylene glycol. The mean cell number and development rates of frozen-thawed blastocysts from the fair-quality embryos cultured in TCM199 containing beta-ME were higher than those of the fair-quality embryos directly frozen without culture. The pregnancy rates obtained with frozen blastocysts from fair-quality embryos tended to be lower than those of non-cultured fresh fair-quality embryos and cultured fresh blastocysts. These results indicate that the inclusion of beta-ME in pre-freezing culture media improve the development of frozen-thawed blastocysts from fair-quality embryos, but not the pregnancy rate.     

Developmental competence of frozen-thawed blastocysts from fair-quality bovine embryos cultured with beta-mercaptoethanol

Two-hundred-and-thirty-one fair-quality embryos at the compacted morula stage collected from 89 superovulated cows were cultured in TCM199 or Brinster's BMOC-3 medium with or without 100 microM beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME). After 24 h culture, a total of 142 fair-quality embryos developed to the blastocyst stage, of which 106 were subsequently frozen with 1.8 M ethylene glycol. The mean cell number and development rates of frozen-thawed blastocysts from the fair-quality embryos cultured in TCM199 containing beta-ME were higher than those of the fair-quality embryos directly frozen without culture. The pregnancy rates obtained with frozen blastocysts from fair-quality embryos tended to be lower than those of non-cultured fresh fair-quality embryos and cultured fresh blastocysts. These results indicate that the inclusion of beta-ME in pre-freezing culture media improve the development of frozen-thawed blastocysts from fair-quality embryos, but not the pregnancy rate.     

Antioxidant systems and lymphocyte proliferation in the horse,sheep and dog

To better define the species-specific antioxidant systems and to ascertain the influence of the intracellular redox status on the immune system of different animal species, we determined lymphocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, plasmatic glutathione levels (GSH) and the effect of H2O2 on the responsiveness of lymphocytes to proliferative stimuli. Among the three species considered, sheep presented the lowest plasmatic GSH and the highest lymphocyte GSHPx activity. On the contrary, dogs showed an inverted pattern (high GSH - low GSHPx). Horses displayed intermediate values for both parameters analysed. The effect of H2O2 on the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes was the same for all three species; the 200 microM dose in particular was strongly inhibiting. Each species, however, showed different rates of inhibition: sheep exhibited the highest sensitivity to the antiproliferative effect of H2O2. Our results confirmed that high H2O2 concentrations (200 microM) are noxious for the cellular functions of all animals; however this effect is mediated by a rigorously species-specific relationship between the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the molecular systems involved in cell proliferation.     

Cysteamine Supplementation of In vitro Maturation Media: A Review

Under in vitro culture conditions, oxidative modifications of cell components via increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a major culture induced stress. Anti‐oxidant systems such as glutathione (GSH) can attenuate the deleterious effects of oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. It has been suggested that GSH content in oocytes may serve as a reservoir protecting the zygote and the early embryos from oxidative damage before genomic activation and de novo GSH synthesis occur. Addition of low molecular weight compounds to culture media, such as cysteamine, can increase GSH levels by increasing cysteine uptake. Quite naturally, effects of supplementation of in vitro maturation (IVM) media with low molecular weight thiols have been studied in various species. This article reviews the use of cysteamine supplementation for IVM, its effects on maturation rates and further embryo development.     

芝麻素对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响

本试验旨研究在体外培养（in vitro culture，IVC）中添加芝麻素（sesamin，SES）对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响。采集6周龄雌性昆明小鼠受精卵，随机分为对照组和不同浓度（10、50、100 μmol/L）SES组。采用Fluorescein-dUTP和Hoechst 33342免疫荧光染色分别检测囊胚内细胞凋亡率和总细胞数；采用DCFH-DA检测早期胚胎内活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）水平；采用CMF₂HC检测早期胚胎内谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH）水平；采用JC-1检测早期胚胎线粒体膜电位强度。结果显示，不同浓度SES组分裂率和囊胚率较对照组均有提高，但无显著差异（P>0.05）；50 μmol/L SES组细胞数较对照组显著提高（P<0.05），细胞凋亡率较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，50 μmol/L SES组ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05），GSH水平和线粒体膜电位水平显著提高（P<0.05）。结果表明，在IVC中添加SES可提高囊胚内细胞数、减少细胞凋亡率，降低细胞内ROS水平，提高细胞内GSH水平，改善早期胚胎线粒体功能，减少胚胎氧化应激的损伤，提高小鼠早期胚胎发育质量。     

Use of flow cytometry and monochlorobimane to quantitate intracellular glutathione concentrations in feline leukocytes

Oxidative stress and abnormal glutathione metabolism is thought to play an important role in various diseases of cats. However, current assays for the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) are time-consuming and semi-quantitative and do not allow assessment of GSH concentrations in individual cell populations. Therefore, we developed a flow cytometric assay for rapid determination of intracellular GSH concentrations in feline blood leukocytes. The assay was based on the ability of the non-fluorescent substrate monochlorobimane (mBCl) to form fluorescent adducts with GSH in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase. Using flow cytometry, we found that mBCl was sensitive and specific for intracellular detection of the reduced form of GSH in feline leukocytes. Intracellular GSH concentrations were also stable for at least 24h in EDTA preserved whole blood samples stored at 4 degrees C. Neutrophils and monocytes from normal cats had significantly higher intracellular concentrations of GSH than T cells and B cells. The effects of FIV infection on intracellular GSH concentrations in cats were assessed using flow cytometry. We found that neutrophils from FIV-infected cats had significantly increased GSH concentrations, whereas intracellular GSH concentrations were significantly decreased in CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from FIV-infected cats, compared to age-matched control animals. We conclude that a flow cytometric assay based on mBCl may be used to accurately and rapidly assess the effects of various disease states and treatments on GSH concentration in cat leukocytes and to help assess intracellular oxidative stress.     

2-氨基乙基联苯基硼酸酯对玻璃化冷冻牛成熟卵母细胞发育能力的影响

【目的】研究内质网IP3受体（IP3R）抑制剂2-氨基乙基联苯基硼酸酯（2-APB）对玻璃化冷冻-解冻牛MⅡ期卵母细胞发育能力的影响。【方法】将体外成熟24 h的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（COCs）用0.1%透明质酸酶消化去除卵丘颗粒细胞，获得的卵母细胞分为对照组和2-APB组，采用OPS法进行玻璃化冷冻，对照组直接进行玻璃化冷冻，2-APB组在玻璃化冷冻前先用10 μmol/L 2-APB预处理10 min。2 d后解冻卵母细胞，统计解冻后（0 h）及恢复培养2 h时卵母细胞的存活率，用FITC-PNA荧光探针检测恢复培养2 h时卵母细胞皮质颗粒（CG）的分布，用2'，7'-DCHFDA和Cell Tracker Blue CMF2HC分别检测胞内活性氧（ROS）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。将成熟培养24 h未冷冻卵母细胞（Fresh组），与解冻后恢复2 h的对照组和2-APB组卵母细胞同时进行孤雌激活，于培养的第2、7天分别统计孤雌胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率。【结果】与对照组相比，2-APB组冷冻-解冻卵母细胞0和2 h的存活率均显著增加（P＜0.05）；2-APB组皮质颗粒皮质区分布比例显著提高（P＜0.05），损伤型分布比例显著降低（P＜0.05）；2-APB组卵母细胞内GSH含量显著增加（P＜0.05），ROS含量显著降低（P＜0.05）；2-APB组卵母细胞孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著增加（P＜0.05），且与Fresh组无显著差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】2-APB预处理可通过增加卵母细胞内GSH含量，降低卵母细胞皮质颗粒损伤型分布比例和胞内ROS含量，提高玻璃化冷冻保存牛MⅡ期卵母细胞质量及早期胚胎发育能力。     

Oxidative stress and redox regulation on in vitro development of mammalian embryos

Many factors affect development of mammalian preimplantation embryos in vitro. It is well known that in vitro development of bovine embryos is highly affected by culture condition including energy source, growth factors, pH or gas environment. Many efforts have been made towards the suitable environments which can successfully support embryo development in vitro. For a rapid growth and differentiation, embryo requires energy by utilizing ATP, NADPH with oxygen molecules. These energy substrates are produced from the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. In addition to energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also generated as by-product of such energy production system. ROS production is sensitively controlled by the balance of oxidizing and reducing status and affected by several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or low molecular weight thiols such as glutathione (GSH). Imbalance of oxidation and reduction causes production of excess ROS, which causes the developmental arrest, physical DNA damage, apoptosis induction or lipid peroxidation. Environmental oxygen condition during embryo culture also highly affects embryo development as well as intracellular redox balance. Several studies have revealed that regulation of intra- and extra- cellular reducing environment by reducing excess ROS by using antioxidants, reducing oxygen concentration are effective for improving embryo development. Also, recent studies have demonstrated the difference in gene expression affected by oxidative stress. This review briefly summarizes the effects of ROS and the role of redox balance on preimplantation embryos for improving the efficiency of in vitro production of mammalian embryos.     

Quantification of plasma reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and plasma total glutathione in healthy cats

Glutathione is an important intracellular tripeptide with multiple functions. Abnormal glutathione metabolism is thought to play an important role in various diseases of cats. However, no data regarding concentration of plasma glutathione are available for domestic cats. This study discusses the development of a rapid, simple high pressure liquid chromatography method for measurement of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSH) and total glutathione (GSHt) in plasma, for the purpose of establishing baseline data for future studies. The mean concentrations of GSH, GSSH and GSHt were 4.51+/-1 microM; 19.44+/-3.79 microM (expressed as GSH equivalent) and 23.59+/-3.89 microM, respectively. This is the first report of plasma glutathione concentrations in this species.     

Contrasting effects of heat shock during in vitro maturation on development of in vitro‐fertilized and parthenogenetic bovine embryos

This study investigated the influence of heat shock during in vitro maturation on embryo development following in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenesis (Part). Immature bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes were exposed to heat shock (41.0°C) during the first 12 hr of in vitro maturation (IVM), followed by 12 hr at 38.5°C. Control group consisted of in vitro maturation for 24 hr at 38.5°C. Oocytes were in vitro‐fertilized or activated with ionomycin and cultured in vitro for 192 hr post‐in vitro insemination or parthenogenetic activation (hpia). There was an interaction (p < .01) between temperature of IVM and method of oocyte activation (IVF or Part) for cleavage at 48 hpia. Heat shock had a negative impact (p < .01) on cleavage of IVF embryos, whereas no (p > .05) effect was found in the Part embryos. Embryo development towards blastocyst stage at 168 and 192 hpia decreased in both IVF and Part embryos derived from heat‐shocked oocytes. Heat shock increased (p < .05) the apoptotic index in Part blastocysts, but no effect (p > .05) was found in IVF counterparts. Heat shock also down‐regulated the expression of AQP3 (p < .01) and up‐regulated the expression of HSP70.1 (p < .01) in Part blastocysts, whereas it down‐regulated the expression of ATP1A1 (p < .05) in IVF blastocysts. In conclusion, the effects of heat shock during IVM on early embryo cleavage and blastocyst apoptosis are influenced by the method of oocyte activation and expression of some genes can be disturbed in embryos derived from heat‐shocked oocytes.     

乙草胺对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

【目的】研究乙草胺对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,为研究体内乙草胺对卵母细胞质量的影响提供参考。【方法】将收集的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs)置于含有不同浓度(0(对照组)、10、50、100、130、200 μmol/L)乙草胺的体外成熟培养液中培养14 h,统计卵母细胞第一极体排出率,进行体外受精后,统计体外受精胚胎的囊胚率,筛选出适宜于卵母细胞体外培养的乙草胺浓度。将COCs在对照组和筛选出的适宜浓度的乙草胺组成熟培养液中培养14 h后,利用DCFH-DA检测卵母细胞活性氧(ROS)水平;利用CellTracker^TM蓝色染料检测卵母细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;利用JC-1染色法检测卵母细胞线粒体膜电位水平(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP);利用实时荧光定量PCR检测卵母细胞内凋亡相关基因的表达水平,利用Hoechst 33342染色检测体外受精胚胎的囊胚细胞总数,用Fluorescein-dUTP染色法检测囊胚细胞凋亡率。【结果】与对照组相比,100、130、200 μmol/L乙草胺组卵母细胞的第一极体排出率显著降低(P＜0.05),100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组体外受精胚胎的囊胚率显著降低(P＜0.05),200 μmol/L乙草胺组体外受精胚胎未发育到囊胚期,因此选择100和130 μmol/L乙草胺进行后续试验。与对照组相比,在100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组中,卵母细胞ROS水平显著升高(P＜0.05),GSH水平及MMP显著降低(P＜0.05),卵母细胞中促凋亡基因Caspase-9的相对表达量显著升高(P＜0.05),而抗凋亡基因Bax、Bcl-2的相对表达量显著降低(P＜0.05);100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组囊胚细胞总数显著降低(P＜0.05),囊胚细胞凋亡率显著升高(P＜ 0.05)。【结论】乙草胺通过提高卵母细胞内ROS及促进卵母细胞凋亡降低卵母细胞的质量,从而影响卵母细胞受精后胚胎的发育潜力。     

Effect of potassium simplex optimization medium and NCSU23 supplemented with beta-mercaptoethanol and amino acids of in vitro fertilized porcine embryos

The present study was conducted to examine the comparative efficacy of potassium simplex optimization medium (KSOM) and North Carolina State University (NCSU)-23 medium supplemented with beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) and amino acids (AA) on the developmental competence of porcine in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Four experiments were conducted. KSOM and NCSU-23 medium were used to culture porcine parthenogenetic (Exp. 1) and IVF (Exp. 2) embryos. KSOM and NCSU-23 were equally effective in supporting porcine parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development from the 1-cell stage to blastocysts. The NCSU-23 medium (Exp. 3) and KSOM (Exp. 4) were supplemented with amino acid (AA; 5 microl/ml non-essential amino acids + 10 microl/ml essential amino acids) and/or 10 microM beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME). The quality of blastocysts from Exp. 3 and 4 was evaluated by counting the number of total cells and determining the ratio of the inner cell mass (ICM) to trophoectoderm (TE) cells. Supplementing with AA and beta-ME or beta-ME alone in NCSU-23 produced significant (p<0.05) differences in terms of rate of cleavage to the 2- to 4- cell (80.8 to 85.4% vs. 73.6%) and blastocyst (30.4 to 30.5 vs. 23.5%) stages and the number of TE (51.4 to 53.8 vs. 35.8) and total cells (67.2 to 71.2 to 48.8) over the control group. On the other hand, supplementing KSOM with AA and/or beta-ME produced significant (p<0.05) differences in terms of rate of cleavage to the 2- to 4-cell (78.8% vs. 67.7%) and morula (57.8% vs. 46.3%) stages and the number of ICM (18.6 to 19.2 vs. 11.6) and total cells (62.8 to 70.6 vs. 42.8) over control group. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that both KSOM and NCSU-23 medium supplemented with AA and beta-ME and/or only beta-ME alone are superior to normal KSOM and NCSU-23 for porcine IVF embryo culture in terms of embryo developmental competence and quality.     

Developmental competence and glutathione content of maternally heat-stressed mouse oocytes and zygotes

The loss of developmental competence and the glutathione (GSH) content of maternally heat‐stressed mouse oocytes and zygotes were determined. In experiment 1, zygotes were collected from female mice that were heat‐stressed at 35°C for 10 h after hCG injection (oocyte maturation stage), or for 12 h on Day 1 of pregnancy (zygote stage), followed by in vitro culture. To minimize the effects of heat stress on the fertilization process, heat‐stressed oocytes that were fertilized in vitro were also included in this experiment. In experiment 2, heat‐stressed oocytes and zygotes were assayed for GSH content. The application of heat stress to the oocytes resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of zygotes that developed to morulae or blastocysts, both for naturally fertilized oocytes (56.9% for heat‐stressed vs 85.4% for control) or in vitro‐fertilized oocytes (54.5%vs 73.6%). In the heat‐stressed zygotes, the disruption of embryonic development was more drastic (24.3%vs 90.3%), with the majority of zygotes being arrested at the two‐cell stage. In contrast, the GSH content decreased significantly in heat‐stressed zygotes, but not in heat‐stressed oocytes. These results demonstrate that the loss of developmental competence of early embryos is associated with a decrease in the GSH content of maternally heat‐stressed zygotes, but not of maternally heat‐stressed oocytes.     

Effects of heat stress on the redox status in the oviduct and early embryonic development in mice

This study examined the association between redox status in the oviduct and early embryonic death in heat-stressed mice. In Experiment 1, non-pregnant mice were heat-stressed at 35 C with 60% relative humidity for 12, 24, or 36 h, and the maternal redox status was verified by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) in the oviduct, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the liver. In Experiment 2, zygotes were collected from mice heat-stressed for 12 h on the day of pregnancy, and their developmental abilities were assessed in vitro, along with the intensity of DNA damage at the 2-cell stage. The TBARS value and GSH-Px activity in the liver, and ROS level in the oviduct were significantly higher in heat-stressed mice, and this increase appeared to depend on the duration of the heat stress. Maternal heat stress significantly reduced the percentage of zygotes that developed to the morula and blastocyst and the total cell number in the blastocyst. In addition, DNA damage at the 2-cell stage was significantly higher in maternally heat-stressed embryos. These results suggest that heat stress induces systemic changes in redox status in the maternal body, and the resultant increase in oxidative stress in the oviduct is possibly involved in heat stress-induced early embryonic death .     

单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

研究旨在探讨单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其胚胎发育能力的影响。在猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度（0、1、10、100 μg/mL）单宁酸培养42 h后,检测COCs的扩散程度和卵丘细胞扩散指数,统计COCs的体外成熟率,检测成熟卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和生长分化因子9（growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9）的水平,并统计孤雌激活及体外受精胚胎48和168 h的卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚总细胞数。结果显示,与对照组相比,10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵丘细胞扩散指数显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著（P>0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组GSH和GDF9水平显著提高（P<0.05）,ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05）。孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎发育能力结果显示,与对照组相比,各单宁酸组卵裂率差异不显著（P>0.05）,10 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚率及体外受精胚胎囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚细胞数及体外受精胚胎囊胚细胞数均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,10 μg/mL单宁酸可通过提高卵丘细胞扩散能力及GSH和GDF9水平、降低卵母细胞内ROS水平,改善猪卵母细胞成熟质量,提高孤雌胚胎及体外受精胚胎的发育能力。