洱海流域生态-农业系统动态耦合过程分析

以农业面源污染为研究重点,探究兼顾生态与发展职能的流域生态-农业系统的耦合过程与机制,为高原湖泊流域污染治理和生态农业发展提供依据。选择洱海流域为研究对象,运用系统耦合理论,构建系统综合评价模型、系统耦合度测度模型、系统耦合协调模型和系统耦合演化模型,对1994-2015年洱海流域系统耦合度及动态耦合过程进行分析。1994-2015年,洱海流域生态-农业综合发展指数和耦合度均呈上升趋势,经济-生态系统总体向良好状态发展,经济发展对流域生态环境质量的威胁不断弱化,两者协调发展水平维持磨合、提升。1994-2015年洱海流域生态-农业系统耦合协调度为0.46~0.88,经济发展子系统与生态环境子系统总体呈现协调耦合的状态,其中1994-2002年处于拮抗时期,2003-2005年仍然处于拮抗时期但耦合度下降趋势得到扭转,2006-2011年进入磨合阶段,2012-2015年进入高水平耦合阶段但保持与促进难度较大。耦合态势可分为磨合消耗阶段(1994-1998年)、快速消耗阶段(1999-2003年)、快速协调阶段(2004-2007年)和磨合协调阶段(2008-2015年),揭示了生态农业政策的短期效益,预示流域农业面源污染治理的困境。系统耦合测度有效识别了洱海流域生态-农业系统演化阶段与特征,农业生产方式制约着洱海流域生态-农业系统协调耦合,磨合协调阶段下农业面源污染治理需要持续推进。     

云南九大高原湖泊流域现行管理体制及其完善建议

云南省湖泊面积达到30 km2以上有9个,分别为滇池、阳宗海、抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖、洱海、泸沽湖、程海和异龙湖,具有独特的自然地理条件和生态服务功能,在全省经济发展和生态文明建设中占有举足轻重的地位。近年来对9大高原湖泊的治理已取得一定成效,但水质日趋恶化仍是当前面临的突出问题,主要原因是现行的湖泊流域管理体制机制不够完善,未能适应流域经济的快速发展以及流域保护治理的需求。分析和总结了云南9个高原湖泊流域管理体制的现状及存在的问题,在国内外湖泊流域管理案例和成功经验的基础上,根据9大高原湖泊流域自身特点,提出了完善管理体制的建议。     

基于模糊评价法的洱海稳态阶段分析

稳态转化理论被广泛应用于各种系统的变化,也常常用于描述水生和陆生生态系统状态发生本质、渐进和持续的转变过程。对淡水湖泊生态系统而言,研究其变化过程及驱动因子将有助于理解当前水环境问题的本质特征,为水环境整治与生态修复提供理论支撑。为了确定典型高原湖泊洱海所处的稳态阶段及其转换取向,在野外调查研究及文献资料数据分析的基础上,尝试用模糊评价法分析洱海所处的稳态转换阶段。评价结果表明,洱海1985-2001年处于清水稳态,2002年系统发生跃迁,2003年退化到藻草共存、草藻共存的过渡态。从2009-2010年洱海各阶段的隶属度来看,系统仍有可能转化为藻型浊水稳态,警示对洱海的保护和治理工作不可松懈。在缺乏水生物数据的条件下,模糊评价法可用于稳态转换评价。     

洱海流域湿地水生被子植物区系研究

2009年开展了洱海流域水生被子植物区系研究,共发现38科、76属、100种。从科、属、种3个层面看,热带类群占显著优势,这与洱海流域所处的气候带相一致。世界分布种多为建群种和优势种。对比以前的调查结果,洱海流域水生植物资源显著退化,物种多样性显著下降,特别是特有种和珍稀濒危物种匮乏,仅有1种;外来入侵种呈进一步扩大趋势。针对以上特点,预测洱海流域水生被子植物未来从数量和种类上将进一步减少,入侵种危害程度将进一步扩大,对流域的生态保护迫在眉睫。     

洱海流域湿地水生被子植物区系研究

2009年开展了洱海流域水生被子植物区系研究,共发现38科、76属、100种。从科、属、种3个层面看,热带类群占显著优势,这与洱海流域所处的气候带相一致。世界分布种多为建群种和优势种。对比以前的调查结果,洱海流域水生植物资源显著退化,物种多样性显著下降,特别是特有种和珍稀濒危物种匮乏,仅有1种;外来入侵种呈进一步扩大趋势。针对以上特点,预测洱海流域水生被子植物未来从数量和种类上将进一步减少,入侵种危害程度将进一步扩大,对流域的生态保护迫在眉睫。     

基于模糊评价法的洱海稳态阶段分析

稳态转化理论被广泛应用于各种系统的变化,也常常用于描述水生和陆生生态系统状态发生本质、渐进和持续的转变过程。对淡水湖泊生态系统而言,研究其变化过程及驱动因子将有助于理解当前水环境问题的本质特征,为水环境整治与生态修复提供理论支撑。为了确定典型高原湖泊洱海所处的稳态阶段及其转换取向,在野外调查研究及文献资料数据分析的基础上,尝试用模糊评价法分析洱海所处的稳态转换阶段。评价结果表明,洱海1985-2001年处于清水稳态,2002年系统发生跃迁,2003年退化到藻草共存、草藻共存的过渡态。从2009-2010年     

天津宝坻区稻田立体化生态养殖发展的调研报告

随着社会经济的快速发展,人们不断追求高品质生活,对食品安全质量要求越来越高,因此对农业的发展提出了更高的要求。以生态、低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的低碳生态农业发展模式顺应了这一趋势,其中稻田立体化生态养殖模式则充分体现了低碳生态农业     

我国海洋渔业生态经济系统的协调度

首先从经济和生态两个维度选取指标构建了海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度指标体系,利用熵权法对我国11个沿海省份海洋渔业生态经济系统发展水平进行测算。结果表明:(1)生态经济系统发展水平处于中等水平的有山东和江苏;(2)生态经济系统发展水平处于低水平的有辽宁、河北、天津、浙江、上海、福建、广东、广西、海南;(3)生态经济系统发展水平处于高水平的有0个。然后,借助L-V模型对我国海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度进行测算,并对我国海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度类型进行划分。结果表明:(1)天津、上海、广东的海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度分别为-0.279 2、-0.233 4、-0.001 5,属于向相互抑制关系转化的偏利共生关系;(2)河北、辽宁、海南的协调度分别为0.985 7、0.797 8、0.861 1,属于向相互促进关系转化的偏利共生关系;(3)江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广西的协调度分别为1.410 4、1.108 6、1.398 1、1.397 0、1.414 2,属于相互促进关系。最后,构建我国海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度影响因素模型,并对选取的影响因子进行计量检验。结果显示:(1)经济发展变量与我国海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度成负相关关系;(2)科技投入变量、产业结构变量、工业废弃物处理变量、生态建设变量与海洋渔业生态经济系统协调度成正相关关系。据此本文提出加大海洋渔业科技资金投入、优化海洋渔业产业结构、创新生态管理体制等生态经济系统协调度优化对策。     

济南流域水生态系统健康评价

通过济南流域水生态调查,对济南全流域进行水功能分区,在此基础上利用层次分析熵值法分配水功能区权重,对济南流域水生态健康状况进行评价。评价结果显示,位于济南南部山区森林水源水生态亚区水生态状况优良;济南中心泉区水生态状况优良;位于东部平原农业生态亚区和南部丘陵-平原农业水生态亚区,主要受农业面源污染影响,水生态状况较差。     

利用渔业科技档案为生态渔业建设服务

农业现代化的核心是发展生态农业、生态渔业是生态农业的一个重要组成部分。所谓生态渔业,就是运用生态学原理和系统科学方法,吸收传统渔业技术精华,应用现代化科学技术建立和发展起来的具有生态合理,功能协调,资源再生,经济高效,良性循环,集约经营管理的现代渔业发展模式。它把发展渔业生产与改善渔业环境结合起来,把对渔业资源的利用,保护与培养结合起来,即讲究经济效益,又注重生态效益和社会效益,是我国渔业发展的方向,而利用渔业科技档案,为生态渔业建设服务,将成为渔业档案工作的新内容,新趋势。 一、生态渔业建设需要渔业科技档案 依照生态经济学原理和系统方法,生态渔业要求人们处     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.