春油菜区抗跳甲油菜资源的筛选

跳甲是油菜苗期最主要的虫害。以42个油菜品种（系）为供试材料,通过分析田间跳甲为害指数和测定4种主要防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,研究油菜对跳甲的抗性,从中筛选抗跳甲油菜资源。田间跳甲为害指数统计结果显示,芥菜型油菜品种大辣芥、白芥和甘蓝型油菜品种青杂12号、青杂2号的为害指数2年都较低;青杂12号、大辣芥、白芥的PAL、PPO、POD、SOD活性最强。综上,甘蓝型油菜品种青杂12号、芥菜型油菜品种大辣芥和白芥抗跳甲能力最强,可以作为抗跳甲资源。     

不同基因型油菜锌效率机理Ⅰ ——耐低锌油菜基因型苗期筛选指标研究

采用营养液培养试验比较了低锌营养下芥菜、白菜、甘蓝型3个油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种幼苗的生物量，抗氧化酶活性，根系活力，叶绿素含量及对锌的吸收、利用差异。试验结果表明，3个油菜品种由于基因型不同，在耐低锌营养能力方面存在显著性差异。在低锌时(10-6mol/L Zn2+)，幼苗植株地上部干重以芥菜型>甘蓝型>白菜型，地上部干重分别较无锌对照处理增加17.8%(芥菜型)、9.9%(白菜型)、3.3%(甘蓝型)。芥菜型叶CAT、POD、SOD活性，叶绿素含量及根系活力也明显高于甘蓝型和白菜型油菜。锌积累量及锌利用率也以芥菜型远远大于其它2个品种，锌素利用效率分别为12.3%（芥菜型），8.0%(白菜型)，4.9% (甘蓝型)。苗期油菜叶CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量及根系活力可以作为筛选耐低锌营养油菜基因型的评价指标之一。     

甘蓝型油菜和芸芥属间杂交的亲和性研究

为了利用芸薹属近缘属的基因资源进行油菜品种改良,探索了甘蓝型油菜×芸芥的属间杂交亲和性。以甘蓝型油菜湘油15号、中油821和J-2为母本,三营芸芥和东郊芸芥为父本,进行人工远缘杂交试验。结果表明：甘蓝型油菜与芸芥属间杂交亲和性较低,杂交亲和性的强弱与亲本材料有关,不同品种的甘蓝型油菜与不同品种的芸芥属间杂交亲和性（真杂种苗数/授粉花蕾数）不同,湘油15号与三营芸芥的亲和程度最高,为0.036,J-2和东郊芸芥的亲和程度最低,为0.014。     

ISSR分子标记在白芥和芥菜型油菜品种鉴定中的应用

为了有效地鉴别白芥和芥菜型油菜品种,为白芥种质资源研究和育种工作提供理论依据,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对12份白芥材料和8份芥菜型油菜(辣芥4份,红芥4份)进行了品种鉴定及亲缘关系分析。结果表明:6条ISSR引物成功扩增出39条DNA片段,其中34条具有多态性,引物的多态性位点百分率在66.7%～100.0%间,平均87.7%。通过UPGMA聚类分析和遗传一致度分析发现,所有白芥材料归为一大类,红芥和辣芥材料归为一大类(遗传一致度0.875 0)。白芥表现为同一来源地的材料归为一组,安徽白芥和青海‘白芥1号’的亲缘关系较近(遗传一致度0.750 0),而四川白芥与安徽白芥和青海‘白芥1号’的遗传一致度相对较低,分别为0.641 0和0.589 7。基于6条ISSR引物获得供试材料的指纹图谱,利用引物UBC836、UBC847、UBC821和UBC855可以区分白芥和芥菜型油菜红芥和辣芥。辣芥有1个特异出现条带(UBC850-375)和1个特异缺失条带(UBC821-1000),可用于区分辣芥与红芥。利用引物UBC836、UBC850、UBC855、UBC821,共获得可以区分不同产区白芥的6个特异标记和3个特异缺失标记。利用ISSR标记构建的DNA指纹图谱简单、直观,可有效应用于白芥和芥菜型油菜品种的鉴定。     

不同盐胁迫下罗布麻种子耐盐性的比较研究

罗布麻作为一种重要的耐盐性植物,在盐碱地土壤生态修复和植物引种改良等方面具有极高的应用潜力,本研究旨在对罗布麻种子萌发阶段的耐盐性进行比较,分析不同浓度盐胁迫下罗布麻种子萌发的差异。试验以罗布麻种子为材料,设置不同浓度梯度的NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NaHCO₃在种子萌发阶段进行盐胁迫。结果表明：随着盐分浓度的升高,罗布麻种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均有所下降,低浓度盐胁迫对罗布麻种子萌发的抑制相对不显著,但高浓度盐胁迫抑制效果显著。随着盐浓度的上升,起始萌发时间会出现滞后现象,且NaCl对罗布麻种子起始萌发时间的滞后最明显,NaHCO₃次之,Na₂SO₄相较最不明显。罗布麻种子萌发对NaCl较敏感,抑制作用最强。同时NaCl对种子的萌发延缓作用高于其他2种盐。耐盐性结果比较显示,3种盐的耐盐适宜浓度、耐盐半致死浓度、耐盐极限浓度为Na₂SO₄高于NaHCO₃和NaCl,罗布麻对Na₂SO₄的耐盐极限浓度可达7.81%。相较于Na⁺~Cl^-型盐碱土引种栽植,罗布麻更适宜Na⁺~SO₄^2-型盐碱土。     

甘蓝型油菜与近缘种、属杂交时花粉-雌蕊相互作用的研究

甘蓝型油菜作母本与白菜、甘蓝、黑芥、芥菜型油菜和埃塞俄比亚芥杂交时,花粉粘合程度减弱。花粉管常常不能穿入柱头,与花粉管接触的柱头乳突细胞内普遍产生胼胝质。少数异源花粉管能穿过柱头进入花柱,但时有异常胼胝质沉积在花粉管中。海甘蓝的花粉很难粘合在甘蓝型油菜柱头上。异种花粉与甘蓝型油菜雌蕊的亲和性按大小依次     

芸薹属油菜及其近缘属作物种皮纹饰亚微结构研究

由于种子表面具蜡质和脂肪,采用常规制样方法往往不能获得种皮纹饰的清晰图像,经二甲苯、石油醚严格脱蜡,脱酯后油菜种皮纹饰在扫描电镜睛清晰可见。本文比较分析了白菜型油菜（Ｂ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ,ＡＡ）,黑芥（Ｂ．ｎｉｇｒａ,ＢＢ）,甘蓝（Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ,ＣＣ）,甘蓝型油菜（Ｂ．ｎａｐｕｓ,ＡＡＣＣ）、芥菜型油菜（Ｂ．ｊｕｎｃｅａ,ＡＡＢＢ）、埃塞俄比亚芥（Ｂ．ｃａｒｉｎａｔａ,ＢＢＣＣ）、油用     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜嫁接嵌合体的性状表现

以芥菜型油菜(B. juncea)作砧木,以甘蓝型油菜(B. napus)作接穗,形成嫁接嵌合体（以下简称“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体）,对其植物学性状、农艺性状和32P标记的难溶性磷矿粉的吸收能力进行了研究。结果表明,“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体除叶片出现紫色性状外,其他性状与甘蓝型油菜没有差异,但其农艺性状明显优于甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜。其根系对肥料中难溶性磷吸收能力强,而且多数转移到地上部分,在体内分布较合理。     

外源SLs和纳米K2MoO4对干旱胁迫下油菜种子萌发的影响

干旱胁迫是油菜种子萌发和生长发育的主要限制因子之一。以甘蓝型油菜品种Q2（抗旱型）和秦优8号（干旱敏感型）为试验材料,研究干旱对油菜种子萌发的影响,探讨外源生长调节物质独脚金内酯（SLs）和纳米材料（n-K₂MoO₄）对干旱胁迫下油菜种子萌发的生理调控作用。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制种子萌发,SLs和n-K₂MoO₄均可显著提高发芽率,增加幼苗干重和子叶叶绿素含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量,降低丙二醛含量。0.10µmol/L GR24+0.24mmol/L K₂MoO₄对干旱胁迫下种子萌发和氧化损伤的缓解效应较好。外源SLs和n-K₂MoO₄通过提高油菜种子萌发期的保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来提高抗旱性。本研究表明植物激素和纳米材料在农业生产中具有应用价值。     

NaCl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3对绿豆种子萌发的影响

为明确不同盐胁迫对绿豆种子萌发的影响,以晋绿9号为试验材料,分别测定不同浓度（0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%）的NaCl、Na₂SO₄和Na₂CO₃胁迫下种子的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、平均发芽天数、相对发芽指数和相对盐害率。结果表明,3种盐胁迫均能抑制绿豆种子的萌发,种子萌发的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数随盐浓度增加而降低,平均发芽天数和相对盐害率随盐浓度的升高而增加;不同盐分胁迫与绿豆种子发芽率之间的回归方程表明,3种盐胁迫对绿豆种子萌发的抑制作用表现为Na₂CO₃>NaCl>Na₂SO₄,晋绿9号的耐盐极限浓度分别为Na₂CO₃ 2.062%、NaCl 2.816%、Na₂SO₄ 7.684%。     

芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属(Brassica L.) 3个油用种的远缘杂交

采用芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属3个油用种（Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa）进行杂交，共授粉15 990朵花，获得1 257个角果，711粒杂交种子，结角率为7.86%，亲和指数0.045。经形态学鉴定，无论芸芥作母本还是芸薹属的三个油用种作母本，F1植株均为偏母植株。杂交所获得角果的角粒数很低，许多角果     

Sexual hybridisation in crosses of cultivated Brassica species with the crucifers Erucastrum gallicum and Raphanus raphanistrum: Potential for gene introgression

Studies were conducted to investigate the crossability of the cultivated Brassica species, Brassica napus (oilseed rape), B. rapa (turnip rape), and B. juncea (brown and oriental mustard), with two related cruciferous weeds that are abundant in certain regions of Canada, Erucastrum gallicum (dog mustard) and Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum (wild radish). Seed was produced without recourse to embryo rescue from all reciprocal crosses except R. raphanistrum × B. juncea. Four hybrid plants were recovered, namely B. napus × E. gallicum, B. napus × R. raphanistrum (two plants), and B. rapa × E. gallicum. The hybrids were characterized by their morphology, RAPD analysis, and cytological examination. The B. rapa × E. gallicum hybrid was extremely vigourous and fertile, and would likely grow in natural habitats. This hybrid produced self-seed and backcrossed readily with the B. rapa parent and, to a lesser extent, with the E. gallicum parent. The B. napus × E. gallicum hybrid was a weak plant, but produced fertile backcross progeny with the E. gallicum parent. The B. napus × R. raphanistrum hybrids were vigourous but mostly sterile. Because of their low vigour and/or sterility, hybrids produced from crosses of B. napus with the cruciferous weeds would not likely be an environmental concern. However, the potential of the B. napus × E. gallicum and B. rapa × E. gallicum hybrids to backcross with E. gallicum may be of concern. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

转基因甘蓝型油菜向其近缘种的基因漂移之研究进展

从甘蓝型油菜的生活周期出发,概述了甘蓝型油菜及其近缘种的开花习性、甘蓝型油菜与其近缘种的杂交亲和性、杂种及其回交后代的育性和适应性,评价了在中国环境条件下甘蓝型油菜中的外源基因向其近缘种漂移而导致生态风险的可能性。认为在中国环境条件下,转基因甘蓝型油菜向其野生杂草近缘种的基因漂移风险较小,而如何防止转基因向白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa）和芥菜型油菜（B.juncea）转移应作为中国转基因甘蓝型油菜基因基因漂移风险控制的关键。     

外来入侵植物五爪金龙对5种蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

五爪金龙是一种外来入侵植物,为了解五爪金龙对其它植物的影响,采用种子萌发试验法测定了五爪金龙提取物对萝卜、小白菜、芥菜、莴苣和生菜5种蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感活性。结果表明,五爪金龙甲醇提取物对小白菜和芥菜种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,特别是对芥菜种子发芽的影响较大,处理后第2天、3天和4天的发芽率分别降低了44.66%、43.34%和42.00%,化感指数分别为-0.5630,-0.5372和-0.5122;对莴苣和生菜种子能延缓其发芽;对萝卜种子的发芽无影响。五爪金龙提取物对5种蔬菜幼苗根生长有明显的抑制作用,并且随着处理浓度的增加抑制作用加强,表现为根明显缩短变粗,根毛减少或无根毛,颜色变成褐色或枯死。对萝卜、芥菜、莴苣和生菜4种蔬菜芽的生长也有明显的抑制作用,但对小白菜芽的生长有一定的促进作用,而且抑制或促进作用的大小与处理的浓度有关。五爪金龙化感物质在茎和叶中均有分布,而且分布的量也相似。     

Seed germination in weedy Brassica campestris and its hybrids with B. napus: Implications for risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape

We studied the germination behaviour of the following types of seeds: weedy Brassica campestris, oilseed rape (Brassica napus), B. campestris (♀) × B. napus (♂), B. napus (♀) × B. campestris (♂) and, finally, seeds harvested on B. napus (♀) × B. campestris (♂) hybrids in open pollination with B. campestris and B. napus. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, using three different consecutive treatments and assaying the viability of non-germinated seeds with tetrazolium staining. B. campestris seeds varied in the treatment they required in order to germinate and many seeds were dormant, in contrast to B. napus seeds, which lacked dormancy. B. campestris (♀) × B. napus (♂) and B. napus (♀) × B. campestris (♂) seeds both resembled B. napus being non-dormant whereas seeds harvested on B. napus (♀) × B. campestris (♂) hybrids were more B. campestris-like in germination behaviour. We discuss implications for risk of transgene spread from oilseed rape to weedy B. campestris. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

混合盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗根系构型及生长量的影响

为探讨不同种类盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长状况的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究总质量浓度为0.3%的NaCl、NaHCO₃单盐溶液及其不同配比的混合盐溶液胁迫对马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)幼苗生长量、地上部干鲜重比值、地下部干鲜重比值以及根系构型的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,0.3%NaCl溶液对叶数和株高增长量的影响最小,其次为3种混合盐溶液,各处理在第14天时株高增幅达到最大。经0.3%NaHCO₃处理后的幼苗地上部干鲜重的比值为空白对照的2.17倍,地下部干鲜重则为空白对照的56.61%,随着混合溶液中NaHCO₃浓度的上升,地上部干鲜重比值表现出上升的趋势,地下部干鲜重比值则表现出下降的趋势。经35天处理后,0.3%NaHCO₃胁迫的马蔺幼苗根系总长、根系表面积较对照均显著下降,降幅分别为39.73%、26.08%,而各处理间的根系体积却无显著差异。研究结果显示,0.3%NaHCO₃溶液对马蔺幼苗的胁迫作用最强,2种单盐对根系的胁迫作用强于混合盐胁迫,而0.3%NaCl溶液对生长量的胁迫作用最弱。     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

白芥和甘蓝型油菜属间杂种后代种子结构比较

白芥具有很多优良的农艺性状,从白芥和甘蓝型油菜属间体细胞杂种后代中筛选出多个具有黄籽或趋向黄籽性状的株系,利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术观察它们种子的结构。回交后代种皮解剖结构与甘蓝型油菜相似,而与白芥相差较远。种皮色素主要分布在栅栏层,甘蓝型油菜和部分后代株系中有色素分布,而白芥和部分黄籽后代株系中没有色素分布。栅栏层在甘蓝型油菜中最厚,在白芥中最薄,而后代介于两者之间。回交后代和甘蓝型油菜种皮表面纹饰为网-穴状,白芥为沟槽状或水疱状。胚子叶细胞面积以白芥最小,甘蓝型油菜最大,后代介于两者之间;而蛋白体面积指数以白芥最大,甘蓝型油菜最小,后代介于两者之间。超微结构观察表明,亲本和后代蛋白体均为球状晶体蛋白体,油体有大、小两种,其大小在亲本和后代间有差异。上述结果表明,回交后代株系种子解剖结构与甘蓝型油菜相近,种皮颜色、色泽深浅和栅栏层厚度,以及胚子叶细胞大小、油体和蛋白体等受亲本白芥的影响而发生变化。