Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity

Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils.     

耐盐菌联合化学复合改良剂协同改良黄河三角洲盐碱土壤的效果

为探究生物和化学方法联用对黄河三角洲地区盐碱土的改良效果,首先进行粉煤灰的改性和土著耐盐菌的筛选,选取其中2株耐盐菌(BY-4、BY-8)与化学复合改良剂(改性粉煤灰+脱硫石膏+腐殖酸(FSZ))通过联合配施的方法开展室内土柱淋溶试验,研究渗滤液和土壤中盐基阳离子、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤有机质等的变化规律。结果表明：BY-4和BY-8除具有明显的耐盐和产吲哚乙酸能力,还分别具有较高的溶磷与解钾能力;与对照(CK)处理相比,添加化学复合改良剂(FSZ)能显著促进水溶性Na⁺的淋洗,降低土壤中水溶性Na⁺的总含量和SAR值,提高土壤中DOC和有机质含量,且耐盐菌BY-8联合化学复合改良剂的处理(FSZ8)效果最好;与CK相比,FSZ8处理下土壤水溶性Na⁺总量下降33.30%,耕层土壤SAR下降79.76%,DOC淋溶损失下降34.60%,耕层土壤有机质含量上升79.47%。研究结果有助于理解耐盐菌在改良盐碱土壤中的作用,并可为生物和化学复合改良剂的研发和利用提供理论和数据参考。     

Leaching and reclamation of calcareous saline‐sodic soil by moderately saline and moderate‐SAR water using gypsum and calcium chloride

Lysimeter experiments were conducted with sandy‐clay‐loam soil to study the efficiency of two amendments in reclaiming saline‐sodic soil using moderately saline and SAR (sodium‐adsorption ratio) irrigation water. Gypsum obtained from industrial phosphate by‐products and reagent grade Ca chloride were applied to packed soil columns and irrigated with moderately saline (ECe = 2.16 dS m^–1), moderate‐SAR water (SAR = 4.8). Gypsum was mixed with soil prior to irrigation at application rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32 Mg ha^–1, and Ca chloride was dissolved directly in leaching water at application rates of 4.25, 8.5, 12.75, 17.0, and 21.25 Mg ha^–1, respectively. The highest application rate in both amendments resulted in 96% reduction of total Na in soil. The hydraulic conductivity (HC) of soils receiving gypsum increased in all treatments. The highest HC value of 6.8 mm h^–1 was obtained in the highest application rate (32 Mg ha^–1), whereas the lowest value of 5.2 mm h^–1 was observed with the control treatment. Both amendments were efficient in reducing soil salinity and sodicity (exchangeable‐sodium percentage, ESP); however, Ca chloride was more effective than gypsum as a reclaiming material. Exchangeable Na and soluble salts were reduced with gypsum application by 82% and 96%, and by 86% and 93% with Ca chloride application, respectively. Exchangeable Ca increased with increasing amendment rate. Results of this study revealed that sodium was removed during cation‐exchange reactions mostly when the SAR of effluent water was at maximum with subsequent passage of 3 to 4 pore volumes. Gypsum efficiently reduced soil ESP, soil EC, leaching water, and costs, therefore, an application rate of 20 Mg ha^–1 of gypsum with 3 to 4 pore volumes of leaching water is recommended for reclaiming the studied soil.     

有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

通过研究不同有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳含量变化的影响，寻找合理高效的增碳方式，降低碱化土壤有机碳损失。以内蒙古河套灌区轻度、中度盐碱土为对象进行田间试验，设置生物炭（BC）添加、羊粪（GM）添加，对照（CK）3个处理，对比和分析不同有机物料添加后土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：（1）与CK相比，轻度碱化土壤BC、GM处理土壤DOC含量分别增加3.28%，20.66%，SOC含量增加5.40%，10.30%，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下可溶性碳增加41.32%，74.10%，土壤SOC含量增加60.24%，79.16%；（2）轻度碱化土壤BC和GM处理土壤DOC含量与SOC含量呈负相关，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下呈正相关；（3）盐碱土壤SOC、DOC含量主要与土壤pH、电导率的变化有关；BC处理较GM处理相比土壤电导率低约1.93%~29.15%，而GM处理土壤pH、碱化度比BC处理低0.31%~1.53%，7.10%~24.63%。总体来看，有机物料添加后均能使土壤中SOC、DOC含量提高，不同程度地降低土壤碱化程度，且羊粪添加较生物炭略好，因此羊粪添加对河套灌区碱化土壤碳含量的提高比生物炭添加更有效，土壤改良效果更好，土壤理化性质改善更明显。     

聚丙烯酰胺改性生物质炭对盐碱化土壤盐分洗脱的影响

为了提升生物质炭对滨海盐碱土壤盐分的洗脱效率,以海兴县盐碱土为研究对象,利用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、小麦秸秆生物质炭(BC)、黏土矿物(M)等材料制备聚丙烯酰胺改性生物质炭(PAM-BC),通过室内模拟淋溶试验研究对比不同环境材料对盐碱土盐分的洗脱效果。结果表明,相比于CK处理,PAM、BC和PAM-BC、CaSO₄(CS)处理均显著增加土壤盐分洗脱量,其中PAM-BC处理下增幅最高,达到12.3%。进一步对淋洗液中主要盐分离子分析,添加PAM-BC显著促进土壤Na⁺和Cl^-的洗脱,增幅分别为11.0%～27.3%和17.8%～42.3%。主成分分析表明,PAM-BC增强对主要盐分离子的洗脱效果。土柱淋溶结束后,PAM-BC添加处理土壤全盐量比其他处理显著降低6.0%～16.7%。此外,土壤水分特征曲线表明,添加PAM-BC提升盐碱土壤的保水性。研究结果可为聚丙烯酰胺改性生物质炭应用于滨海盐渍化土壤的降盐改土提供理论依据。     

生物碳对灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳是影响土壤肥力和作物产量高低的决定性因子。以棉花秸秆为原料,在高温厌氧条件下热解制备生物碳,通过盆栽试验探讨了生物碳对新疆灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响。试验设置3种生物碳:棉花秸秆分别在450℃、600℃和750℃下热解制备(以BC450、BC600和BC750表示);每种生物碳的施用量分别为5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1和20 g·kg-1(占土壤重量的比例);同时,以空白土壤为对照(CK)。结果表明:施用生物碳可促进小麦生长,两茬小麦的地上部干物质重均显著高于对照。施用生物碳可显著提高土壤总有机碳,且生物碳热解温度越高,施用量越大,提高作用越明显。各生物碳处理土壤易氧化碳含量均显著高于对照;生物碳低、中施用量处理(5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1)土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于对照,但高施用量处理(20 g·kg-1)与对照无显著差异;除BC750低施用量处理(5 g·kg1)外,其余各生物碳处理土壤微生物量碳含量也均显著高于对照。生物碳不同热解温度对土壤易氧化碳和微生物量碳含量的影响表现为BC450>BC600>BC750;但对土壤水溶性有机碳含量无显著影响。生物碳不同施用量对土壤易氧化碳的影响表现为10 g·kg-1≈20 g·kg-1>5 g·kg-1,水溶性有机碳含量为5 g·kg1≈10 g·kg-1>20 g·kg-1。生物碳对土壤微生物商的影响总体表现为:生物碳的热解温度越高,施用量越大,土壤微生物商越低。因此,合理的施用棉花秸秆生物碳可显著增加灰漠土有机碳储量,改变土壤有机碳组分,提高土壤生产力。     

生物炭对紫色土中腐植酸淋溶的影响

为了减少紫色土腐植酸的流失,提高龙川江流域紫色土肥力,采用土柱室内模拟方法,通过模拟降雨淋溶,研究了不同生物炭处理下(CK、1%、3%、5%和10%)对紫色土淋溶液p H值、电导率、体积以及胡敏酸和富里酸的影响。结果表明:在29 d试验过程中,淋溶液的p H值和电导率随着生物炭比例增加而增加;与CK相比,在1%、3%、5%和10%的生物炭处理条件下紫色土水分损失分别减少了6.33%、10.13%、16.46%和25.32%;胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量随着生物炭比例增加而减小;除了1%和3%之外,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量也随着生物炭比例增加而减小;生物炭比例为10%的处理条件下对紫色土淋溶液中胡敏酸和富里酸浓度及累积淋失量最小,胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为1.46 mg/L、0.12 mg,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为149.64 mg/L、29.60 mg,该处理有利于更大程度吸附胡敏酸和富里酸,减少其流失。     

SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.     

Evaluating the effect of biochar on salt leaching and nutrient retention of Yellow River Delta soil

Biochar has the potential to decrease salinity and nutrient loss of saline soil. We investigated the effects of biochar amendment (0–10 g kg⁻¹) on salinity of saline soil (2.8‰ salt) in NaCl leaching and nutrient retention by conducting column leaching experiments. The biochar was produced in situ from Salix fragilis L. via a fire-water coupled process. The soil columns irrigated with 15 cm of water showed that biochar amendment (4 g kg⁻¹) decreased the concentration Na⁺ by 25.55% in the first irrigation and to 60.30% for the second irrigation in sandy loam layer over the corresponding control (CK). Meanwhile, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil after the first and second irrigation was 1.62 and 0.54, respectively, which were 15.2% and 49.5% lower than CK. The marked increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from 0.15 × 10^–5 cm s⁻¹ for CK to 0.39 × 10^–5 cm s⁻¹, following 4 g kg⁻¹ of biochar addition, was conducive to salt leaching. Besides, biochar use (4 g kg⁻¹) increased NH₄⁺-N and Olsen-P by 63.63% and 62.50% over the CK, but accelerated NO₃^–-N leaching. Since 15 cm hydrostatic pressure would result in salt accumulation of root zone, we would recommend using 4 g kg⁻¹ of biochar, 30 cm of water to ease the problem of salt leaching from the surface horizon to the subsoil. This study would provide a guidance to remediate the saline soil in the Yellow River Delta by judicious application of biochar and irrigation.     

减氮条件下生物炭对甜菜盐碱胁迫的缓解效应

  【目的】  通过模拟盐碱胁迫环境，在施用生物炭、减施氮肥的条件下，研究甜菜根际土壤微生物数量、甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性、块根产量和含糖率的变化，明确生物炭对盐碱胁迫的缓解作用，以及盐碱胁迫下施加生物炭后是否可减少氮肥的施用， 为今后盐碱地改良以及甜菜合理施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  试验于2018年在黑龙江哈尔滨东北农业大学试验站进行。以甜菜品种KWS0143为试验材料，在土壤中添加盐碱处理以中性盐 (Na₂SO₄、NaCl) 和碱性盐 (Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃) 模拟盐碱胁迫土壤 (Na+含量为3 g/kg)。采用桶栽试验，每桶装土10 kg，共设6个处理，以在盐碱胁迫土壤施N 180 kg/hm2为对照 (CK)，其余5个处理土壤中均加入生物炭30 g/kg, 施氮量依次为N180、162、144、126和108 kg/hm2。子叶完全展开后测定甜菜出苗率，3对真叶后每隔20天左右测定土壤微生物数量及叶片硝酸还原酶 (NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)、谷氨酸合成酶 (GOGAT) 活性，收获后测定块根产量和含糖率并计算产糖量。  【结果】  盐碱胁迫下，施加生物炭显著提高了土壤真菌和细菌数量；BC+N180处理显著提升放线菌数量，在施BC基础上随着施氮量的降低，各时期土壤放线菌含量呈降低趋势。施加生物炭能够显著提高盐碱胁迫下甜菜出苗率，施氮量对出苗率的影响不大；施加生物炭后氮代谢相关酶活性显著提高，其中BC+N162和BC+N144各时期NR活性均高于CK，BC+N144除播种后第117天、第138天外，叶片GS活性均显著高于CK，BC+N144叶片GOGAT活性始终显著高于CK，BC+N126除播种后第53天和第138天外，GOGAT活性显著高于CK；施加生物炭后除BC+N108处理外, 各施加生物炭处理甜菜的块根产量、含糖率、产糖量均显著高于对照，减施氮肥10%～20%的甜菜产量与BC+N180相当，BC+N162的产糖量与BC+N180差异不显著，但显著高于其他处理；而BC+N126和BC+N108的产量与产糖量均显著低于BC+N180。  【结论】  施加生物炭可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对土壤微生物数量及甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性的影响，提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量。在本试验条件下，施加土壤风干质量3%的生物炭，可节约氮肥施用量的10%～20%，提高甜菜的产糖量。     

生物炭隔盐层在盐碱土淋洗改良中的应用效果

为探讨生物炭作为土壤隔盐层的作用效果,通过对比生物炭隔盐层和常规的砾石隔盐层室内淋洗的暗管流速、淋滤液电导率、土壤脱盐率及淋洗效率等指标,对生物炭作为隔盐层的作用效果进行了评价。结果表明:生物炭处理的暗管流速明显高于砾石处理,平均高出16.1%;淋滤液电导率0.83mS/cm为本研究的理论淋洗终点,2个处理均在第2次淋洗过程中到达理论淋洗终点,且生物炭处理比砾石处理到达理论淋洗终点时间缩短了13.3%;2个处理的土壤淋洗效率基本相同;生物炭隔盐层在抑制土壤返盐方面的作用要明显优于砾石隔盐层。综上,生物炭作为隔盐层在盐碱土淋洗改良中的作用效果要优于传统的砾石隔盐层,研究结果为生物炭隔盐层在盐碱地改良的工程应用提供了参考依据。     

Biochar amendment of chromium-polluted paddy soil suppresses greenhouse gas emissions and decreases chromium uptake by rice grain

Purpose

Soil chromium (Cr) pollution has received substantial attention owing to related food chain health risks and possible promotion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of the present study was to develop a promising remediation technology to alleviate Cr bioavailability and decrease GHG emissions in Cr-polluted paddy soil.

Materials and methods

We investigated the potential role of biochar amendment in decreasing soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions, as well in reducing Cr uptake by rice grains at application rates of 0 t ha^?1 (CK), 20 t ha^?1 (BC20), and 40 t ha^?1 (BC40) in Cr-polluted paddy soil in southeastern China. In addition, the soil aggregate size distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration of soil aggregates, soil available Cr concentration, and rice yield were analyzed after harvesting.

Results and discussion

Biochar amendment significantly reduced CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emission fluxes. Compared to CK, total C emissions in the BC20 and BC40 treatments decreased by 9.94% and 17.13% for CO₂-C, by 30.46% and 37.10% for CH₄-C, and by 34.24% and 37.49% for N₂O-N, respectively. Biochar amendment increased the proportion of both the 2000–200 μm and 200–20 μm size fractions in the soil aggregate distribution. Accordingly, the organic carbon concentration of these fractions increased, which increased the total SOC. Moreover, biochar amendment significantly decreased soil available Cr concentration and total Cr content of the rice grains by 33.6% and 14.81% in BC20 and 48.1% and 33.33% in BC40, respectively. Rice yield did not differ significantly between biochar amendment treatment and that of CK.

Conclusions

Biochar application reduced GHG emissions in paddy soil, which was attributed to its comprehensive effect on the soil properties, soil microbial community, and soil aggregates, as well as on the mobility of Cr. Overall, the present study demonstrates that biochar has a great potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration while reducing Cr accumulation in rice grains from Cr-polluted rice paddies.

     

生物碳对土壤磷素和棉花养分吸收的影响

通过两年温室盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥用量下生物碳对土壤磷素含量、 棉花生长和养分吸收的影响。试验以棉花秸秆为原料制备生物碳,制成三种热解温度（450℃、 600℃和750℃）的生物碳,分别以BC450、 BC600和BC750表示,同时以空白土壤为对照（CK）; 磷肥（P2O5）用量设3个水平0、 0.25、 0.5 g/kg（分别以P0、 P1、 P2表示）。研究结果表明,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量及其有效性,随着生物碳热解温度的升高,土壤水溶性磷、 速效磷及全磷含量均显著增加,且对三种磷素含量的影响表现为水溶性磷 全磷 速效磷。施用生物碳处理两年棉花的干物质重均显著高于对照,但不同热解生物碳处理对两年棉花干物质重的影响各异。施用生物碳可显著增加棉花养分吸收量,总体表现为750℃ 600℃ 450℃。因此,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量,促进棉花生长和养分吸收; 热解温度是影响生物碳质量的重要因素,生物碳的热解温度越高（450~750℃）,其促进作用越好。     

Sodium removal from a calcareous saline–sodic soil through leaching and plant uptake during phytoremediation

Saline–sodic and sodic soils are characterized by the occurrence of sodium (Na⁺) to levels that can adversely affect several soil properties and growth of most crops. As a potential substitute of cost‐intensive chemical amelioration, phytoremediation of such soils has emerged as an efficient and low‐cost strategy. This plant‐assisted amelioration involves cultivation of certain plant species that can withstand ambient soil salinity and sodicity levels. It relies on enhanced dissolution of native calcite within the root zone to provide adequate Ca²⁺ for the Na⁺ Ca²⁺ exchange at the cation exchange sites. There is a lack of information for the Na⁺ balance in terms of removal from saline–sodic soils through plant uptake and leaching during the phytoremediation process. We carried out a lysimeter experiment on a calcareous saline–sodic soil [pH of saturated soil paste (pH_s) = 7.2, electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (EC_e) = 4.9 dS m⁻¹, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 15.9, CaCO₃ = 50 g kg⁻¹]. There were three treatments: (1) control (without application of a chemical amendment or crop cultivation), (2) soil application of gypsum according to the gypsum requirement of the soil and (3) planting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as a phytoremediation crop. The efficiency of treatments for soluble salt and Na⁺ removal from the soil was in the order: gypsum ≈ alfalfa > control. In the phytoremediation treatment, the amount of Na⁺ removed from the soil through leaching was found to be the principal cause of reduction in salinity and sodicity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏提高盐碱土壤质量及向日葵产量

为了靶向消减根区土壤盐碱障碍和定向培育健康沃土,该研究在内蒙古河套灌区开展田间小区试验,设置沙土覆盖种植孔(S)、条施生物炭+沙土覆盖种植孔(B+S)、条施生物炭+脱硫石膏覆盖种植孔(B+G) 3个处理,对比分析0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层土壤质量及向日葵产量差异。结果表明:根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏改变了0～40 cm±壤水溶性离子组成,主要表现为增加Ca²⁺含量而降低Na⁺含量。与S处理相比,B+S和B+G处理显著降低了0～40 cm土壤钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)和>20～40 cm土层pH值,增大了土壤脱盐率(Ds);B+S和B+G处理还增加了0～40 cm土壤有机质(OM)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、有效磷(available phosphorus,AP)和速效钾(AK)含量,为向日葵出苗和生长提供了良好的土壤环境。此外,B+S和B+G处理通过调理盐碱指标(SAR,D_s,Ca²⁺和Mg     

Additional application of aluminum sulfate with different fertilizers ameliorates saline-sodic soil of Songnen Plain in Northeast China

Purpose

Serious soil salinization, including excessive exchangeable sodium and high pH, significantly decreases land productivity. Reducing salinity and preventing alkalization in saline-sodic soils by comprehensive improvement practices are urgently required. The combinations of aluminum sulfate with different types of fertilizer at different rates were applied on rice paddy with saline-sodic soils of the Songnen Plain in Northeast China to improve soil quality and its future utilization.

Materials and methods

Experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block design. Twelve treatments with aluminum sulfate at the rates of 0, 250, 500, and 750 kg hm^?2 with inorganic, bio-organic, and organic-inorganic compound fertilizers were performed. Soil pH, electronic conductivity (EC), cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), total alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrients, soluble ions, rice growth, and yield in the saline-sodic soils were measured across all treatments. The relationships among the measured soil attributes were determined using one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and systematic cluster analysis.

Results and discussion

The pH, EC, ESP, total alkalinity, SAR, Na⁺, CO₃^2?, and HCO₃^? in saline-sodic soil were significantly decreased, while CEC, SOC, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), K⁺, and SO₄^2? were significantly increased due to the combined application of aluminum sulfate with fertilizer compared with the fertilizer alone. The most effective treatment in reducing salinity and preventing alkalization was aluminum sulfate at a rate of 500 kg hm^?2 with organic-inorganic compound fertilizer. This treatment significantly decreased the soil pH, EC, ESP, total alkalinity, SAR, Na⁺, and HCO₃^? by 5.3%, 28.9%, 41.1%, 39.3%, 22.4%, 23.5%, and 35.9%, but increased CEC, SOC, AN, AP, AK, K⁺, SO₄^2?, rice height, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight, and yield by 77.5%, 115.5%, 106.3%, 47.1%, 43.3%, 200%, 40%, 6.2%, 43.9%, 20.3%, and 42.2%, respectively, compared with CK treatment in the leaching layer.

Conclusions

The combined application by aluminum sulfate at a rate of 500 kg hm^?2 with organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is an effective amendment of saline-sodic soils in Songnen Plain, Northeast China. These results are likely related to the leaching of Na⁺ from the soil leaching layer to the salt accumulation layer and desalination in the surface soil, and the increase of SOC improved the colloidal properties and increased fertilizer retention in soil. In addition, the environmental impact of aluminum sulfate applied to soil needs to be further studied.

     

不同有机物料对苏打碱化土有机碳库和化学性质的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P＜0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P＜0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。     

Base cation-enhancing role of corn straw biochar in an acidic soil

Biochar affects base cation retention and leaching when it is used to enhance the base cation status of acidic soil. However, the details of its contribution are not yet clear. In this study, six loadings of corn straw biochar (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%, w/w) were applied to an acidic Ferralsol and incubated for 1 year. The results showed that the content of water-soluble and exchangeable base cations of K, Na, Ca and Mg increased with increasing levels of biochar in amended soil. The percentage of water-soluble Na, Ca and Mg of amended soil significantly decreased, while the percentage of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg increased significantly after the addition of biochar. For K and Na, biochar affected their leaching concentrations both as a source and by increasing the pH. For Ca, biochar reduced Ca leaching when the biochar loading was ≥4%, and the contribution increased from 30.8% to 100% at 4%–10% loading. For Mg, biochar reduced Mg leaching at biochar loadings 2%–10%, the reduction increasing from 22.0% to 70.5%. The results show that corn straw biochar can increase the content of the soil nutrient base cations K, Ca and Mg by increasing their exchangeable forms and enhance soil retention by decreasing their leaching. Thus, corn straw biochar can be used to effectively improve acidic soil base cation fertility.     

不同生物炭对南疆盐渍土盐分离子淋洗效果的影响

为探究不同生物炭添加对盐渍化土壤盐分及离子淋洗效果的影响。采用室内土柱模拟试验,在土壤表层(0-10 cm)添加比例为0.5%的猪粪(PMB)、棉秆(CSB)和玉米秸秆(MSB)生物炭,淋洗过程分为急降(P1)、缓降(P2)和稳定(P3)3个阶段,通过测定淋洗速率、流量、累积浸出阴阳离子浓度、土壤剖面含水率和土壤剩余可溶性离子的含量来探究不同生物炭对南疆盐渍土盐分离子的淋洗效果。结果表明:与未添加生物炭处理(CK)相比,生物炭的施用能提高各阶段淋洗液的流量和淋洗速率,在电导率快速下降阶段CSB处理流量提高20%,PMB处理淋洗速率提高29%,MSB处理最先使EC值降低到5 mS/cm,但对离子的去除能力提升较小。生物炭的施用对各阶段离子淋出先后顺序有一定影响,即促进Ca²⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-淋出,抑制K⁺淋出。淋洗结束时,生物炭均能显著降低土壤残余含盐量。CSB处理可提高表层土壤保水能力,使得钠吸附比(SAR)始终保持较低水平且对土壤中残余阴离子洗脱效果最好。表明CSB处理是一种非常有潜力的土壤改良剂。研究结果可为南疆盐渍化土壤改良提供理论参考。