盐碱地植棉栽培技术

我场位于渤海湾南岸属滨海潮土，从科技队近几年棉花生育期田间调查中得知，棉花的播期一般在４月１１日前后，５月５日出齐苗，６月中旬现蕾，７月中旬开花，８月２５日吐絮；现蕾株高１６４ｃｍ、开花株高５２３ｃｍ、收获株高８６２ｃｍ、果枝１３６个；三桃比例为６３％，５４５％，３９２％；每公顷５１８万株，平均单株铃数１８７个。１　耕翻压盐一是抓好冬耕，可切断土壤毛细孔，即破坏原有水盐上下运动的通道，有利于积蓄雨雪。翌春顶凌耙地，减少水分蒸发，抑制耕层积盐。二是灌水压盐，对新垦的较重盐碱地，于…     

影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis （Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子──Ⅰ．发生程度与天敌及虫源基数的关系

玉米螟的发生程度与越冬种群的天敌和虫源基数密切相关，对越冬种群影响比较大的天敌有玉米螟厉寄蝇、玉米螟长距茧峰、细菌和白僵菌。其中影响最大的是白僵菌，在５月末至６月下旬发病，寄生率在不同年度间变化很大，变化范围在４．５％～９０％以上，对虫源基数有重大影响。玉米螟大发生必须有足够的有效虫源，在吉林省一代为主的发生区，６月份的越冬虫量为有效虫源，在不考虑降雨的情况下，６月中旬的百秆活虫量与７月份性诱蛾量及秋季百株虫量均极显著相关（相关系数分别为０．７０２３和０．８６９．构成大发生的有效上源数至少为每百秆有３０头以上；７月份的累计单盆诱蛾量在３００头以上。ａｎｄｒ＝０．８６９ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ）ｅｘｃｅｐｔｗｅａｔｈｅｒｆａｃｔｏｒ．Ｌａｒｖａｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｐｅｒ１００ｓｔａｌｋｉｎｍｉｄｄｌｅＪｕｎｅａｎｄａｄｕｌｔｎｕｍｂｅｒｔｒａｐｅｄｂｙｐｅｒｐｈｅｒｏｍｏｎｅｔｒａｐｉｎＪｕｌｙｉｓａｔｌｅａｓｔｏｖｅｒ３０ａｎｄ３００ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｈｅａｖｙｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｙｙｅａｒｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｆｕｒｎａｃａｌｉｓ；Ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔ；Ｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｅｍｙ     

甜菜的几种栽培方式研究

为探讨内蒙赤峰市北部甜菜产区的防风、保墒、增产、增糖栽培新措施，进行了４种栽培方式试验：纸筒育苗覆膜后移栽、纸筒育苗移栽、直播覆膜栽培、直播（对照）。结果表明，纸筒育苗覆膜移栽甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量比直播分别提高１５３．５％、０．４度、１６２．４％，每亩农业和工业纯收入居４种栽培方式之首。纸筒育苗移栽甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量比直播务别提高７５．６％、０．５度、８２．８％，每亩农业和工业纯收入在４种栽培方式中居第二位。直播覆膜栽培甜菜根产量、产糖量比直播分别提高５０．０％、４８．２％，含糖率下降了０．４度，每亩农业和工业纯收入在４种栽培方式中居第三位。     

地膜覆盖对低群体冬小麦生长发育效应的研究

地膜小麦较常规小麦０～１０ｃｍ地温提高２．２５～２．８２℃;０～１０ｃｍ、１１～２０ｃｍ、２１～３０ｃｍ、３１～４０ｃｍ、４１～５０ｃｍ土壤含水量依次比ＣＫ提高１．９６％、１．３４％、２．３２％、１．６４％和１．０４％;穗分化提前３～５ｄ;分蘖质量和数量均发生了显著变化。冬前、返青和拔节期的增蘖幅度依次为１１．５％、３０．３％和１０．６％;成穗数增加９．７％;扩源增库效果显著,拔节到抽穗期主茎叶面积增加１１．５％～３０．４％,各器官物质积累量大幅度提高,产量结构发生明显变化,成穗数增加５２．５万／ｈｍ２,穗粒数增加４．６粒,每公顷净增产１３０６．５ｋｇ,增产幅度２２．６％。     

北缘蔗区甘蔗秋植栽培技术研究初报

本文初步探讨了北缘蔗区甘蔗秋植的播种时间和越冬方法，结果表明采用助膜夹蔗叶或稻草的方法覆盖蔗苗，可以有效地避免冻害，秋植播种适期为９月下旬至１０月中旬。秋植蔗与春植蔗比较，总叶数增加４．５－６．５叶，株高增加５５－７０ｃｍ，产量提高２５％左右，糖份可提高１％左右。     

连作对甜菜生长和块根产量及含糖的影响

同一块地连作４ 年试验结果表明, 连作时间越长, 根产量越低, 连作第２ 年根产量下降１０ ．３ ％ ,含糖率下降２．２１ 度;连作３ 年根产量比第１ 年下降２０ ．８％ ,含糖下降４．４６ 度;连作４ 年根产量比第１年下降４７ ．８ ％ ,含糖率下降６．５０ 度。连作后地上部病虫害发生不严重,但根部病害严重,连作２ 、３ 、４年根腐病发病率分别为４ ．８％ 、１０ ．５％ 、１６ ．３ ％ 。连作时间越长块根个体长势越差     

湖南省茶园土壤养分丰缺指标及配方施肥

对湖南省３６个县（市）６７个茶场的１３６份茶园土样进行了肥力水平测定。结果表明：茶园土壤ｐＨ适宜，钾素较丰富。土壤有机质含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（２．４±０．０９）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层（１．６０±０．０６）％。８５％的土样０～２０ｃｍ土层有机质含量超过１．５％，３８％的土样超过２．５％；４９％的土样２０～４０ｃｍ土层的有机质含量超过１．５％。全氮含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（０．１３３±０．００４）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层为（０．１００±０．００３）％。碱解氮含量大于１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的土样占７６％，２０～４０ｃｍ占４５％。全磷含量低于０．１％的０～２０ｃｍ土层达５３％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层达６２％。速效磷含量低于１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的频率，两土层各为４６％和６５％，显示低磷土壤较多。代换性镁含量较低，茶园严重缺镁。依据调查结果，建立了茶园土壤主要养分与茶叶产量之间的数学模型，据此提出了茶园土壤养分的丰缺指标：产量在２２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２干茶的茶园土壤０～４０ｃｍ土层全磷（Ｐ２Ｏ５）含量＞０．１２％，碱解氮含量＞１４９ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效磷含量＞３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效钾含量＞１１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土。通过试验，确定了４种主要土类适?     

焉耆糖区甜菜主要病害调查

焉耆糖区８０年代开始大面积种植甜菜,至今已有２０多年历史,年甜菜种植面积１．２～１．３万ｈｍ２,在８０年代末以前,甜菜含糖率在１７．５％～１８．５％,是一个高产高糖区。９０年代以后,含糖率出现较明显下降,近几年在１４％～１６％,甜菜病害日益严重是一个...     

浅析九三地区甜菜含糖率下降原因及对策

九三地区位于黑龙江省西北部，海拔２８８．１ｍ，土壤属黑土类，地势以平坡地居多，肥力中等。这里种植甜菜已有近３０年的历史，一般年份含糖率在１６．５度以上，个别年份在１７～１８．５度。近几年由于甜菜栽培水平的提高，产量逐渐上升，而含糖率有下降趋势。特别是...     

离体培养技术在甜菜远缘杂交育种中的应用

本文报导了离体培养技术在甜菜远缘杂交育种中的应用，探讨了影响离体再生植株诱导率的主要因素，包括外植体、培养基和杂交方式等。试验结果表明：外植体再生植株诱导率以远缘杂交胚（９５．８％）为最高，其次是生长点（６０．５％）、腋芽（５７．６％）、未授粉胚珠（４．７％）；４种培养基的再生植株诱导频率在６０％～９８％之间，其中珠３诱导率最高；杂交方式以正交（野生种×栽培种）远缘杂交胚的再生植株诱导率为最高，达９６％。不同来源试管苗的移栽成活率为５８．８％～８６．４％，不同来源再生植株性状存在明显差异。离体培养技术是快速提供甜菜育种素材的有效方法之一。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.