秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究

对秦岭林区几种主要林型根际土壤微生物的测定分析表明根际微生物数量表现为油松—华山松混交林＞落叶松林＞锐齿栎—油松混交林,且以细菌数量为主。同一林型微生物状况为根际＞非根际,干基根区＞干基非根区,且不同林分差异显著。微生物的数量分布与土壤酶活性、有机质含量、土壤养分状况等强弱呈正相关关系。     

避雨栽培及物候期对葡萄根际土壤微生物的影响

2017年2—8月,在四川省夹江县甘霖镇试验研究了葡萄避雨栽培模式和露地栽培模式及物候期对巨峰葡萄根际土壤微生物数量的影响。结果:栽培模式、物候期及两者的互作对葡萄植株根际土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量有极显著影响,但栽培模式与物候期的互作对真菌数量的影响不显著。两种不同栽培模式下不同微生物菌落数比较,细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少;避雨栽培三大类群根际土壤微生物的菌落数均明显高于露地栽培;根际土壤细菌、放线菌的菌落数随葡萄物候期,呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,真菌的数量则从萌芽期至成熟期逐渐下降。     

返青前后草地早熟禾草坪根际微生物区系动态

根际是土壤-植物生态系统物质及能量交换的活跃界面,根际微生物不仅直接影响植物对水分、养分的吸收,而且也同时影响植物对不良环境的抵抗能力。利用选择性培养基对草地早熟禾（PoapratensisL.）返青前后根际与非根际的细菌、真菌以及放线菌类群进行分离测数,拟从根际及非根际土壤微生物区系动态变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾返青前后其根际微生态的变化规律。结果表明：（1）草地早熟禾草坪的返青后,根际及非根际细菌、真菌数量明显增加,但放线菌数量呈减少趋势;（2）无论返青前后或者根际以及非根际,细菌的数量都占整个土壤微生物量的绝大部分,细菌数量的变化代表了整个微生物类群数量的变化趋势,使得草地早熟禾返青后根际土壤由“真菌型”向“细菌型”转化;（3）返青前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

玉米幼苗对芘污染土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

通过盆栽土培试验研究了玉米幼苗生长期间对芘污染土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响。结果表明,玉米加快了土壤中芘的降解,提高了芘在土壤中的降解速率。试验期间,根际土中可提取态芘含量显著低于非根际土,根际土微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性均高于非根际土,代谢熵低于非根际土。脂肪酸（FAME）分析结果表明,与非根际土相比,芘污染玉米根际土微生物群落结构发生了显著的变化,主要表现在真菌特征脂肪酸以及真菌/细菌的比值显著升高,细菌和GN^-细菌特征脂肪酸显著降低,且这种效应随着培养时间的推移在P〈0.01水平显著。根际土和非根际土中丛枝菌根真菌、GN^＋细菌和放线菌特征脂肪酸差异随着培养时间的延长逐渐加大,45 d时其差异均在P〈0.05水平显著。     

阔叶幼林取代杉木林后的土壤肥力研究

研究了3种阔叶混交幼林的土壤肥力，并将其肥力特征与杉木幼林进行对比研究。3种林分的立地条件相似常绿阔叶混交林1由12种观赏树种组成，常绿阔叶混交林2由7种速生乡土阔叶树种组成，常绿阔叶混交林3由12种阔叶树种组成。结果表明，各林地的土壤呈强酸性。常绿阔叶混交林1的土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量居各林地之首，其余的养分含量也大于或近似于杉木林地；常绿阔叶混交林2的全磷、全钾、有效氮、有效钾含量在4种林分中最高，有机质、全氮和有效磷含量也较高，说明这两种阔叶混交林有效地改善了土壤养分状况。常绿阔叶混交林3的土壤有机质、全氮和有效氮含量大于杉木林地，但是全磷、全钾、有效磷、有效钾含量小于后者。常绿阔叶混交林地1和常绿阔叶混交林地2的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量大于杉木林地，脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性也较高，表明这2种阔叶混交林显著地改善了林地肥力。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型林地土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

通过对陕西吴起县黄土沟壑区退耕还林地不同林分(沙棘、刺槐、油松、小叶杨)根际与非根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物特征进行研究,比较4种典型林分及退耕草地“根际效应”及根际对养分的截留效应,评价根际效应对土壤特性产生不同改良效果,为黄土沟壑区退耕地人工林科学选择造林树种提供理论支持。研究表明:1根际与非根际土壤中有机质含量、有效磷含量、碱解氮含量和速效钾含量表现出显著差异,有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量均呈现明显的根际聚集现象。2根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性总体高于非根际,仅油松样地中过氧化氢酶活性和小叶杨样地中脲酶活性根际低于非根际。3根际土壤中脲酶活性与细菌和真菌数量相关性达到显著水平,过氧化氢酶活性与真菌相关性达到显著水平;有机质含量与细菌、放线菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平;碱解氮、有效磷含量均与细菌、真菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平。在非根际土壤中,土壤养分含量与土壤微生物、土壤酶活性的相关性明显降低。4从土壤肥力综合水平看,根际土壤肥力水平综合得分总体上大于非根际土壤,其中根际土壤中沙棘小叶杨油松刺槐草地。沙棘能大幅度提高土壤肥力,具有较好的土壤改良效果。     

吊兰生长对锌污染土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

选用观赏植物吊兰进行盆栽试验,通过测定吊兰根际、非根际以及未栽培吊兰的空白组土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及化学性质,研究吊兰对重金属锌污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明:土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、有机质含量及土壤呼吸作用强度均表现为吊兰根际组＞吊兰非根际组＞未栽培吊兰的空白组.而土壤锌总量、pH、电导率及氧化还原电位均表现为未栽培吊兰的空白组＞吊兰非根际组＞吊兰根际组.土壤锌浓度为200mg/kg时,细菌、真菌的数量最多,土壤呼吸作用强度、脲酶及磷酸酶的活性也达到最高值;土壤锌浓度为500 mg/kg时,放线菌数量最多,且蔗糖酶活性达到顶峰.三类微生物对锌的敏感性顺序为真菌＞放线菌＞细菌.土壤酶对重金属锌的敏感性顺序为蔗糖酶＞脲酶＞磷酸酶＞过氧化氢酶.通过微生物数量与土壤酶活性的双变量相关性分析可知,放线菌的变化对土壤酶的影响最大,其次是真菌,细菌影响最小.吊兰生长能够有效改善土壤环境,在重金属锌污染修复方面有广阔的应用前景.     

秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究

对秦岭林区几种主要林型根际土壤微生物的测定分析表明,根际微生物数量表现为油松－华山松混交林〉落叶松林〉锐齿栎－油松混交林,且以细菌数量为主。同一林型微生物状况为根际〉非根际,干基根区〉干基非根区,且不同林分差异显著,微生物的数量分布与土壤酶活性,有机质含量,土壤养分状况等强弱呈正相在关系。     

乙草胺对玉米根际和非根际可培养微生物的影响

为探明土壤-植物系统中,田间施用量的乙草胺对玉米根际和非根际微生物数量的影响,采用田间试验及室内测试方法,在玉米苗期不同阶段测定了土壤中微生物量碳的变化,并进一步用平板稀释培养法研究了玉米根际和非根际土壤中细菌和真菌数量的变化。结果表明,乙草胺施用对玉米根际和非根际的土壤微生物群落均具有一定影响。可培养的根际细菌和真菌均呈现先抑制后刺激的变化,但与真菌不同,细菌受到的抑制作用时间较短,刺激作用时间较长;而本体土壤中可培养细菌和真菌则主要受到抑制作用,但是抑制作用的强度和持续时间差别很大。乙草胺对根际土壤微生物量碳可产生一定刺激作用,但影响并不显著;由于乙草胺施用对非根际土壤细菌和真菌的影响不同步并存在群落结构的补偿作用,从而维持了非根际土壤总体微生物生物量碳的基本稳定。     

施肥对I-107杨树人工林土壤根际效应的影响

 通过研究施用有机肥、化学肥料和生物菌肥对I-107杨树人工林根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响,分析土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量的关系。研究结果表明:不同种类肥料使用后3个月,林地根际土壤和非根际土壤微生物总量均有显著增长,其中有机肥处理土壤微生物数量增长幅度最大,菌肥处理最小。施肥处理显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性,但尿素和菌肥处理土壤多酚氧化酶活性降低。施用有机肥处理对土壤微生物和土壤酶根际效应值影响最明显,菌肥处理影响最小。尿素处理土壤pH值高于对照,有机肥和菌肥处理小于对照,但不同处理间土壤pH值的根际效应值差异性不明显。土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性之间存在一定的相关性,其中:土壤脲酶活性与好气性纤维素分解菌之间、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与氨化细菌、真菌、放线菌、亚硝酸细菌之间,土壤过氧化氢酶与好气性纤维素分解菌、真菌、放线菌之间相关性显著。     

柑桔根际土壤微生物种群动态及根际效应的研究

在柑桔根际土壤微生物的种群结构中，细菌占优势，最高达76871×10⁷个每克干土；真菌次之，达17549个每克干土；放线菌最少，达12462个每克干土。三种菌的根际效应非常显著，根际细菌最高约为对照的67.6倍，真菌约为12.4倍，放线菌约为26.9倍，柑桔中，温州密柑根际土壤细菌最多，年平均为6490×10⁷个每克干土；红桔的放线菌及真菌最多，年均分别为1326个每克干土及1728个每克干土。柑桔根际土壤微生物区系的种群结构和数量变动，受土壤理化性质的影响，并随树种、树龄、砧木及季节而变化。柑桔根部及根颈部对脚腐病、根腐病及线虫病的感病性和耐病性同柑桔同柑桔根际土壤微生物区系中，有益微生物与有害微生物的种类、数量及分布有密切的关系。柑桔根际土壤有益微生物有促进生长发育和保护的作用。     

华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价

为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。     

Changes in soil quality due to introduction of broad-leaf trees into clear-felled Chinese fir forest in the mid-subtropics of China

Abstract. After clear-felling of a first generation Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) forest, mixed stands of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei (a broadleaf tree) (MCM), pure M. macclurei stands (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stands (PCS) were established in 1983. The effects on soil were evaluated 20 years after planting by measuring physicochemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters. Both broadleaf monoculture and mixtures of broadleaf and conifer exerted a favourable effect on soil fertility. A soil quality index (SQI) decreased in the order: PMS (0.62) > MCM (0.57) > PCS (0.41). Improvement in soil quality, enhanced biological activity and forest productivity demonstrated that mixed stands are an effective measure to maintain sustainable forest productivity, as well as to control soil degradation under successive stands of Chinese fir. In addition, since the microbiological and biochemical parameters measured were sensitive to the forest management, they may be potential indicators for assessing the sustainability of different management systems. The results also showed that total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass carbon are effective indicators of the improvement or deterioration of soil quality under forest.     

不同林龄杉木根际与非根际土壤微生物群落特征

为探究中亚热带杉木土壤微生物群落随林龄变化特征,以中亚热带7,24,34 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析其根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和群落结构及驱动土壤微生物变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:随着杉木林龄的增长,非根际土壤各类微生物数量不断减少,根际土壤微生物数量不断增加,34 a生杉木人工林细菌含量、革兰氏阴性菌含量、Cy:MONO根际土壤显著高于非根际土壤,而其他各类微生物在根际和非根际土壤间均没有显著差异。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明:土壤环境因子对杉木土壤微生物群落有显著影响,其中有效磷和铵态氮含量对土壤微生物群落的影响较大,有效磷含量与土壤微生物群落呈正相关,土壤铵态氮含量与其呈负相关。因此,在杉木人工林管理过程中,可适当增加磷的输入,以增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤质量,促进杉木的生长。     

Changes in soil biological activities under reduced soil pH during Thlaspi caerulescens phytoextraction

Phytoextraction of soil Cd and Zn may require reduction in soil pH in order to achieve high metal uptake. Reducing the pH of high metal soil, however, could negatively affect soil ecosystem function and health. The objectives of this study were to characterize the quantitative causal relationship between pH and soil biological activities in two Zn and Cd contaminated soils and to investigate the relationship between metals and soil biological activities under low pH. Soils were adjusted to five or six different pH levels by sulfur addition, followed by salt leaching. Thlaspi caerulescens was grown for 6 months, and both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil biological activities were tested after harvest. Reducing pH significantly lowered soil alkaline phosphatase activity, arylsulphatase activity, nitrification potential, and respiration. However, acid phosphatase activity was increased with decreasing pH. The relationship between soil biological activities and pH was well characterized by linear or quadratic regression models with R² values ranging from 0.57 to 0.99. In general, the three enzyme activities, nitrification potential, and the ratio of alkaline phosphatase to acid phosphatase activity were very sensitive indicators of soil pH status while soil respiration was not sensitive to pH change. The rhizosphere soil had higher biological activities than non-rhizosphere soil. The negative effects observed in the non-rhizosphere soil were alleviated by the rhizosphere influence. However, rhizosphere soil after 6 months phytoextraction showed lower nitrification potential than non-rhizosphere soil, probably due to substrate limitation in our study.     

Influence of grass species and soil type on rhizosphere microbial community structure in grassland soils

A number of studies have reported species specific selection of microbial communities in the rhizosphere by plants. It is hypothesised that plants influence microbial community structure in the rhizosphere through rhizodeposition. We examined to what extent the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of grasses is determined by the plant species and different soil types. Three grass species were planted in soil from one site, to identify plant-specific influences on rhizosphere microbial communities. To quantify the soil-specific effects on rhizosphere microbial community structure, we planted one grass species (Lolium perenne L.) into soils from three contrasting sites. Rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere (bulk) and control (non-planted) soil samples were collected at regular intervals, to examine the temporal changes in soil microbial communities. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from both root bases and root tips, to investigate root associated spatial influences. Both fungal and bacterial communities were analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Both bacterial and fungal communities were influenced by the plant growth but there was no evidence for plant species selection of the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere of the different grass species. For both fungal and bacterial communities, the major determinant of community structure in rhizospheres was soil type. This observation was confirmed by cloning and sequencing analysis of bacterial communities. In control soils, bacterial composition was dominated by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria but in the rhizosphere samples, the majority of bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Bacterial community compositions of rhizosphere soils from different plants were similar, indicating only a weak influence of plant species on rhizosphere microbial community structure.     

Identification of organically bound iodine in soil humic substances by size exclusion chromatography / inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC / ICP-MS)

Abstract

Sulfur transformation in riee rhizosphere was investigated. Soil enzyme arylsulfatase in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, whieh is responsible for mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfate sulfur, was studied. The Michaelis constants of arylsulfatase from Maahas c1ay and Pila c1ay loam were 3.04 × 10^-4 M and 3.97 × 10^-4 M, respectively. The arylsulfatase of rhizosphere soil showed higher activity than that of non-rhizosphere soil. Applieation of sulfate had no marked elTect on the enzyme aetivity either in rhizosphere or non-rhizosphere soil under the submerged condition. This indieates that arylsulfatase activity under the submerged condition is not inhibited by applieation of sulfate. The amount of HI-reducible sulfur in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soi! inereased with time. However, rhizosphere soil had a higher amount of HI-reducible sulfur than did non-rhizosphere. Thc ditl'erence in arylsulfatase activity between the rhizosphcre and non-rhizosphere soil was not directly associated with thc number of sulfur-redueing and -oxidizing bacteria.     

不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤养分含量和酶活性动态

在福建省东山县滨海沙地，开展了不同年龄木麻黄林地根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性的测定，研究结果表明：（1）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际pH小于非根际土壤，随林龄增长根际土壤和非根际土壤pH值均表现为下降趋势；根际土壤有机质、全氮和水解氮含量高于非根际土壤，各土层有机质含量在中龄林时最大；从中龄林阶段至过熟林，水解氮含量下降；全磷和速效磷含量从幼林发育至中龄林、近熟林逐渐减少，至过熟林略有恢复；根际土壤全钾、速效钾含量呈增加趋势。（2）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际CEC值、水解性总酸度、交换性盐基总量、交换性Mg^2＋均大于非根际土壤；幼林龄根际交换性Ca^2＋低于非根际；土壤CEC值在中龄林时最高。（3）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性均大于非根际土壤；随着林木的生长，根际和非根际土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高，并且根际与非根际间的差异也呈增大趋势；根际过氧化物酶活性从幼龄林到中龄林下降，随着林木生长至过熟林有所升高；根际多酚氧化酶活性在过熟林阶段高于其它发育阶段。