不育技术控制长爪沙鼠种群的初步研究

长爪沙鼠对混合不育剂EP-1的摄食系数为0.87,适口性良好。在野外投饵试验中,其洞口密度和洞系密度比对照组下降,表明该药对长爪沙鼠有毒杀作用。成幼比从0.6∶1降至0.45∶1。表明该药控制长爪沙鼠繁殖的效果显著。本试验还对该药对长爪沙鼠的生理作用作了测试。     

不育剂EP-1对内蒙古荒漠啮齿动物优势种群繁殖的影响

鼠类不育控制已成为我国草原鼠害有效控制的发展趋势.为明确不育剂对荒漠草原害鼠种群繁殖的控制作用,2011年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区采用春季一次性投饵的方法,研究复合不育剂EP-1对子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Dipus sagitta和小毛足鼠Phodopus roborovskii3种啮齿动物优势种群的控制作用.结果显示,不育剂EP-1致使3种雄鼠的睾丸明显萎缩且下降率降低;春季子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的睾丸、附睾和精囊腺3项脏器系数均极显著低于对照区(P＜0.01),睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05);小毛足鼠5月和10月睾丸脏器系数和4-10月睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05),且持续时间较长.不育剂EP-1导致3种雌鼠子宫明显水肿、外壁变薄、体积变大、孕鼠平均胎仔数减少,4月子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的子宫脏器系数与宽度均显著高于对照区(P＜0.05),5月3种雌鼠的平均胎仔数均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05).表明不育剂EP-1对3种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的繁殖起到了有效的控制作用.     

基于改进的HYDRUS-2D模型暗管排水过程模拟

为了提高HYDRUS-2D模型在暗管排水中的模拟精度，提出了虚拟土层(VSL)和实际开孔面积(AHA)两种方法来代替HYDRUS-2D在暗管排水中的暗管原有渗透边界(PSB)。研究表明:VSL和AHA模型的模拟值与实测值具有较好的一致性;土壤含盐量平方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.757、0.966 g·kg^-1，决定系数(R²)分别为0.977和0.964；土壤含水率的RMSE分别为0.007、0.008 cm³·cm^-3,R²分别为0.885和0.794。此外，VSL在模拟排水方面(RMSE=9.48L，R²=0.93)和模拟排盐方面(RMSE=0.225 kg，R²=0.922)的模拟精度均高于AHA和PSB，可见，VSL更适用于暗管边界。进一步建立了VSL的环宽（RW）与其饱和导水率（K_s）之间的经验公式(R²=0.99，P<0.01)，当模拟区域和暗管布局变化时，该经验公式可用于确定VSL的模型参数,其模拟结果可用于指导相关地区的暗管布局。     

小麦越冬期麦圆叶爪螨危害损失及防治指标初步研究

随着麦圆叶爪螨数量增加,小麦亩茎数、单株分蘖数、次生根、3叶以上大蘖数、亩穗数,单穗粒数明显减少,不孕小穗数、枯叶率明显提高,小麦产量下降。小麦产量损失率和虫口密度有极显著的回归关系,其关系式为y’₄=0.0355x-1.3032 y’₄=0.9789^**,提出亩产350公斤小麦地块的防治指标为104头/33cm单行长。     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜的危害损失和防治指标研究

禾谷缢管蚜种群数量和危害历期是造成小麦产量损失的主要因素。采用累积虫日作为危害量指标 ,建立了蚜虫危害量与小麦产量损失的回归模型 ,即Y₁=1.4250+5.3529×10^-4X₁,Y₂=1.1780+0.0106X₂ ,确定了禾谷缢管蚜的动态防治指标     

寒地春油菜菌核病发生规律研究

研究结果表明,在黑龙江西北部春油莱菌核病于6月中旬始见病菌子囊盘,子囊盘数量与3 d内大气平均相对湿度呈正相关(R=0.657),与3 d内平均气温呈负相关(R=-0.604)。6月中旬始见大气中病菌孢子,7月中下旬出现高峰期。油菜花朵于6月下旬开始发病,7月上旬出现发病高峰期。花朵带病率与3 d内的相对湿度和日照时数显著相关(R₁=0.95;R₂=-0.857)。7月初叶片开始发病,7月中旬达到高峰期,以后逐渐下降。7月上旬茎秆开始发病,为土表菌核直接侵染造成,发病率低,增长慢;7月下旬因为病叶上病菌再侵染病害快速增长。     

寒地水稻叶片SPAD值与稻米蛋白质含量的关系

为揭示寒地水稻叶片SPAD值及其衍生值与稻米蛋白质含量的关系，于2020—2021年在水稻拔节期（T1）、孕穗期（T2）、齐穗期（T3）测定顶部3片叶的SPAD值，依据盆栽试验（试验1和试验2）的数据资料建立SPAD值衍生指标与稻米蛋白质含量之间的关系模型，利用大田试验（试验3）数据资料对建立的模型进行验证。结果表明，2020年氮肥试验中A8水平（氮素施用量362.07 kg·hm^-2）稻米蛋白质含量较A1~A7水平（A1~A7氮素施用量分别为0、51.72、103.45、155.17、206.90、258.62、310.35 kg·hm^-2）分别极显著增加34.55%、27.44%、26.39%、22.19%、18.07%、14.39%、12.23%，而A8水平食味值较A1~A7水平分别极显著降低8.10%、5.06%、4.99%、4.10%、3.45%、2.96%、2.28%，2021年蛋白质含量、食味值变化趋势与前者相同。两年品种试验6个品种稻米蛋白质含量比较中，C6品种（三江6号）蛋白质含量较C5（龙粳21）、C4（垦粳8号）、C3（龙稻203）、C2（松粳16）、C1（松粳22）分别极显著提高2.99%、12.23%、10.43%、5.04%、15.63%，C6食味值较C5、C4、C3、C2、C1分别极显著降低1.17%、12.09%、3.54%、2.89%、7.93%。品种差异及施氮量对不同生育时期水稻顶部3 片叶的SPAD值分布规律有较大影响，但水稻冠层叶片出现的两次“黑黄交替”现象不受品种的影响，其中单片叶的SPAD值受品种差异的影响，与蛋白质含量不存在相关性，借助指标SPAD_(L1+L2+L3)/3、SPAD_L2×L3/mean可有效降低品种及环境差异对蛋白质含量预测结果的影响，指标SPAD_(L1+L2+L3)/3与蛋白质含量在T1~T3期（拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期）的拟合方程分别为：Y=0.24X-1.94 ，R²为0.75^**、Y=0.25X-1.69，R²为0.74^**、Y=0.27X-2.45 ，R²为0.72^**；SPAD_L2×L3/mean拟合方程分别为：Y=0.22X-1.05 ，R²为0.75^**、Y=0.27X-2.43， R²为0.72^**、Y=0.26X-2.24，R²为0.72^** （Y为蛋白质含量，X为SPAD衍生值），拟合方程均达到极显著水平。稻米蛋白质含量和食味值评分变现为线性负相关，回归方程为Y=-4.21X+113.32（Y为食味值，X为蛋白质含量），拟合优度R²=0.93^**，达到极显著水平。综上，借助指标SPAD_(L1+L2+L3)/3和SPAD_L2×L3/mean能够实现快捷、无损和实时预测稻米蛋白质含量，在一定程度上判定出稻米蒸煮食味品质的优劣，达到按质收获以及对品质实时监测的要求，促进优质寒地水稻的可持续发展。     

施氮对关中地区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响及基于植被指数的估算模型

为探寻不同施氮量对农田土壤呼吸（R_S）的影响并快速准确估算R_S,以关中地区冬小麦为研究对象,观测了5种施氮量下冬小麦农田R_S的变化,研究了环境因子（土壤温度、土壤湿度）及作物因素（叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值）对于R_S的影响,建立了适用于关中地区土壤温度与植被指数下的农田土壤呼吸估算模型。设置秸秆还田下的5种施氮量处理,分别为传统施氮量SN200（200 kg·hm^-2）、优化施氮量SN150（150 kg·hm^-2）、60%优化施氮量SN120（120 kg·hm^-2）、50%优化施氮量SN100（100 kg·hm^-2）以及不施氮肥SN0（0 kg·hm^-2）。结果表明：不同施氮量下R_S随生育期推进均表现为先升高再降低的趋势,同时添加氮肥促进了R_S排放。各处理观测期内R_S的均值为：SN200（3.68 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN150（3.40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN120（3.06 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN100（2.70 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN0（2.21 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）。不同施氮量下冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率在拔节期和抽穗期差异明显,反射率从高到低依次为SN200>SN150>SN120>SN100>SN0,而在灌浆期和成熟期差异不大。土壤温度显著影响了R_S（P<0.01）,土壤湿度与R_S没有显著相关关系（P0.05）。叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值和植被指数均与R_S呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）。通过多种模型评估,建立基于植被指数和土壤温度的最佳农田土壤呼吸估算模型,显著高于基于土壤温度的单因子模型,模型精度可达到0.6以上（n=120）。     

我国南方稻区水稻骨干亲本纹枯病抗性鉴定与分析

运用改进的纹枯病菌接种法,对当前我国南方稻区17个骨干亲本纹枯病抗性进行了田间鉴定,测定和分析了各材料的纹枯病病级(R_D)、相对病斑高度(H_R)及株高(H_P)。通过试验,将17个骨干亲本分为抗病、中等抗病、中等感病和感病4种类型;筛选出了3个抗病亲本(明恢63、蜀恢527、广恢128)和3个中抗亲本(绵恢725、珍汕97B和协青早B);供试亲本的平均RD为4.78,平均HR为0.52;通过分析,发现纹枯病病级(R_D)和相对病斑高度(H_R)呈极显著正相关(y=8.373x+0.435,y=RD;x=H_R)、株高和病级相关不显著。     

简化有效积温法预测稻水象甲发生期研究初报

稻水象甲的发生与气温变化关系密切,根据虫害发生年份和气象数据,利用有效积温与稻水象甲发生的相关性,建立了有效积温预测式。越冬成虫迁入高峰期预测式为Y₁=33.8595-0.0507 X₁,(n=7,r=-0.9919^**);第1代成虫羽化高峰期预测式为Y₂=65.2923-0.0359 X₂,(n=7,r=-0.9634^**。     

棉花叶片茸毛性状与绿盲蝽抗性的关系

为明确棉花叶片茸毛性状与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系,于2008-2009年连续两年系统研究了不同供试棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平,并在室内测定了棉花中脉和叶片上茸毛的类型、密度和长度.结果表明,不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在差异;且不同棉花品种(系)叶片各类型茸毛密度和茸毛长度分别表现显著差异(P<0.05);叶片茸毛密度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性呈显著负相关(y=3.5482-0.0007x1-0.0089x2,R2=0.5741,P=0.0007),叶片茸毛类型和茸毛长度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性没有显著相关性.选育叶片无毛或少毛的棉花品种(系)可用于棉花绿盲蝽的治理.     

Fusarium solani f.sp.cucurbitae andF. oxysporum f.sp.niveum inoculum densities in tunisian soils and their effect on watermelon seedlings

Populations ofFusarium solani f.sp.cucurbitae (Fsc) andFusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum (Fon) in naturally infested soil of watermelon fields were counted by the soil dilution method with subsequent pathogenicity tests. Inoculum density varied within the same region from one field to another, ranging between 9 and 1600 CFU g^?1 soil forFsc and from 0 to 200 CFU g^?1 soil forFon. Fusarium crown- and root-rot-diseased seedlings were observed in most soils (93%); however, Fusarium wilt was observed in only 34% of soil samples. The disease incidence on cv. ‘Giza’ (Y) increased significantly with inoculum density in the soil (X) (P<0.001). ForFsc, the relationship between inoculum density and disease incidence was characterized by the equation Y=0.0005X+0.165 (R²=0.67). ForFon, the equation was Y=0.003X?0.0014 (R²=0.88). Based on these equations, the estimated inoculum densities required to cause 50% disease incidence (DI₅₀) on cv. Giza plants was 670 and 171 CFU g^?1 soil forFsc andFon, respectively.     

八种除草剂对小麦田三种抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的生物活性

为筛选能有效防除抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的除草剂,采用温室盆栽法测定菵草(敏感S_w、抗性R_w)、日本看麦娘(敏感S_r、抗性R_r)、耿氏硬草(敏感S_y、抗性R_y)对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平,并研究了8种除草剂对这3种抗性杂草的生物活性。结果显示,3种杂草抗性种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性指数均大于33.7,已达高抗水平。3种杂草抗性种群均对同类乙酰辅酶A羧化酶类抑制剂唑啉草酯和炔草酯产生了11.6~56.5倍不等的高水平抗性。对部分乙酰乳酸合成酶类抑制剂产生了2.0~4.8倍的低水平抗性,氟唑磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效较差,GR_(90)为67.31~114.39g(a.i.)/hm~2;啶磺草胺仅对Rr种群防效较好,GR_(90)为4.67 g(a.i.)/hm~2;甲基二磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效均较好,但对Rr种群存在抗性风险,已出现2.0倍低水平抗性;磺酰磺隆对Ry和Rr种群防效较好;丙苯磺隆对Rr种群防效好。细胞分裂抑制剂氟噻草胺对3种杂草抗性种群防效均最好,在田间推荐剂量120 g(a.i.)/hm~2下可达90%以上的防效。     

不同基质传代白僵菌对桑天牛幼虫的侵染力与寄主血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的关系

以诱集自土壤中、对桑天牛Apriona germari幼虫具有较高致病性的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana Bb00为出发菌株R0,经反复接种桑天牛幼虫分别获得菌株R1、R2、R3和R4,而通过反复在普通查氏培养基上传代分别获得菌株M1、M2、M3和M4。分别用R0、R2、R4和M2、M4接种桑天牛幼虫,发现在普通培养基上传代会导致菌株致病力降低,而通过桑天牛幼虫传代培养可提高菌株的致病力。桑天牛幼虫感染白僵菌后,其免疫互作使酚氧化酶活性先迅速上升,随后因菌株的适应性增强而开始下降。用菌株M2、M4接种桑天牛幼虫后,其血淋巴酚氧化酶活性比接种R2和R4的高。各菌株引起的桑天牛幼虫酚氧化酶活性出现高峰值的时间与其LT50值具有一定的相关性,反映了各菌株不同的侵染速度;同时各菌株引起的酚氧化酶活性高峰值也与其LC50值高度相关。说明桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性与不同菌株对桑天牛幼虫的毒力具有一定的相关性,同时酚氧化酶活性也可作为反映菌株毒力的一个重要参考指标。     

Inhibition of epoxidation of methyl farnesoate to juvenile hormone III by cockroach corpus allatum homogenates

Radiolabeled methyl farnesoate is epoxidized to juvenile hormone III by an NADPH-dependent reaction occurring in corpus allatum homogenates from the cockroach Blaberus giganteus L. Most of the enzymatically produced juvenile hormone has the 10R configuration described for previously isolated natural juvenile hormones. The unnatural 2Z geometrical isomer of methyl farnesoate is epoxidized by the above system faster than the natural 2E isomer. Several series of chemicals known to be inhibitors of mixed-function oxidases were surveyed as inhibitors of methyl farnesoate epoxidation. The anti-juvenile hormone precocene II caused negligible inhibition at 1 · 10^?4M, whereas the best inhibitor was o-bromophenoxymethyl-imidazole with an apparent I₅₀ of 4 · 10^?7M. None of the inhibitors tested were potent morphogenetic agents on Tenebrio molitor pupae, and they failed to cause precocious development of Oncopeltus fasciatus nymphs. The inhibition of in vitro juvenile hormone biosynthesis suggests the possibility of finding an anti-hormone which acts by blocking juvenile hormone biosynthesis.     

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth and biochemical responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan

A sixty-day experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on growth performance, RNA/DNA ratio and some biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal dose of endosulfan (1/10th of 96 h static non-renewal LC₅₀ = 0.2 ppb) to assess the role of pyridoxine in ameliorating the negative effects of endosulfan. Two hundred seventy fingerlings (6.5 ± 0.26 g) were randomly distributed into six treatments in triplicates (15 fish/tank). Five iso-nitrogenous (35.45-35.75% crude protein) purified diets were prepared with graded levels of pyridoxine. Six treatment groups were T₀ (10 mg PN + without endosulfan), T₁ (0 mg PN + endosulfan), T₂ (10 mg PN + endosulfan), T₃ (50 mg PN + endosulfan), T₄ (100 mg PN + endosulfan) and T₅ (200 mg PN + endosulfan). Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR), tissue glycogen, and protease activity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pyridoxine fed groups compared to their non-pyridoxine fed counterpart. Protease activity was positively correlated (R² = 0.931) with (%) weight gain. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in non-pyridoxine fed group and decreased in pyridoxine fed counterparts. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effect of dietary pyridoxine on feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival, gastro-somatic index (GSI), hepato-somatic index (HSI) and liver and muscle DNA levels of L. rohita fingerlings. RNA levels, both in liver and muscle, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in pyridoxine fed groups. A positive correlation was observed between growth and RNA levels, both in liver (R² = 0.91) and muscle (R² = 0.88). RNA/DNA ratio showed a third order polynomial relationship with dietary pyridoxine, both in liver (Y = −0.014x³ + 0.1613x² − 0.5333x + 0.7933, R² = 0.987) and muscle (Y = −0.0407x³ + 0.4763x² − 1.6358x + 2.4667, R² = 0.9345). The overall results obtained in present study indicated that dietary pyridoxine supplementation at 100 or 200 mg PN/kg diet ameliorates the negative effects of endosulfan and restores optimal growth of L. rohita fingerlings.     

油松毛虫性信息素监测量与失叶率及虫口密度的相关性分析

为明确性信息素对油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis成虫的监测量与不同危害程度林区失叶率及其幼虫虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式五点取样法,将失叶率、幼虫虫口密度及成虫监测量两两进行模型拟合。结果显示,幼虫低虫口密度(y_1)、高虫口密度(y_2)与对应的成虫监测量(x_1)、(x_2)呈二次方曲线函数,方程分别为y_1=-0.060x_1~2+6.174x_1-85.753;y_2=0.076x_2~2-3.111x_2+109.844;在幼虫极高虫口密度(y_3)时,成虫监测量(x_3)呈线性递减,方程为y_3=-1.795x_3+214.060;幼虫虫口密度(y)、成虫监测量(x)随着失叶率(z)的增加而增高,但当失叶率超过74%时,幼虫虫口密度呈下降趋势,方程为y=-794.937z~2+1188.218z-308.626;当失叶率超过72%时,成虫监测量也出现下降,二者可以按照方程x=-189.035z~2+272.374z-53.474进行模拟。研究表明,幼虫虫口低密度、高密度与成虫监测量的相关性均显著,极高虫口密度时,成虫监测量呈下降趋势;幼虫虫口密度、成虫监测量均与失叶率呈二次方函数关系。     

Impact of malathion stress on lipid metabolism in Limnonectus limnocharis

Despite mounting concerns about amphibian population declines, information on impact of pesticides on physiological changes is meager. The present study deals the influence of an organophosphate pesticide—malathion on the lipid metabolism of Limnonectus limnocharis under laboratory conditions. Changes in the lipid metabolism were analyzed in the liver, muscle, ovary, and testis of frogs exposed to lethal (10.67 mg L⁻¹ for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days) and sub-lethal (2.13 mg L⁻¹ for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days) concentrations of malathion. Upon lethal concentration treatment, against the increase of fatty acids, glycerol, and lipase activities in all tested tissues, there was decrease in the total lipids content over different durations. On the other hand, exposure to sub-lethal concentration, the amount of total lipids content, free fatty acids, glycerol and lipase activity increased. Changes in the lipid metabolism due to lethal concentration of malathion exposure could depict the negative impact on the reproductive success, which would result in decline of amphibian population.     

Ultra-structural changes in the integument induced by the use of three of six forms of allylisothiocyanate tested against Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae larvae

The insecticidal activity of four forms of Hong Jing (HJ) allylisothiocyanate (AITC), AITC + cypermethrin (HJ_A, HJ_B, and HJ_C) with ratio of (1:1, 4:1, and 2:1), pure AITC (HJ_D), and two forms of Hong Du (HD) AITC, AITC + chlorpyrifos (HD_A and HD_B) with ratio of (2:1 and 2:1), respectively, were studied on the major cruciferous insect larvae Plutella xylostella (L.) and Pieris rapae (L.) by combining both spraying and dipping methods. The P. rapae was more susceptible than P. xylostella larvae. The LC₅₀ values 72 h after treatment of AITC forms (HJ_B, HJ_A, HJ_C, HJ_D, HD_B, and HD_A) on the P. rapae were; 0.07, 0.08, 0.16, 0.83, 0.26, 1.08 gL⁻¹, and 0.69, 0.26, 5.45, 0.93, 3.01, 5.98 gL⁻¹ on the P. xylostella, respectively. The toxicity of some of the AITC forms was very close to or better than that of the commercial contact insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (LC₅₀ = 0.03 and 0.04 gL⁻¹ on P. rapae and P. xylostella, respectively), and cypermethrin (0.65 and 0.78 gL⁻¹, respectively, against P. rapae and P. xylostella). The ultrastructural studies on the integument of the third larval instar of P. xylostella treated by sub-lethal concentration (LC₂₀) of HJ_B, HJ_D, and HD_B were carried out by using transmission electron microscope. The more pronounced alterations in the hypodermis and mitochondria cells. They exhibited changes in all treated samples. The hypodermis was almost completely destroyed, and the mitochondria exhibited morphological alterations, represented by enlargement, matrix rarefaction and vacuolization of the mitochondria matrix, quantity of cristae reduced, and density electron matrix lessened. These AITC forms have potential as contact insecticides, and the ultra structural observations confirm the insecticidal efficiency of different AITC forms on P. rapae and P. xylostella.     

棉田黄顶菊的经济阈值及竞争临界期

黄顶菊是近年在我国发现的外来入侵植物,在河北省已进入农田.为明确黄项菊在棉田中的经济危害允许水平、经济阈值以及竞争临界期,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法,在田间条件下研究黄顶菊不同密度对棉花的生长性状及产量的影响.结果表明,在黄顶菊的竞争干扰下,棉花的叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率、氮素利用效率和棉花产量均随黄顶菊密度的增加而逐渐降低.当黄顶菊密度为5株/m~2时,叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率显著低于无黄顸菊对照;当密度为2株/m~2时,棉花产量显著低于无黄顶菊对照.对数函数模型可以较好地拟合黄顶菊密度与棉花产量损失间的关系(γ=22.79 lnx十9.0277,R=0.9759).棉田中黄顶菊的经济危害允许水平为0.66%～3.06%,经济阈值为0.69～0.77株/m~2,与棉花的竞争临界期为棉花播种后5.15～83.13天.