耕作侵蚀磁性示踪的影响因素

以钛铁矿粉作为磁性示踪剂,研究土壤磁化率背景值、操作方式、测定条件对耕作侵蚀磁性示踪的影响,确定耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件。结果表明:紫色土研究样地的耕层土壤磁化率背景值和空间变异性都较小,对示踪剂磁性强度要求不高;土壤磁化率与示踪剂浓度可以利用线性方程拟合,示踪剂浓度在20~70g/kg时,拟合效果较好(R~2=0.999 6,P0.001);当土壤颗粒组成中粗颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与粒径2mm和2~5 mm含量呈显著正相关,与粒径5~10 mm和10~20mm含量呈显著负相关,然而当细颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与土壤颗粒组成无关;土壤磁化率与堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度呈正相关关系,与取样间距、示踪剂老化、土壤温度关系不明显。耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件为:钛铁矿粉磁性示踪剂浓度为20~70g/kg,土壤磁化率测定时细颗粒占多数(50%),堆积厚度在5cm以上,土壤紧实度在50~150N/cm~2,保持耕作前后土壤磁化率测定中堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度等条件基本相似。试验和应用表明钛铁矿粉的性能较适合作为耕作侵蚀磁性示踪剂。     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂两种布设方式下示踪效果的研究

利用自制的新型磁性示踪剂研究了不同示踪浓度、不同示踪深度对土壤磁性的影响,以及通过自然降雨,在段面、点穴两种布设方式下示踪小区的土壤侵蚀的空间变异特征.试验结果表明:随着示踪剂浓度的增加土壤的磁化率逐渐增大,当示踪剂浓度为5%时,土壤磁化率在240(SI)左右,用SHX-2型磁化率仪测定的结果精确;在0～6 cm范围内土壤磁性随着厚度的增加而增大,土壤厚度超过6 cm时磁化率达到稳定值,当示踪深度为5 cm时,土壤厚度的增加和减小会相应的引起土壤磁化率值的升高和降低;用段面和点穴两种布设方式来布设磁性示踪剂,降雨前后土壤磁化率的变化均能指示坡面不同空间部位土壤的剥蚀和沉积,但段面式布设方式比点穴式的示踪效果更精确.     

旋耕机耕作对紫色土碳氮垂直分布过程的影响

利用在土壤表面人为添加钛铁矿粉以示踪表层土壤垂直和顺坡再分配过程,通过对比耕作前与模拟耕作20次、40次土壤有机碳和全氮垂直分布特征,研究紫色土旋耕机等高耕作所产生的土壤顺坡和垂直搬运耦合作用对有机碳、全氮垂直分布过程的影响机制。结果显示:强烈耕作后坡顶侵蚀深度超过原土壤剖面厚度,但土壤剖面厚度依然与耕作深度相当,这是由于耕作对坡顶土壤起着顺坡搬运(耕作侵蚀)和垂直搬运(破碎母岩)的双重作用。磁性示踪剂的深度分布显示出耕作引起表层土壤垂直向下迁移,但不同坡位垂直分布机制不同。坡顶土壤有机碳和全氮浓度明显减小,这是由于强烈的耕作侵蚀向下坡搬运耕层土壤,同时耕作垂直搬运引起母岩碎屑向耕层混入产生稀释作用;坡趾表层0—5 cm土壤有机碳和全氮浓度减小,但是5—20 cm明显增加,表明耕作侵蚀引起来自上坡的低浓度土壤在坡趾堆积。这些结果表明旋耕机等高耕作下土壤同时发生顺坡传输与垂直迁移,两者相互作用导致耕作侵蚀区和耕作沉积区呈现出明显不同的有机碳、全氮垂直分布模式。     

半干旱生态系统中生物废弃物对土壤及植物的影响

在半干旱气候条件下,土壤由于水力侵蚀而逐渐退化。把生物废弃物和城市固体废弃物(MSW)以不同比例一次性表施于退化了的半干旱生态系统中的不同地块。以研究施用生物废弃物后,对土壤理化性质和自然植物的影响。最初,土壤N,P,K含量随着生物废弃物施用率的增加而增加,但后期则减少。Zn和Cu的水平MSW处理高于生物废弃物处理。在研究期间,生物废弃物改良的土壤Cd、Pb、Ni和Cr的质量浓度无变化。3a时间里,总植物覆盖度及总植物生物量显著增加,并且所有处理均高于对照。对各处理的自然植物群落发展差异进行观察,3a后施用生物废弃物的处理与未施用的处理差异显著。如果恢复工程的目的是控制侵蚀,应采用高水平施用生物废弃物;若目标是提高物种丰富度,则应采用低水平施入生物废弃物。施用量在40～80t/hm2的生物废弃物时,不存在危害环境的作用。高施用量在明显径流时期则引起P和NO3-N对表面水的潜在有害污染。     

旱作农业土壤水蚀条件下氮素流失效应试验研究

基于旱作农业夏玉米野外径流小区试验,通过设定不同降雨类型和不同尿素施用水平,重点研究水蚀条件下土壤氮素流失效应与机理。试验结果表明,水蚀条件氮素流失水平与侵蚀程度及泥沙氮素携带能力有关,其中,泥沙侵蚀程度对氮素流失影响显著,而施肥水平对泥沙吸附氮素携带能力影响明显。侵蚀过程中泥沙、径流及表土中氮素浓度不同,泥沙吸附氮素浓度略高于表土,而远大于径流溶解氮素浓度。比较随泥沙与径流流失氮素水平发现,随泥沙流失氮素比例都高达85%以上,远大于径流携带数量,说明泥沙是氮素流失的主要载体。     

温度条件对水稻氮肥施用技术的影响

通过两年在云南高原不同气候类型稻区的试验研究结果表明,温度条件与水稻氮肥施用技术关系密切,在幼穗分化至孕穗期受土壤温度下降的影响,土壤自然供氮出现低谷,此时施用穗肥可以弥补土壤供氮的不足,提高氮肥的利用率。不同气候类型稻作区施用穗肥的最佳有效期是幼穗分化至减数分裂期。在不增加总用肥量的前提下,基肥/穗肥的最佳施用比例为:北热带双季早稻区为8∶2;亚热带稻作区为6∶4;暖温带冷凉稻作区为5∶5。     

墨西哥研制土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂

土壤侵蚀的程度通常以从小区或流域侵蚀走的侵蚀物的量来衡量。通过直接量测来确定流域内土壤侵蚀方式和沉积物再分布的技术局限性很大。针对这种状况 ,墨西哥水力学家EusebioVenturaJr.等人为监测由水蚀引起的侵蚀物的运动过程开发了一种新的磁性示踪技术。此种磁性示踪剂由通过嵌入磁粉来磁化的聚苯乙烯塑料串珠构成。磁化珠平均直径为 3.2mm ,密度为 1.2g/cm3 ,把它们与土壤均匀混合并且在实验室中通过模拟降雨产生的径流来分别模拟细沟间和细沟内的土壤侵蚀过程 ,二者输出的侵蚀物中示踪剂和土壤的质量分数相同。因此 ,通过磁化率仪可以监测侵蚀物的沉积或分散区域。研究结果表明 ,采用圆形、土壤中磁珠的质量分数在 5 %～10 %且均匀地与表层 3～ 5cm土壤混合是采用此项示踪技术的适宜条件 ,观测土壤磁层厚度时采用MS2D的线圈形探头即可获得有关坡面土壤再分布的信息     

福建省长汀县水土流失区土壤退化及其恢复研究

土壤退化是指在不利的自然条件和人类对土壤的不合理利用等因素影响下,造成水土流失,导致土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的下降过程。本文通过对长汀县不同侵蚀强度水土流失区的土壤调查,分析其土壤退化的因子,并对长汀强度侵蚀区治理2～3年、10年、15年和30年的样地进行布点调查、取样分析其土壤理化性质,来研究水土流失治理区土壤恢复过程。     

坡面水蚀比尺模型室内外相似性试验研究

对野外和室内在25°陡坡、人工降雨条件下的侵蚀产沙试验进行了对比分析,结果表明:在降雨强度相同或相近时,室内外降雨侵蚀力非常接近,但是土壤可蚀性却相差4倍左右;当其它影响因素如土壤容重、土壤前期含水量等相同或相近时,仅要达到累计侵蚀产沙量的相似,室内坡面模型可以采用2∶1的几何比尺,该比尺下室内外侵蚀产沙量的误差小于10%;从侵蚀产沙速率来看,室内外试验侵蚀产沙的过程差异较大;室内外试验都是降雨强度越大,坡面产生的细沟数量越多,并且细沟的平均长度、宽度、深度也越大;但要做到室内外坡面形态发育的相似还存在较大难度。     

二氧化碳联合螯合剂强化向日葵修复铜污染土壤研究

【目的】以向日葵为研究材料,探讨其在CO2浓度升高条件下修复铜(Cu)污染土壤的效率以及对比CO2与螯合剂联合诱导下向日葵对铜污染土壤修复效率的差异,并筛选出对CO2浓度升高响应显著的品种,以期为利用植物修复铜污染土壤提供数据支撑。【方法】 在设置两个CO2浓度的人工气候室内(正常浓度370 mol/mol和升高浓度800 mol/mol),采用完全随机设计的盆栽土培试验,通过5个不同品种的向日葵,向铜污染水平为100mg/kg的土壤上施加不同浓度EDTA和DTPA,研究CO2浓度与螯合剂联合施用对向日葵修复铜污染土壤效率的影响。【结果】 1)不同螯合剂用量对铜污染土壤的浸提效果显著不同,根据螯合剂浸提土壤铜的高含量低毒性效应,选取EDTA 3 mmol/kg土和DTPA 5 mmol/kg土作为螯合剂的施加剂量。2)施入螯合剂后,CO2浓度升高一定程度上缓解了向日葵的失绿、 失水,增加了食葵3号和阿尔泰2号的总生物量,但降低了食葵4号和阿尔泰1号的总生物量。3)在相同CO2浓度下,加入螯合剂后明显提高土壤pH值,且DTPA处理的增幅明显高于EDTA处理。CO2浓度升高处理虽对土壤pH值有影响,但CO2施肥与不施肥处理间五个品种的土壤pH值无显著差异。4)试验选用的5个品种中,食葵4号、 阿尔泰1号在CO2浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量明显降低;食葵3号、 油生引2号在CO2浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量略有升高;阿尔泰2号在二氧化碳浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量明显升高。CO2与DTPA 5 mmol/kg土联合施用, 5个品种向日葵茎叶内铜含量较对照增加239％～646％;铜蓄积量较对照增加230％～362％。二氧化碳与EDTA 3 mmol/kg 联合施用时,EDTA的活化作用未达到最佳效果,对5个品种向日葵茎、 叶内铜含量的影响不一致。【结论】CO2浓度升高一定程度上可以增强向日葵的抗性。在100 mg/kg铜污染土壤上,阿尔泰2号对二氧化碳浓度升高的反应最敏感,同时二氧化碳与螯合剂联合施用时,螯合剂可能是影响土壤pH值变化的主要因子。在铜污染水平为100 mg/kg的土壤上,与EDTA施用量为3 mmol/kg土相比,5 mmol/kg土的DTPA与CO2联合施用的修复效果更好。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.