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1.
Xavier Moll Adria Aguilar Felix García Rosa Ferrer Anna Andaluz 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(2):135-144
Objective
To assess the validity and reliability of Doppler ultrasonography (DOP) as compared with invasive arterial blood pressure measurements in anaesthetized dogs weighing less than 5 kg.Study design
Controlled, prospective, clinical study.Animals
A total of 41 privately owned dogs weighing less than 5 kg.Methods
The dogs were anaesthetized, and an intra-arterial catheter was placed aseptically in the dorsal pedal artery of the pelvic limb to perform invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement. The contralateral metatarsal surface of the foot was clipped in order to perform DOP. Both techniques were used to record blood pressure measurements every 5 minutes during surgical procedures. The blood pressure measurements were categorized into two groups: hypotensive [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 60 mmHg] and normotensive (MAP between 60 and 120 mmHg). A linear mixed model was used to compare the DOP and IBP values. The results were evaluated according to the requirements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines for the validation of devices.Results
DOP provided higher values compared to the systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and MAP of IBP measurements. The closest agreement between the two techniques was found for SAP; the bias was 8.8, and limits of agreement (LOA) were –32.9 and 50.4. Similar results were observed when the IBP technique was categorized. The closest agreement was for SAP in animals categorized as normotensive; the bias was 8.2, and LOAs were –32.8 and 49.2. The level of agreement between DOP and IBP did not meet the ACVIM recommendations.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our results suggest there is poor agreement between DOP and IBP measurements in anaesthetized dogs weighing less than 5 kg. Hence, the use of DOP in these animals could be misleading. 相似文献2.
Tyfane T. Yamaoka Derek Flaherty Patricia Pawson Marian Scott Adam Auckburally 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):492-501
Objective
To assess agreement between noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) oscillometrically-derived values from a multiparameter monitor (Datex Ohmeda S/5 Compact) with those obtained by invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement in anaesthetised horses undergoing elective surgery.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 40 healthy adult horses.Methods
Horses were anaesthetised with various anaesthetic protocols (based on clinical requirements). Depending on positioning, cannulation of the facial or lateral metatarsal artery was performed for IBP measurement. The cannula was connected via a transducer to the monitor. An appropriately sized NIBP cuff was placed around the tail base and connected to the same monitor. Systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressures were continuously recorded from the invasive system, and at 3 minute intervals from the oscillometric system, throughout the surgical procedure using a Datex iCollect program. An appropriate arithmetic correction factor was applied to the oscillometric results where the cuff was not level with the heart. Assessment of the degree of agreement between invasive and noninvasive readings at each time point was performed using a modified Bland-Altman analysis.Results
While in many horses there was relatively close correlation between the values obtained over time, there was substantial variability in individual animals which resulted in wide Bland-Altman limits of agreement. The oscillometric device over-reads by approximately 32, 23 and 22 mmHg, and under-reads by 26, 17 and 19 mmHg for SAP, MAP and DAP, respectively, compared with the IBP values. However, using the mean difference and standard deviation, the device conforms to American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) standards.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oscillometric blood pressure measurement using the Datex Ohmeda S/5 Compact multiparameter monitor conforms to ACVIM standards when the NIBP cuff is placed on the tail. However, because of the wide variability in measurements, we cannot recommend this technique to guide therapy in anaesthetised adult horses. 相似文献3.
Anderson F. da Cunha Sara J. Ramos Michelle Domingues Amanda Shelby Hugues Beaufrère Rhett Stout Mark J. Acierno 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1068-1075
Objectives
1) To determine which peripheral artery commonly used for invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP) monitoring yields the least bias when compared with noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) values obtained at the antebrachium of the dog, and 2) to identify and describe differences in systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressures (DAP) among different anatomical locations.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Twenty adult hound dogs weighing 24.5 ± 1.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Four peripheral arteries—dorsal pedal, median caudal, intermediate auricular and superficial palmar arteries—were catheterized with 20 gauge, 3.8 cm catheters. One NIBP cuff was placed in the middle third of the antebrachium. Four sets of IBP and NIBP measurements were simultaneously collected every 2 minutes. A linear mixed model was performed to analyze the collected data.Results
IBP values varied depending on the arterial catheterization site. The difference was greater for SAP. NIBP measured at the antebrachium had the best agreement with IBP measured at the median caudal artery.Conclusion and clinical relevance
IBP varies among anatomical locations. The smallest bias and narrowest limits of agreement were obtained at the median caudal artery, providing the best overall agreement with the equipment studied. The median caudal artery may be the preferable anatomical location for clinical comparison studies between IBP and NIBP in dogs when the cuff is on the antebrachium. 相似文献4.
Tanya Duke-Novakovski Barbara Ambros Cindy Feng Anthony P. Carr 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):589-593
Objective
To determine the accuracy of high-definition oscillometry (HDO) for arterial pressure measurement during injectable or inhalation anesthesia in horses.Study design
Prospective, clinical study.Animals
Twenty-four horses anesthetized for procedures requiring lateral recumbency.Methods
Horses were premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia induced with diazepam–ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with xylazine–ketamine–guaifenesin combination [TripleDrip (TD; n = 12) or isoflurane (ISO; n = 12)]. HDO was used to obtain systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, and heart rate (HR) using an 8-cm-wide cuff around the proximal tail. Invasive blood pressure (IBP), SAP, MAP, DAP and HR were recorded during HDO cycling. Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measures was used to compare HDO and IBP for all measurements. The generalized additive model was used to determine if means in the differences between HDO and IBP were similar between anesthetic protocols for all measurements.Results
There were >110 paired samples for each variable. There was no effect of anesthetic choice on HDO performance, but more variability was present in TD compared with ISO. Skewed data required log-transformation for statistical comparison. Using raw data and standard Bland–Altman analysis, HDO overestimated SAP (TD, 3.8 ± 28.3 mmHg; ISO, 3.5 ± 13.6 mmHg), MAP (TD, 4.0 ± 23.3 mmHg; ISO, 6.3 ± 10.0 mmHg) and DAP (TD, 4.0 ± 21.2 mmHg; ISO, 7.8 ± 13.6 mmHg). In TD, 26–40% HDO measurements were within 10 mmHg of IBP, compared with 60–74% in ISO. Differences between HDO and IBP for all measurements were similar between anesthetic protocols. The numerical difference between IBP and HDO measurements for SAP, MAP and DAP significantly decreased as cuff width:tail girth ratio increased toward 40%.Conclusion and clinical relevance
More variability in HDO occurred during TD. The cuff width:tail girth ratio is important for accuracy of HDO. 相似文献5.
Keely AT. Wilson Anthea L. Raisis Eleanor A. Drynan Martina Mosing Guy D. Lester Jemma Hayman Giselle L. Hosgood 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):467-476
Objective
To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement.Study design
Prospective randomized study.Animals
A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Invasive blood pressure was measured simultaneously via catheters placed in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries. Cardiovascular function and agreement between arteries was assessed before and during administration of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. These were administered until carotid mean pressure (MAPc) increased or decreased from baseline (65 ± 5) to >90 or <50 mmHg, respectively. Data recorded at each sample time included systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures for carotid (c), facial (f) and metatarsal (m) arteries as well as cardiac output () and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between peripheral and central sites, and regression analysis to determine influence of and SVR.Results
The largest difference was observed in SAPc and SAPm with a bias and limits of agreement (LOA) of 2 (?15 to 19) mmHg. The bias (LOA) for MAPc and MAPf was 2 (?4 to 9) mmHg and for MAPc and MAPm was 5 (?4 to 14) mmHg. The best agreement for DAP was seen between DAPc and DAPf with bias (LOA) of 1 (?3 to 5) mmHg. Regression analysis indicated marginal influence on agreement by on MAPc and MAPf.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MAP and DAP of the carotid artery were higher than those of the peripheral arteries, which may lead to overzealous treatment of hypotension, albeit maintaining central pressures. and SVR did not largely influence the difference between sites. 相似文献6.
Kaylee S. Bohaychuk-Preuss M. Valentina Carrozzo Tanya Duke-Novakovski 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):483-491
Objective
To record the cardiopulmonary effects of pleural CO2 positive pressure insufflation in anesthetized horses.Study design
Prospective study.Animals
Seven horses (mean ± standard deviation, 530.9 ± 68.1 kg) undergoing terminal surgery.Methods
Horses were sedated with xylazine. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine–propofol and maintained with isoflurane, positive pressure ventilation, detomidine infusion, and butorphanol with the horses in dorsal recumbency. Baseline measurements were cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary and systemic arterial and right atrial blood pressures, body temperature, expired and inspired gas concentrations, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and lactate concentrations. An 18 gauge 6.6 cm needle was inserted into the right pleural cavity midway between the sternum and dorsal midline in the sixth or seventh intercostal space for pleural pressure (PP) measurement. A 14 gauge 18 cm needle placed 5 cm below the previous needle allowed CO2 insufflation into the pleural cavity. All measurements were repeated after: needle insertion, at 2, 5, and 8 mmHg PPs, and after pleural gas removal (GR). Data were compared with baseline using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Actual PPs were within 1.1 mmHg of the targeted PP. Pulmonary systolic and mean arterial pressures, alveolar dead space to tidal volume ratio, and isoflurane requirements increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Cardiac index decreased at 5 mmHg PP. Stroke index decreased at 2 mmHg PP to GR. PaO2 decreased at 5 mmHg PP to GR. PaCO2 increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Oxygen delivery decreased at 5 and 8 mmHg PP. Intrapulmonary shunt fraction and lactate concentration increased with GR.Conclusions and clinical relevance:
Severe adverse cardiopulmonary effects arise from CO2 positive pressure insufflation into the right hemithorax in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses. PP should be ≤2 mmHg. 相似文献7.
Klaus Hopster Stephan Neudeck Liza Wittenberg-Voges Sabine BR. Kästner 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):78-81
Objective
To compare alteration in intestinal blood flow in anaesthetized horses with changes in oral mucosa blood flow.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical study.Animals
Eight warmblood horses.Methods
After induction with guaifenesin and ketamine, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane at 1.5 vol% in oxygen. The tissue blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry at the jejunum, colon, rectal mucosa, oesophageal mucosa and the oral mucosa. After three baseline measurements, blood flow was first increased by dobutamine infusion and thereafter decreased by increasing isoflurane concentration and all measurements repeated twice. anova was used for comparing the measured parameters to baseline and correlation between the different measurement localizations was examined using Pearson correlation (p < 0.05).Results
Microperfusion at all measurement sites increased significantly during dobutamine infusion and decreased significantly during high isoflurane concentration. There was a significant correlation between flow at the oral mucosa and flow at the jejunum (r2 = 0.77, p = 0.002), colon (r2 = 0.76, p < 0.001), rectal mucosa (r2 = 0.88, p < 0.001) and oesophageal mucosa (r2 = 0.83, p <0.001).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oral mucosa blood flow can be used in isoflurane anaesthetized horses to reflect changes of intestinal microcirculation. 相似文献8.
Klaus Hopster Karl Rohn Bernhard Ohnesorge Sabine B.R. Kästner 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):121-126
Objective
To compare the effects of controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) and constant positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and interposed recruitment manoeuvres (RMs) with those of CMV without PEEP on gas exchange during general anaesthesia and the early recovery period.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 48 Warmblood horses undergoing elective surgery in lateral (Lat) (n = 24) or dorsal (Dors) (n = 24) recumbency.Methods
Premedication (romifidine), induction (diazepam and ketamine) and maintenance (isoflurane in oxygen) were identical in all horses. Groups Lat- CMV and Dors-CMV (each n = 12) were ventilated using CMV. Groups Lat-RM and Dors-RM (each n = 12) were ventilated using CMV with constant PEEP (10 cmH2O) and intermittent RMs (three consecutive breaths with peak inspiratory pressure of 60 cmH2O, 80 cmH2O and 60 cmH2O, respectively). RMs were applied as required to maintain PaO2 at > 400 mmHg (> 53.3 kPa). Dobutamine was given to maintain mean arterial blood pressure at > 60 mmHg. Physiological parameters were recorded every 10 minutes. Arterial blood gases were measured intra- and postoperatively. Statistical analyses were conducted using analyses of variance (anova), t tests and the Mann–Whitney U-test.Results
Horses in Dors-RM had higher PaO2 values [478 ± 35 mmHg (63.7 ± 4.6 kPa)] than horses in Dors-CMV [324 ± 45 mmHg (43.2 ± 6 kPa)] during anaesthesia and the early recovery period. There were no differences between horses in groups Lat-CMV and Lat-RM. Other measured parameters did not differ between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Ventilation with CMV, constant PEEP and interposed RM provided improved arterial oxygenation in horses in dorsal recumbency that lasted into the early recovery period, but had no benefit in horses in lateral recumbency. This mode of ventilation may provide a clinically practicable method of improving oxygenation in anaesthetized horses, especially in dorsal recumbency. 相似文献9.
A. Al-Haidar N. Moula A. Leroux F. Farnir S. Deleuze C. Sandersen H. Amory 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):492-501
Introduction
The aim of this study was to establish echocardiographic reference values for the equine species using allometric regression equations based on body weight (BW) and thoracic circumference (TC).Animals
A total of 239 horses or ponies were studied, including 65 warmbloods, 33 Standardbreds, 41 Thoroughbreds, 32 Arabian horses, 28 draft horses, and 40 ponies aged from 1 day to 30 years, weighing from 18 to 890 kg, with no evidence of cardiac disease.Methods
For each horse or pony, a two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was performed. Within each breed, the relationships between BW or TC and echocardiographic dimensions were examined using power regression equations. Predictions and their 95% prediction intervals were calculated for the echocardiographic measurements.Results
Within each breed, all echocardiographic measurements showed a significant and positive relationship with a high coefficient of determination for the estimation of the regression equations using BW and TC as the main explanatory variables. Breed-specific power regression equations as well as the 95% prediction intervals were calculated for each echocardiographic measurement as a function of BW and TC.Conclusions
In the future, the body size-corrected and breed-specific echocardiographic reference values calculated in the present study could be used to discriminate between normal and abnormal values in a given animal. 相似文献10.
Stijn Schauvliege Anna Binetti Luc Duchateau Jacoba Johanna van Dijk Frank Gasthuys 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):648-657
Objective
To evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of a 7° reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) in anaesthetized horses.Study design
Randomized, non-blinded clinical trial.Animals
A total of 125 horses undergoing elective surgery in dorsal recumbency.Methods
Horses were allocated to one of three weight classes and assigned to be positioned either on a horizontal table or on a table in 7° RTP, according to a randomized block design. In all horses, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a constant rate infusion of romifidine. All horses were mechanically ventilated throughout anaesthesia, and routine cardiovascular monitoring and arterial blood gas analysis were performed at 15-minute intervals and relevant variables calculated. Data from the first 60 minutes of anaesthesia were compared between both positions using a mixed model analysis of variance.Results
A significant interaction was found between position and weight class for the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradient and F-shunt: these variables were lower in RTP than in horizontal position in the two lowest weight classes and vice versa in the highest weight class. Arterial oxygen tension and oxygenation indices were significantly worse in the horses in the higher weight classes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A 7° RTP did not result in clinically relevant changes in gas exchange or cardiovascular function. Horses with a higher body weight are at increased risk for hypoxaemia during anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency. 相似文献11.
Isla Arcaro Berit L. Fischer Kara M. Lascola Stuart C. Clark-Price 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):70-76
Objective
To investigate the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of terbutaline on PaO2, PaCO2, pH, heart rate (HR) and arterial pressures in healthy, laterally recumbent horses breathing ambient air under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Eight healthy adult horses were enrolled. Six horses, four mares and two geldings weighing 433-624 kg, completed the study.Methods
Horses were sedated with xylazine (1.0 mg kg?1) IV for placement of arterial and venous catheters. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg kg?1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) IV and maintained with an IV infusion of guaifenesin (50 mg mL?1), ketamine (2 mg mL?1) and xylazine (0.5 mg mL?1) at 1.9 ± 0.3 mL kg?1 hour?1. Horses were in left lateral recumbency and breathed air spontaneously. Arterial blood was collected for pH and blood gas analysis during xylazine sedation, 15 minutes after induction of anesthesia, immediately before and 5, 15 and 30 minutes after administration of terbutaline (2 μg kg?1), and when the horse was standing after recovery from anesthesia. HR, systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were recorded at 5 minute intervals during anesthesia. Normal data were analyzed with anova and non-normal data were analyzed with a Friedman test with a p < 0.05 considered significant.Results
The mean PaO2 decreased from baseline to <60 mmHg (8.0 kPa) during anesthesia (p < 0.0001) and did not improve after administration of terbutaline. After terbutaline administration, HR increased (p = 0.002), and SAP, MAP and DAP decreased (p < 0.001) with the greatest changes occurring immediately after terbutaline administration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Terbutaline (2 μg kg?1) IV did not improve PaO2 and was associated with adverse cardiovascular effects during TIVA in healthy, laterally recumbent horses breathing air. 相似文献12.
13.
Caroline S. Monk Dennis E. Brooks Tiffany Granone Fernando L. Garcia-Pereira Alexander Melesko Caryn E. Plummer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):502-508
Objective
To measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses during hoisting after induction of anesthesia.Study design
Prospective nonrandomized clinical study.Animals
Eighteen healthy adult horses aged [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 10 ± 4.2 years and weighing 491 ± 110 kg anesthetized for elective procedures.Methods
IOP was measured in the superior eye of each horse based on planned recumbency after induction of anesthesia. Measurements were taken directly after premedication with xylazine or detomidine with butorphanol, after induction with diazepam–ketamine, after intubation, when suspended by the hoist and on the operating table. During hoisting, the head was supported and the eye–heart height was measured to account for variations in head positioning among patients. IOPs were compared across time points using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regression was used to compare IOP outcome with potential cofactors.Results
Compared with measurements after premedication (17.5 ± 2.5 mmHg) (mean ± SD), hoisting significantly increased IOP (32.4 ± 15.3 mmHg) (p < 0.01). The highest recorded IOP in the hoist was 80.0 (range, 16.0–80.0) mmHg. The difference in IOP between premedication and hoisting was 15.0 ± 16.2 (range, –1.0 to 68.0) mmHg. Body weight had a significant effect on absolute IOP and change in IOP in the hoist (p < 0.01).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Hoist IOP was significantly higher than post-premedication IOP with heavier horses having higher hoist IOPs and greater increases in IOP. The clinician should take this relationship into account when anesthetizing and hoisting larger horses where an increase in IOP could be detrimental. 相似文献14.
Constanza S. Meneses Heine Y. Müller Daniel E. Herzberg Benjamin Uberti Marianne P. Werner Hedie A. Bustamante 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):92-102
Objective
To determine the microglial and astrocyte response to painful lameness in horses.Study design
Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, cell density and morphology were determined through immunofluorescence within the dorsal horn of equine spinal cord.Animals
A total of five adult horses with acute or chronic unilateral lameness, previously scheduled for euthanasia.Methods
Musculoskeletal lameness was evaluated in five horses through visual evaluation according to clinical guidelines. Spinal cord samples were obtained immediately after euthanasia, and distal limb lesions were confirmed through dissection and radiography. Iba-1 immunostaining was used for detection and characterization of dorsal horn microglia. GFAP was used for immunostaining of dorsal horn astrocytes. Iba-1 and GFAP labeled cells were quantified in the dorsal horn, and intensity of fluorescence was compared between the ipsi- and contralateral dorsal horn to the affected limb, and between dorsal horn segments of all horses.Results
Iba-1 expression was higher in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the affected limb in contrast to the contralateral side dorsal horn. GFAP markers did not demonstrate increased astrocytic activity on the dorsal horn ipsilateral side to the distal limb lesion of affected horses. Horses with acute lameness predominantly had a spherical shape microglial phenotype, while cells from chronic lameness cases had variable morphology. Astrocytes evidenced small somas and large processes in both acute and chronic lameness, with higher GFAP localization in the main branches. As in the case of rodents, the localization of microglia and astrocytes in horses was mainly situated within laminae I, II and III.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Iba-1 and GFAP are functional and morphological markers of spinal microglial cells and astrocytes in horses with lameness. 相似文献15.
Olivier L. Levionnois Claudia Graubner Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):876-880
Objective
To investigate the pharmacological profile and side effects of buprenorphine administered as a sustained-release formulation in horses.Study design
Pilot trial.Animals
A total of four experimental horses, aged 18–27 years and weighing 508–578 kg.Methods
Buprenorphine (0.1 mg kg–1) was mixed as a freshly prepared sterile solution with a sustained-release drug carrier. It was administered by the subcutaneous (n = 2) or intramuscular (n = 2) route. During the experiment, the horses were closely monitored, equipped with a step counter and blood samples were collected for quantification of buprenorphine in plasma.Results
All four horses developed colon constipation requiring medical therapy, together with increased locomotor activity. One horse, requiring surgical treatment of colon constipation, was euthanized during recovery from anaesthesia for weakness and severe lower airway obstruction. The three other horses recovered fully within 5–7 days. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were between 1 and 8 ng mL–1 for approximately 48 hours. No local reaction was observed at the injection sites.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Administration of the sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine at a dose of 0.1 mg kg–1 resulted in plasma concentrations compatible with antinociceptive activity for at least 48 hours. The observed severe and undesirable effects of colon constipation and increased locomotor activity definitely preclude clinical use of sustained-release buprenorphine at this dose. 相似文献16.
Martina Mosing Ulrike Auer Paul MacFarlane David Bardell Johannes P. Schramel Stephan H. Böhm Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger Andreas D. Waldmann 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):31-40
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on regional distribution of ventilation and dead space in anaesthetized horses.Study design
Randomized, experimental, crossover study.Animals
A total of eight healthy adult horses.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized twice with isoflurane in 50% oxygen and medetomidine as continuous infusion in dorsal recumbency, and administered in random order either CPAP (8 cmH2O) or NO CPAP for 3 hours. Electrical impedance tomography (and volumetric capnography (VCap) measurements were performed every 30 minutes. Lung regions with little ventilation [dependent silent spaces (DSSs) and nondependent silent spaces (NSSs)], centre of ventilation (CoV) and dead space variables, as well as venous admixture were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation.Results
Data from six horses were statistically analysed. In CPAP, the CoV shifted to dependent parts of the lungs (p < 0.001) and DSSs were significantly smaller (p < 0.001), while no difference was seen in NSSs. Venous admixture was significantly correlated with DSS with the treatment time taken as covariate (p < 0.0001; r = 0.65). No differences were found for any VCap parameters.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In dorsally recumbent anaesthetized horses, CPAP of 8 cmH2O results in redistribution of ventilation towards the dependent lung regions, thereby improving ventilation-perfusion matching. This improvement was not associated with an increase in dead space indicative for a lack in distension of the airways or impairment of alveolar perfusion. 相似文献17.
E.T. Hostnik B.A. Scansen A.M. Habing G.A. Chiappone R.R. Layman R.D. White 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):480-491
Introduction
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the primary tool for the assessment of cardiac structure and function in dogs but is challenging in English bulldogs due to dorsoventral compression of the thorax, obesity, and narrow intercostal spaces. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography (CTA) may overcome the conformational obstacles of cardiac imaging in this breed.Animals
Eleven client-owned English bulldogs.Materials and Methods
Prospective clinical trial with paired analysis of TTE and CTA studies.Results
Eight of the 25 linear cardiac dimensional measurements were significantly different between TTE and CTA (p<0.033). Intraobserver agreement was strong with average coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.34% for TTE and 2.50% for CTA. Interobserver agreement CV averaged 6.5% for TTE and 8.75% CTA. Ejection fraction, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume were significantly different between modalities (all p<0.002). No significant difference was present between end-diastolic volume for TTE compared with CTA.Discussion
High-quality cardiac angiographic studies were accomplished using CTA without the use of general anesthesia in English bulldogs. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography and TTE are not interchangeable modalities in the clinical setting.Conclusion
Multi-detector-CT ECG-gated cardiac angiography is possible in sedated, non-intubated English bulldogs. Differences were found between some cardiac dimensions as measured by TTE in the awake dog and compared with sedated CTA, indicating the two methodologies are not equivalent. Sedated, non-intubated CTA yielded high-quality imaging with strong intraobserver and interobserver measurement repeatability in English bulldogs. 相似文献18.
Zuzana Drábková Johannes P. Schramel Radovan Kabeš 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):73-77
Objective
To compare two methods of Bohr–Enghoff physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff) determination using a mixing chamber and an E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor.Study design
Prospective, clinical, method-comparison study.Animals
Twenty horses anaesthetized for elective orthopaedic procedures.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and the lungs were mechanically ventilated (Vt 15 ± 2 mL kg?1). Arterial blood was sampled to provide arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for dead space calculation using a metabolic monitor. Mixed expired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PēCO2) obtained from the custom-made mixing chamber was recorded at the time of arterial blood sampling. Dead space fraction was calculated using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation. Agreement between the methods was assessed by Bland–Altman test. A clinically acceptable error was defined to be ≤ 10%.Results
Forty-nine simultaneous Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff results were obtained. There was no clinically significant bias between the mixing chamber and E-CAiOVX. The limits of agreement were within a priori defined error (bias ± 95% limits of agreement: ?0.022 ± 0.078).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Acceptable agreement was found between the two methods. The E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor might be a suitable device for measuring Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff in anaesthetized horses. 相似文献19.
L. Duler N.L. LeBlanc S. Cooley S. Nemanic K.F. Scollan 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):319-329
Introduction
Assessing left atrial (LA) size is an integral part of the cardiac evaluation in dogs. Left atrial size is routinely evaluated by thoracic radiographs or echocardiography.Objectives
The objectives of the study were to assess agreement of subjective radiographic left atrial enlargement (LAE) between readers, to compare subjective radiographic LAE with echocardiography, and to assess the accuracy and reliability of commonly used Roentgen signs for LAE.Animals
One hundred one dogs with thoracic radiographs and echocardiography performed on the same day at a veterinary teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed.Methods
Thoracic radiographs were reviewed by two cardiologists, two radiologists, and two small animal rotating interns. Radiographs were evaluated for the subjective presence and severity of LAE and for seven Roentgen signs. Echocardiographic LA size was evaluated objectively by the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio and LA volume indexed to body weight. Interreader agreement of radiographic LAE evaluation and agreement between radiographic LAE assessment and echocardiographic LAE were assessed by linearly weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient.Results
Interreader agreement for the presence and degree of radiographic LAE ranged from moderate to substantial. The agreement between subjective radiographic LAE and echocardiographic LAE was moderate. Single Roentgen signs had poor to fair correlation with echocardiographic LAE.Conclusions
The present study found that interreader agreement for radiographic classification of LAE was substantial among specialists and moderate for all readers. Subjective, global assessment of radiographic LAE is better than using any single Roentgen sign. 相似文献20.