共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Roxanne K. Buck Leith R.C. Meyer George F. Stegmann Sabine B.R. Kästner Maya Kummrow Christina Gerlach Geoffrey T. Fosgate Gareth E. Zeiler 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):138-143
Objective
To characterize a propofol–medetomidine-ketamine total intravenous anaesthetic in impala (Aepyceros melampus).Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
Ten adult female impala.Materials and methods
Impala were immobilized at 1253 m above sea level with 2.0 mg thiafentanil and 2.2 mg medetomidine via projectile darts. Propofol was given to effect (0.5 mg kg?1 boluses) to allow endotracheal intubation, following which oxygen was supplemented at 2 L minute?1. Anaesthesia was maintained with a constant-rate infusion of medetomidine and ketamine at 5 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 1.5 mg kg?1 hour?1, respectively, and propofol to effect (initially 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1) for 120 minutes. The propofol infusion was titrated according to reaction to nociceptive stimuli every 15 minutes. Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored continuously and arterial blood gas samples were analysed intermittently. After 120 minutes' maintenance, the thiafentanil and medetomidine were antagonized using naltrexone (10:1 thiafentanil) and atipamezole (5:1 medetomidine), respectively.Results
All impala were successfully immobilized. The median dose [interquartile range (IQR)] of propofol required for intubation was 2.7 (1.9–3.3) mg kg?1. The propofol–medetomidine–ketamine combination abolished voluntary movement and ensured anaesthesia for the 120 minute period. Propofol titration showed a generally downward trend. Median (IQR) heart rate [57 (53–61) beats minute?1], respiratory rate [10 (9–12) breaths minute?1] and mean arterial blood pressure [101 (98–106) mmHg] were well maintained. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated hypoxaemia, hyper- capnia and acidaemia. Butorphanol (0.12 mg kg?1) was an essential rescue drug to counteract thiafentanil-induced respiratory depression. All impala regurgitated frequently during the maintenance period. Recovery was calm and rapid in all animals. Median (IQR) time to standing from antagonist administration was 4.4 (3.2–5.6) minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A propofol–medetomidine–ketamine combination could provide adequate anaesthesia for invasive procedures in impala. The propofol infusion should begin at 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 and be titrated to clinical effect. Oxygen supplementation and airway protection with a cuffed endotracheal tube are essential. 相似文献2.
Aleksandr Semjonov Vladimir Andrianov Jacobus P. Raath Toomas Orro Liesel Laubscher Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):496-501
Objective
The fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM; 30, 12 and 12 mg mL?1, respectively) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Sixteen blesbok (four males and twelve females), weighing 52.5?71.0 kg, were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The total dose of BAM ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 mL for females and 0.7 to 0.9 mL for males. In seven animals chosen randomly, 8000 units of hyaluronidase was added to the dart. Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 10?20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting for analysis of blood acid-base status.Results
The mean administered doses of BAM were as follows: butorphanol (0.34 ± 0.08 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1). The inductions were calm and smooth. The mean induction time was 9.6 ± 3.2 minutes with just BAM and 5.1 ± 0.8 minutes with BAM and hyaluronidase combination. Heart rate (45 ± 6 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (38 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure for all animals was stable but elevated (137 ± 7 mmHg). Rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within an acceptable range. The recovery time after administering naltrexone and atipamezole was 4.8 ± 0.7 minutes.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable and effective in blesbok. 相似文献3.
Aleksandr Semjonov Jacobus P. Raath Liesel Laubscher Toomas Orro Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats Peter Stewart Rogers Vladimir Andrianov 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):90-95
Objective
The butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine fixed-dose combination (BAM, respectively, 30-12-12 mg mL?1) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twelve cheetahs (six males and six females, weighing 37–57 kg) housed in enclosures, were immobilized at Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre in the Republic of South Africa.Methods
BAM volume dose rate was 0.009–0.014 mL kg?1 (mean ± standard deviation 0.010 ± 0.001 mL kg?1). Total dose in all animals was 0.5 mL. The actual doses were as follows: butorphanol (0.29 ± 0.04 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.12 ± 0.01 mg kg?1). Physiologic variables and quality of immobilization were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 15–20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting from all animals for analysis of blood oxygenation and acid-base status.Results
The inductions were calm and smooth and mean induction time was 4.0 ± 1.1 minutes. Heart rate (50 ± 9 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (20 ± 3 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The recovery time after reversing with naltrexone and atipamezole was 9.1 ± 3.6 minutes.Conclusions
and clinical relevance BAM proved to be a reliable and cardiovascular stable drug combination for immobilization of cheetahs. 相似文献4.
Jéssica C. Rodrigues Francisco J. Teixeira-Neto Sofia A. Cerejo Nathalia Celeita-Rodríguez Natache A. Garofalo Juliany G. Quitzan Thalita L.A. Rocha 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):841-853
Objective
To investigate the effects of pneumoperitoneum alone or combined with an alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) followed by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on cardiopulmonary function in sheep.Study design
Prospective, randomized, crossover study.Animals
A total of nine adult sheep (36–52 kg).Methods
Sheep were administered three treatments (≥10-day intervals) during isoflurane–fentanyl anesthesia and volume-controlled ventilation (tidal volume: 12 mL kg?1) with oxygen: CONTROL (no intervention); PNEUMO (120 minutes of CO2 pneumoperitoneum); PNEUMOARM/PEEP (PNEUMO protocol with an ARM instituted after 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum). The ARM (5 cmH2O increases in PEEP of 1 minute duration until 20 cmH2O of PEEP) was followed by 10 cmH2O of PEEP until the end of anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary data were recorded until 30 minutes after abdominal deflation.Results
PaO2 was decreased from 435–462 mmHg (58.0–61.6 kPa) (range of mean values in CONTROL) to 377–397 mmHg (50.3–52.9 kPa) in PNEUMO (p < 0.05). Quasistatic compliance (Cqst, mL cmH2O?1 kg?1) was decreased from 0.85–0.92 in CONTROL to 0.52–0.58 in PNEUMO. PaO2 increased from 383–385 mmHg (51.1–51.3 kPa) in PNEUMO to 429–444 mmHg (57.2–59.2 kPa) in PNEUMOARM/PEEP (p < 0.05) and Cqst increased from 0.52–0.53 in PNEUMO to 0.70–0.74 in PNEUMOARM/PEEP. Abdominal deflation in PNEUMO did not restore PaO2 and Cqst to control values. Cardiac index (L minute?1 m2) decreased from 4.80–4.70 in CONTROL to 3.45–3.74 in PNEUMO and 3.63–3.76 in PNEUMOARM/PEEP. Compared with controls, ARM/PEEP with pneumoperitoneum decreased mean arterial pressure from 81 to 68 mmHg and increased mean pulmonary artery pressure from 10 to 16 mmHg.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Abdominal deflation did not reverse the pulmonary function impairment associated with pneumoperitoneum. The ARM/PEEP improved respiratory compliance and reversed the oxygenation impairment induced by pneumoperitoneum with acceptable hemodynamic changes in healthy sheep. 相似文献5.
Adrianna M. Sage Stephanie CJ. Keating Kara M. Lascola David J. Schaeffer Stuart C. Clark-Price 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):772-781
Objective
To evaluate cardiopulmonary and recovery characteristics of horses administered total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with xylazine and ketamine combined with midazolam or propofol.Study design
Randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of eight adult horses, aged 7–22 years, weighing 493–740 kg.Methods
Horses were administered xylazine (1 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV), and anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) IV. Anesthesia was maintained for 45 minutes via IV infusion of xylazine (0.016 mg kg?1 minute?1) and ketamine (0.03 mg kg?1 minute?1) combined with midazolam at 0.002 mg kg?1 minute?1 (MKX), propofol at 0.05 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXlow) or propofol at 0.1 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXhigh). Additional ketamine was administered if a horse moved spontaneously. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases, lactate concentration, packed cell volume and total solids were recorded before sedation (baseline), at 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes during TIVA and 10 minutes after standing. Recovery variables and quantitative recovery scores were compared. Significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
Additional ketamine was required for 50% of MKX horses. Systolic arterial pressure was elevated in MKX at 20 minutes compared with baseline (p = 0.043), at 10 and 20 minutes compared with PKXhigh (p = 0.007, p = 0.024) and at 20 and 30 minutes compared with PKXlow (p = 0.009, p = 0.02). MKX horses (5/8) were hypertensive compared with PKXlow (1/8; p = 0.017). All horses became hypoxemic (PaO2 ≤80 mmHg; 10.7 kPa) during TIVA. Recovery variables did not differ among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
PKXlow and PKXhigh had similar cardiopulmonary and recovery performance compared with MKX. PKX combinations provided superior quality of anesthesia to that of MKX. A combination of propofol, ketamine and xylazine administered as TIVA can be used in horses to provide anesthesia for short procedures. Supplemental oxygen is recommended. 相似文献6.
Victoria Strong Torsten Möller Ann-Sofie Tillman Stefan Träff Louise Guevara Mike Martin Sharon Redrobe Kate White 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):794-801
Objective
To characterize the cardiopulmonary characteristics of two different anaesthetic protocols (tiletamine/zolazepam ± medetomidine) and their suitability for the immobilization of healthy chimpanzees undergoing cardiac assessment.Study design
Prospective, clinical, longitudinal study.Animals
Six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 4–16 years weighing 19.5–78.5 kg were anaesthetized on two occasions.Methods
Anaesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) (3–4 mg kg–1) or tiletamine/zolazepam (2 mg kg–1) and medetomidine (0.02 mg kg–1) (TZM) via blow dart [intramuscular (IM)] and maintained with intermittent boluses of ketamine (IV) or zolazepam/tiletamine (IM) as required. The overall quality of the anaesthesia was quantified based on scores given for: quality of induction, degree of muscle relaxation and ease of intubation. The time to achieve a light plane of anaesthesia, number of supplemental boluses needed and recovery characteristics were also recorded. Chimpanzees were continuously monitored and heart rate (HR), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR) oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature, mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time recorded. During the first procedure (TZ) animals underwent a 12-channel electrocardiogram (ECG), haematology, biochemistry and cardiac biomarker assessment to rule out the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease. A detailed echocardiographic examination was carried out by the same blinded observer during both procedures. Data were compared using Student’s paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank tests as appropriate.Results
There was a significant difference for the area under the curves between anaesthetic protocols for HR, SAP, MAP and fR. No significant differences in the echocardiographic measurements were evident. Quality of anaesthesia was significantly better with TZM and no additional boluses were required. The TZ protocol required multiple supplemental boluses.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both combinations are suitable for immobilization and cardiovascular evaluation of healthy chimpanzees. Further work is required to evaluate the effect of medetomidine in cardiovascular disease. 相似文献7.
Hong-Xiu Diao Shuai Zhang Xue-Yuan Hu Wei Guan Li Luan Hai-Yu Liu Hong-Gang Fan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):114-120
Objective
To evaluate the behavior and some cardiopulmonary variables of dexmedetomidine–midazolam or dexmedetomidine–midazolam-butor-phanol in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes).Study design
Blinded, randomized design.Animals
Sixteen adult silver foxes, aged 7–9 months, weighting 6.0–9.2 kg.Methods
Animals were randomly assigned to dexmedetomidine (50 μg kg?1) and midazolam (0.45 mg kg?1) (group DM) or to dexmedetomidine (30 μg kg?1), midazolam (0.45 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.25 mg kg?1) (group DMB), administered intramuscularly. Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive arterial pressures, oxygen saturation (SpO2), rectal temperature (T) and behavioral scores (posture, sedation, antinociception, jaw relaxation and auditory response) were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after injection. Time from drug injection to recumbency with no response to stimuli (IT) and time from administration of atipamezole (0.2 mg kg?1) to standing with coordination (RT) were recorded. The occurrences of adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired t-tests and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Significant differences were accepted at p<0.05.Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for IT or RT. Arterial pressures were higher in DMB at each time point except at 5 minutes. PR was lower in DM at each time point except at 10 and 60 minutes. No significant difference was found between the groups for fR, SpO2 and T. The behavioral scores were significantly lower (lower quality immobilization) in DMB at 5,10 and 60 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
IT and RT were not different between the groups. Both protocols provided immobilization for 30–40 minutes with excellent muscle relaxation and analgesia adequate for clinical examinations and some simple surgical procedures. 相似文献8.
Stijn Schauvliege Anna Binetti Luc Duchateau Jacoba Johanna van Dijk Frank Gasthuys 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):648-657
Objective
To evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of a 7° reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) in anaesthetized horses.Study design
Randomized, non-blinded clinical trial.Animals
A total of 125 horses undergoing elective surgery in dorsal recumbency.Methods
Horses were allocated to one of three weight classes and assigned to be positioned either on a horizontal table or on a table in 7° RTP, according to a randomized block design. In all horses, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a constant rate infusion of romifidine. All horses were mechanically ventilated throughout anaesthesia, and routine cardiovascular monitoring and arterial blood gas analysis were performed at 15-minute intervals and relevant variables calculated. Data from the first 60 minutes of anaesthesia were compared between both positions using a mixed model analysis of variance.Results
A significant interaction was found between position and weight class for the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradient and F-shunt: these variables were lower in RTP than in horizontal position in the two lowest weight classes and vice versa in the highest weight class. Arterial oxygen tension and oxygenation indices were significantly worse in the horses in the higher weight classes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A 7° RTP did not result in clinically relevant changes in gas exchange or cardiovascular function. Horses with a higher body weight are at increased risk for hypoxaemia during anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency. 相似文献9.
Kaylee S. Bohaychuk-Preuss M. Valentina Carrozzo Tanya Duke-Novakovski 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):483-491
Objective
To record the cardiopulmonary effects of pleural CO2 positive pressure insufflation in anesthetized horses.Study design
Prospective study.Animals
Seven horses (mean ± standard deviation, 530.9 ± 68.1 kg) undergoing terminal surgery.Methods
Horses were sedated with xylazine. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine–propofol and maintained with isoflurane, positive pressure ventilation, detomidine infusion, and butorphanol with the horses in dorsal recumbency. Baseline measurements were cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary and systemic arterial and right atrial blood pressures, body temperature, expired and inspired gas concentrations, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and lactate concentrations. An 18 gauge 6.6 cm needle was inserted into the right pleural cavity midway between the sternum and dorsal midline in the sixth or seventh intercostal space for pleural pressure (PP) measurement. A 14 gauge 18 cm needle placed 5 cm below the previous needle allowed CO2 insufflation into the pleural cavity. All measurements were repeated after: needle insertion, at 2, 5, and 8 mmHg PPs, and after pleural gas removal (GR). Data were compared with baseline using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Actual PPs were within 1.1 mmHg of the targeted PP. Pulmonary systolic and mean arterial pressures, alveolar dead space to tidal volume ratio, and isoflurane requirements increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Cardiac index decreased at 5 mmHg PP. Stroke index decreased at 2 mmHg PP to GR. PaO2 decreased at 5 mmHg PP to GR. PaCO2 increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Oxygen delivery decreased at 5 and 8 mmHg PP. Intrapulmonary shunt fraction and lactate concentration increased with GR.Conclusions and clinical relevance:
Severe adverse cardiopulmonary effects arise from CO2 positive pressure insufflation into the right hemithorax in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses. PP should be ≤2 mmHg. 相似文献10.
Martina Mosing Ulrike Auer Paul MacFarlane David Bardell Johannes P. Schramel Stephan H. Böhm Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger Andreas D. Waldmann 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):31-40
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on regional distribution of ventilation and dead space in anaesthetized horses.Study design
Randomized, experimental, crossover study.Animals
A total of eight healthy adult horses.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized twice with isoflurane in 50% oxygen and medetomidine as continuous infusion in dorsal recumbency, and administered in random order either CPAP (8 cmH2O) or NO CPAP for 3 hours. Electrical impedance tomography (and volumetric capnography (VCap) measurements were performed every 30 minutes. Lung regions with little ventilation [dependent silent spaces (DSSs) and nondependent silent spaces (NSSs)], centre of ventilation (CoV) and dead space variables, as well as venous admixture were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation.Results
Data from six horses were statistically analysed. In CPAP, the CoV shifted to dependent parts of the lungs (p < 0.001) and DSSs were significantly smaller (p < 0.001), while no difference was seen in NSSs. Venous admixture was significantly correlated with DSS with the treatment time taken as covariate (p < 0.0001; r = 0.65). No differences were found for any VCap parameters.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In dorsally recumbent anaesthetized horses, CPAP of 8 cmH2O results in redistribution of ventilation towards the dependent lung regions, thereby improving ventilation-perfusion matching. This improvement was not associated with an increase in dead space indicative for a lack in distension of the airways or impairment of alveolar perfusion. 相似文献11.
Aleksandr Semjonov Vladimir Andrianov Jacobus P. Raath Toomas Orro Derik Venter Liesel Laubscher Silke Pfitzer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):883-889
Objective
The combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–yohimbine or naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive African lions (Panthea leo).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twenty lions, 11 males and nine females, weighing 38–284 kg were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The BAM volume dose rate administered was 0.005–0.008 mL kg?1 (0.6 mL 100 kg?1). Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Four arterial blood samples were collected from all animals at 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after immobilization for analysis of blood-gases and acid-base status.Results
The actual doses administered were as follows: butorphanol, 0.18 ± 0.03 mg kg?1; azaperone, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1; and medetomidine, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1. The inductions were calm and smooth, and induction time ranged from 4 to 10 minutes (7 ± 2 minutes). The amount of time needed to work with each lion was 70 minutes, and no additional drug doses were needed. Heart rate (40 ± 8 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (15 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure of all animals was stable but elevated (142 ± 16 mmHg). The rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within acceptable range. The recovery time was significantly shorter when using naltrexone and atipamezole (9 ± 1 minutes) compared to using naltrexone and yohimbine (22 ± 7 minutes).Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable for general veterinary anaesthesia in lions. During anaesthesia, minor veterinary procedures such a blood collection, intubation, vaccination and collaring could safely be performed with no additional dosing required. 相似文献12.
Zuzana Drábková Johannes P. Schramel Radovan Kabeš 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):73-77
Objective
To compare two methods of Bohr–Enghoff physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff) determination using a mixing chamber and an E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor.Study design
Prospective, clinical, method-comparison study.Animals
Twenty horses anaesthetized for elective orthopaedic procedures.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and the lungs were mechanically ventilated (Vt 15 ± 2 mL kg?1). Arterial blood was sampled to provide arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for dead space calculation using a metabolic monitor. Mixed expired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PēCO2) obtained from the custom-made mixing chamber was recorded at the time of arterial blood sampling. Dead space fraction was calculated using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation. Agreement between the methods was assessed by Bland–Altman test. A clinically acceptable error was defined to be ≤ 10%.Results
Forty-nine simultaneous Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff results were obtained. There was no clinically significant bias between the mixing chamber and E-CAiOVX. The limits of agreement were within a priori defined error (bias ± 95% limits of agreement: ?0.022 ± 0.078).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Acceptable agreement was found between the two methods. The E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor might be a suitable device for measuring Vd/VtBohr–Enghoff in anaesthetized horses. 相似文献13.
Jill K Maney H Edward Durham Kathleen P Goucher Erika L Little 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):539-544
Objective
To compare the induction and recovery characteristics and selected cardiopulmonary variables of midazolam–alfaxalone or midazolam–ketamine in donkeys sedated with xylazine.Study design
Randomized, blinded, crossover experimental trial.Animals
A group of seven adult male castrated donkeys weighing 164 ± 14 kg.Methods
Donkeys were randomly administered midazolam (0.05 mg kg?1) and alfaxalone (1 mg kg?1) or midazolam (0.05 mg kg?1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) intravenously following sedation with xylazine, with ≥ 7 days between treatments. Donkeys were not endotracheally intubated and breathed room air. Time to lateral recumbency, first movement, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Induction and recovery were assigned scores between 1 (very poor) and 5 (excellent). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), invasive arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases were measured before induction and every 5 minutes following induction until first movement.Results
Time to lateral recumbency (mean ± standard deviation) was shorter after alfaxalone (29 ± 10 seconds) compared with ketamine (51 ± 9 seconds; p = 0.01). Time to first movement was the same between treatments (27 versus 23 minutes). Time to standing was longer with alfaxalone (58 ± 15 minutes) compared with ketamine (33 ± 8 minutes; p = 0.01). Recovery score [median (range)] was of lower quality with alfaxalone [3 (2–5)] compared with ketamine [5 (3–5); p = 0.03]. There were no differences in HR, fR or arterial pressures between treatments. No clinically important differences in blood gases were identified between treatments. Five of seven donkeys administered alfaxalone became hypoxemic (PaO2 <60 mmHg; 8.0 kPa) and all donkeys administered ketamine became hypoxemic (p = 0.13).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both midazolam–alfaxalone and midazolam–ketamine produced acceptable anesthetic induction and recovery in donkeys after xylazine sedation. Hypoxemia occurred with both treatments. 相似文献14.
Carolina Meira Fabiola B. Joerger Annette P.N. Kutter Andreas Waldmann Simone K. Ringer Stephan H. Böehm Samuel Iff Martina Mosing 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(2):145-157
Objective
To compare the efficacy of three continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interfaces in dogs on gas exchange, lung volumes, amount of leak during CPAP and rebreathing in case of equipment failure or disconnection.Study design
Randomized, prospective, crossover, experimental trial.Animals
Ten purpose-bred Beagle dogs.Methods
Dogs were in dorsal recumbency during medetomidine–propofol constant rate infusions, breathing room air. Three interfaces were tested in each dog in a consecutive random order: custom-made mask (M), conical face mask (FM) and helmet (H). End-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) measured by electrical impedance tomography was assessed with no interface (baseline), with the interface only (No-CPAP for 3 minutes) and at 15 minutes of 7 cmH2O CPAP (CPAP-delivery). PaO2 was assessed at No-CPAP and CPAP-delivery, partial pressure of inspired carbon dioxide (PICO2; rebreathing assessment) at No-CPAP and the interface leak (ΔPleak) at CPAP-delivery. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).Results
During CPAP-delivery, all interfaces increased EELI by 7% (p < 0.001). Higher ΔPleak was observed with M and H (9 cmH2O) in comparison with FM (1 cmH2O) (p < 0.001). At No-CPAP, less rebreathing occurred with M (0.5 kPa, 4 mmHg) than with FM (1.8 kPa, 14 mmHg) and with H (1.4 kPa, 11 mmHg), but also lower PaO2 was measured with M (9.3 kPa, 70 mmHg) than with H (11.9 kPa, 90 mmHg) and FM (10.8 kPa, 81 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevance
All three interfaces can be used to provide adequate CPAP in dogs. The leak during CPAP-delivery and the risk of rebreathing and hypoxaemia, when CPAP is not maintained, can be significant. Therefore, animals should always be supervised during administration of CPAP with any of the three interfaces. The performance of the custom-made M was not superior to the other interfaces. 相似文献15.
Nicolò Columbano Antonio Scanu Lauren Duffee Valentino Melosu Giovanni Sotgiu Bernd Driessen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):487-495
Objective
To determine sevoflurane’s minimum alveolar concentration (MACSEVO) and its cardiopulmonary effects in sheep.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
A group of 10 female nonpregnant Sardinian milk sheep.Methods
Anesthesia was induced in each sheep twice with sevoflurane in oxygen. After a 30 minute equilibration at end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (Fe?Sevo) of 2.8%, an electrical stimulus (5 Hz/1 ms/50 mA) was applied to the right thoracic limb for 1 minute or until gross purposeful movement occurred. The Fe?Sevo was then changed using a 0.2% up-and-down protocol, dependent on whether or not the response was positive, and then noxious stimulation was repeated. The MACSEVO was defined as the mean Fe?Sevo between that allowing purposeful movement and that not. The group of 10 sheep were re-anesthetized and MACSEVO was re-determined. Thereafter, Fe?Sevo was maintained for 15 minutes each at concentrations corresponding to 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 0.75 MACSEVO multiples, and cardiopulmonary, blood gas, acid-base variables and plasma electrolytes were determined. Also, time to induction of anesthesia, extubation and recovery were recorded.Results
The mean ± standard deviation of the MACSEVO was 2.74 ± 0.38%. Median (interquartile range) time to intubation was 3.13 (2.98–3.33) minutes, time to extubation was 6.85 ± 2.65 minutes and time to recovery was 13.4 ± 5.2 minutes. With increasing Fe?Sevo, arterial blood pressures progressively decreased as did minute ventilation, which in turn caused end-tidal carbon dioxide, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate values to steadily increase without significantly affecting arterial partial pressure of oxygen.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The reported MACSEVO agrees with published data in this and other species. Administration of sevoflurane in sheep caused marked hemodynamic and respiratory depression, but soon after turning off the vaporizer, sheep could be extubated and recovered rapidly and event-free. 相似文献16.
Carolyn M. Doerning Michael P. Bradley Patrick A. Lester Megan H. Nowland 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):658-666
Objective
To characterize alfaxalone administered subcutaneously (SC) in guinea pigs, both alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine.Study design
Prospective, blinded, crossover study.Animals
A total of 15 healthy female guinea pigs weighing 400–600 g.Methods
Alfaxalone (10, 20 and 40 mg kg?1) was administered SC to three guinea pigs as a pilot dose-finding study. Alfaxalone (20 mg kg?1; A20) was selected for comparison against combination protocols of alfaxalone (15 and 20 mg kg?1) with dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg kg?1) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg?1; A15DB, A20DB). Each protocol was randomly administered to 12 guinea pigs separated by ≥7 days. Time and quality of induction and recovery, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and adverse effects were recorded.Results
The median time to induction for A20, A15DB and A20DB was 6.8–8.0 minutes with no significant difference between treatments. Mean duration of recumbency for A20 was 73.6 ± 19.6 minutes. Recumbency duration for A15DB and A20DB extended to 90 minutes, at which time dexmedetomidine was antagonized using atipamezole (0.025 mg kg?1 SC). Physiological variables were within normal limits with the exception of one animal that died 45 minutes following treatment with A20DB. Pedal withdrawal reflex remained intact with all treatments. Minor side effects such as twitching or bruxism occurred sporadically with treatment A20 but not with A15DB and A20DB.Conclusions and clinical relevance
SC alfaxalone produced uncomplicated sedation that may be recommended for nonpainful procedures that do not require complete immobility. The addition of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine increased the duration of sedation and immobility, but did not result in general anesthesia. This combination sedation protocol may be useful for nonpainful procedures requiring extended immobility. 相似文献17.
M. Claretti D. Pradelli S. Borgonovo E. Boz C.M. Bussadori 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(6):415-424
Objectives
The objective is to describe the clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic findings in dogs with systemic-to-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (SPAVF).Animals
Thirteen medical records of client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of SPAVF were reviewed/analysed.Methods
This is a retrospective study of case records. Thoracic radiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), three-dimensional TEE, intracardiac echocardiography, fluoroscopy-guided or computed tomography (CT) angiography were carried out.Results
Based on the TTE, SPAVF was identified in seven of the included dogs. In eight cases, TEE and angiography were both performed and confirmed the diagnosis. Computed tomography angiography was performed in three dogs. A case was diagnosed by TEE alone, another one by three-dimensional TEE and the latter by intracardiac echocardiography.Conclusions
Transthoracic echocardiography identified seven cases of SPAVF, while definitive diagnosis in the remaining dogs required selective angiography or computed tomography angiography. 相似文献18.
Chia T. Tseng Daniel M. Sakai Madeline Libin Monika Mostowy Jonathan Cheetham Luis Campoy Robin D. Gleed Manuel Martin-Flores 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1049-1056
Objective
To evaluate the effect of two levels of partial neuromuscular block (NMB) on arytenoid abduction, tidal volume (VT) and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) in response to a hypercarbic challenge in anesthetized dogs.Study design
Prospective laboratory study.Animals
Eleven healthy male Beagle dogs aged 3–5 years.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with propofol and dexmedetomidine infusions. The rima glottidis was observed via an endoscope placed through a laryngeal mask airway. Atracurium infusion was titrated to obtain two levels of partial NMB. The normalized glottal gap area (NGGA; glottal gap area normalized to height squared of rima glottidis) at peak inspiration during a hypercarbic challenge (10% CO2 inspired for 1 minute) was measured at baseline, during mild [train-of-four (TOF) ratio 0.4–0.6] and shallow (TOF ratio 0.7–0.9) NMB, and 30 minutes after spontaneous recovery from NMB. The VT and PIF were measured at the same time points and compared using anova for repeated measures and Tukey’s post hoc tests.Results
The NGGA and VT were significantly lower than baseline during both levels of partial NMB with no difference between mild and shallow NMB (p < 0.05). They returned to baseline values after spontaneous recovery from NMB. PIF was not altered significantly during partial NMB.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The NGGA and VT at peak inspiration in response to a hypercarbic challenge were reduced during partial NMB block, with decreased abduction of the arytenoid cartilages. This dysfunction was present even at shallow levels of NMB. 相似文献19.
Paolo Monticelli Hayley L. Ronaldson John R. Hutchinson Andrew R. Cuff Dario d’Ovidio Chiara Adami 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):84-89
Objective
To describe the anaesthetic, physiological and side effects of intramuscular (IM) medetomidine and ketamine, followed by inhalational anaesthesia with sevoflurane, in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus).Study design
Observational trial.Animals
Ten juvenile captive-bred Nile crocodiles undergoing surgical implantation of skeletal beads and muscular electrodes.Methods
During preanaesthetic examination, the following variables were assessed: heart (HR) and respiratory (fR) rates, and response to palpebral, corneal and toe- and tail-pinch withdrawal reflexes. The crocodiles were injected IM with an initial combination of medetomidine and ketamine and re-evaluated at 5 minute intervals for 20 minutes, or until they appeared unresponsive. If that did not occur, the drugs were redosed according to a decision tree based on the observed effects. The righting, biting and palatal valve reflexes were assessed in the unresponsive crocodiles, and used to confirm anaesthetic induction. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. At the end of surgery, medetomidine was antagonized with IM atipamezole.Results
The decision tree identified 0.3 mg kg?1 medetomidine and 15 mg kg?1 ketamine as a useful drug combination, which resulted in anaesthetic induction and surgical anaesthesia 16 ± 8 and 16 (25–20) minutes after injection, respectively. Compared to baseline, HR and fR significantly decreased after anaesthetic induction (p < 0.001), but then remained stable throughout surgery. Intraoperatively, cloacal temperature [27 (26–30) °C] did not change over time (p = 0.48). The total dose of atipamezole was 2 (1–3) mg kg?1 and time to recovery was 36 (20–60) minutes. Perioperative complications were not observed.Conclusions
and clinical relevance Medetomidine and ketamine, injected IM and followed by sevoflurane anaesthesia, may be regarded as a useful anaesthetic technique for juvenile Nile crocodiles undergoing minimally invasive experimental surgery. 相似文献20.
Claudio C. Natalini Carolina L. Krahn Priscila B.S. Serpa Joanna E. Griffith Ricardo Miyasaka de Almeida 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):219-227