Influence of Vegetation on the Lability Characteristics of Sandur Areas of the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve

We have assessed the influence of vegetation on the labile characteristics (acidity, total carbon and nitrogen content, and available nutrients) of automorphic soils of polydominant coniferous–broadleaf forests and dwarf-shrub–green-moss pine forests of the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve. Despite the comparable gross and grain size compositions of soil-forming rocks, the differences of soils of these forest types are determined by the influence of vegetation, mainly by its ability to form litters of different quality and to regulate the amount of precipitation percolating through the forest canopy and contributing to the nutrient removal. Soils of pine forests have a higher acidity and lower contents of total nitrogen, organic carbon, and available nutrients than do soils of coniferous–broadleaf forests. The stand of pine forests has a low crown density, which leads to more intensive nutrient removal by atmospheric precipitation infiltrating through the soil.     

Population and biomass of soil microorganisms in old-growth primary spruce forests in the Northern Taiga

The number and biomass of microorganisms in the soils under lichen, grass-bilberry, and grass spruce forests of old age were studied on the Kola Peninsula. The dry biomass of microorganisms in the organic soil horizons was shown to reach 28 mg/g with a predominance (96 to 99%) of micromycetes. At tree trunk sites, in the organic horizons of all the soils studied, where the contents of organic carbon and mineral nutrients were higher, the number and biomass of all the groups of microorganisms was lower than in those in the soils of the gaps. The factors limiting the functioning of microorganisms in the soils under spruce tree crowns are thought to be the high acidity of the water flowing down the tree trunks and the high phenol content in it. In the mineral horizons of the soils, the patterns of the microorganisms were opposite: in all the spruce forests, the fungal biomass was the highest in the soils of the trunk zones, as well as the bacterial population and biomass in the grass spruce forest. In the latter, the maximal length of the actinomycete mycelium was also recorded in the soil of the trunk zones with the elevated contents of carbon and mineral nutrients.     

Long‐term Effects of Pine Plantations on Soil Quality in Southern Spain

This work evaluated how pine plantations established on old fields and degraded lands influence soil properties in comparison with adjacent unplanted areas that undergo into secondary succession, and native forests, analysing the effects of abiotic variables and stand characteristics in the afforestation process. Thirty‐two paired sites (pine plantations versus unplanted areas) and 10 native forests were selected in the SE Spain. In total, 74 soil profiles were studied, and 222 composite soil samples were collected at three different depths. Soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and C : N ratio showed significantly greater values in pine plantations in relation to the unplanted areas (0–5 cm), and the mean values of soil organic carbon, nitrogen (N), C : N ratio, and cation exchange capacity in these pine plantations were similar to those found under native forests. Only K⁺ concentrations were clearly higher in the native forests than in the other land uses for all depths analysed. Pine plantations in the drier and warmer areas showed lower soil quality in relation to the paired unplanted areas, as well as the younger and denser ones; it may be because under these situations, more time is needed to produce an improvement. In fact, the paired net variations increased with the stand age and/or tree size. In conclusion, pine plantations were in general more efficient in improving parameters related to soil quality, especially in locations with high soil water retention capacity, which in our study area were found at higher and cooler elevations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantification and depth distribution analysis of carbon to nitrogen ratio in forest soils using reflectance spectroscopy

Forest soils have large contents of carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), which have significant spatial variability laterally across landscapes and vertically with depth due to decomposition, erosion and leaching. Therefore, the ratio of C to TN contents (C:N), a crucial indicator of soil quality and health, is also different depending on soil horizon. These attributes can cost-effectively and rapidly be estimated using visible–near infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR) spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the effect of different soil layers, particularly over large scales of highly heterogeneous forest soils, on the performance of the technique has rarely been attempted. This study evaluated the potential of VNIR–SWIR spectroscopy in quantification and variability analysis of C:N in soils from different organic and mineral layers of forested sites of the Czech Republic. At each site, we collected samples from the litter (L), fragmented (F) and humus (H) organic layers, and from the A₁ (depth of 2–10 cm) and A₂ (depth of 10–40 cm) mineral layers providing a total of 2505 samples. Support vector machine regression (SVMR) was used to train the prediction models of the selected attributes at each individual soil layer and the merged layer (profile). We further produced the spatial distribution maps of C:N as the target attribute at each soil layer. Results showed that the prediction accuracy based on the profile spectral data was adequate for all attributes. Moreover, F was the most accurately predicted layer, regardless of the soil attribute. C:N models and maps in the organic layers performed well although in mineral layers, models were poor and maps were reliable only in areas with low and moderate C:N. On the other hand, the study indicated that reflectance spectra could efficiently predict and map organic layers of the forested sites. Although, in mineral layers, high values of C:N (≥ 50) were not detectable in the map created based on the reflectance spectra. In general, the study suggests that VNIR–SWIR spectroscopy has the feasibility of modelling and mapping C:N in soil organic horizons based on national spectral data in the forests of the Czech Republic.     

Adsorption complex,pH relationships in some acid mediterranean forest soil profiles

Acid soils in some mediterranean forests were investigated for the composition of the adsorption complex and the gradients in soil pH. The effective CEC (235–838 mmol_c kg^?1) and base saturation (93–98 %) are highest in ectorganic horizons. In the mineral horizons the effective CEC (23–52 mmol_c kg^?1) and base saturation (11–40 %) are much lower. The exchange complex of mineral horizons consists for 90 (AEh) to 40 percent (Bw2) of organic matter. The effective CEC of the mineral clay fraction is low (60 mmol_c kg^?1 clay). The clear trends in soil pH within the ectorganic layer of deciduous and sclerophyllous oak forests are attributed to vertical spatial separation of nitrogen mineralization (ammonification and strongly impeded nitrification) and nutrient uptake by roots (mainly NH₄). This leads to a high effective CEC in the fermentation layer and acidification of the uppermost part of the mineral soil. In contrast to the situation in temperate forests this process is impeded in mediterranean coniferous forests, where litter decomposition is extremely slow and both proton production and consumption take place in the organic rich mineral horizon.     

Transformation of microbial cenoses in soils of light coniferous forests caused by cuttings and fires in the Lower Angara River basin

The influence of surface fires and cutting on the quantitative and functional parameters of microbial cenoses in the soils of light coniferous forests in the Lower Angara River basin was studied. In the litters of soddy-podzolic soils under pine forests, the microbial biomass was 4080–4700 μg C/g; the basal respiration was 17.00–20.32 μg C-CO₂/g/h; and the qCO₂, 4.17–4.33 μg C-CO₂/mg C_mic/h. In the humus-accumulative horizon, these values were 880–1160 μg C/g, 2.48–4.12 μg C-CO₂/g/h, and 2.83–3.55 C-CO₂/mg C_mic/h, respectively. In the litter of the one-year-old felled area, the content of microbial biomass carbon was by two times lower; in the litter of burned plots, it was by 60–70% lower than in the litter of the control area. The intensity of the microbial respiration did not change proportionally to the microbial biomass content, which resulted in an imbalance between the processes of the organic matter mineralization-immobilization towards a release of CO₂ as evidenced by the increase of the qCO₂ values by 2–4 times. In the five-year-old felled area, at the stage of restoring the herbaceous vegetation, a tendency towards the stabilization of the destructive microbiological processes was revealed. In the felled areas, the high number of heterotrophic microorganisms, the reduced oligotrophy of the soil organic horizons, and the more intense microbiological mineralization of the organic matter were observed. The surface fires in the felled areas and forests significantly affected the structure and the number of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the litters, the humus-accumulative horizons, and in the upper mineral soil layers. The maximal structural and functional disturbance in the soil microbial complex was found in the logged areas affected by fires.     

Denitrification and C,N mineralization as function of temperature and moisture potential in organic and mineral horizons of an acid spruce forest soil

The influence of temperature (T) and water potential (ψ) on the denitrification potential, C and N mineralization and nitrification were studied in organic and mineral horizons of an acid spruce forest soil. The amount of N₂O emitted from organic soil was 10 times larger than from the mineral one. The maximum of N₂O emission was in both soils at the highest water potential 0 MPa and at 20°C. CO₂ production in the organic soil was 2 times higher than in mineral soil. Net ammonification in organic soil was negative for most of the T‒ψ variations, while in mineral soil it was positive. Net nitrification in organic soil was negative only at the maximum water potential and temperature (0 MPa, 28°C). The highest rate was between 0 and −0.3 MPa and between 20 and 28°C. In mineral soil NO₃⁻ accumulated at all T‒ψ variations with a maximum at 20^oC and −0.3 MPa. We concluded that in organic soil the immobilization of NH₄⁺ is the dominant process in the N‒cycling. Nevertheless, decreasing of total N mineralized at 0 MPa and 20—28^oC can be explained by denitrification.     

Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation,throughfall, soil solution,and stream water of the tropical highlands in northern Thailand

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important for the cycling and transport of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. In temperate forest soils, dissolved organic N (DON) partly escapes mineralization and is mobile, promoting loss of N via leaching. Little information is available comparing DOC and DON dynamics under tropical conditions. Here, mineralization is more rapid, and the demand of the vegetation for nutrients is larger, thus, leaching of DON could be small. We studied concentrations of DOC and DON during the rainy seasons 1998–2001 in precipitation, canopy throughfall, pore water in the mineral soil at 5, 15, 30, and 80 cm depth, and stream water under different land‐use systems representative of the highlands of northern Thailand. In addition, we determined the distribution of organic C (OC) and N (ON) between two operationally defined fractions of DOM. Samples were collected in small water catchments including a cultivated cabbage field, a pine plantation, a secondary forest, and a primary forest. The mean concentrations of DOC and DON in bulk precipitation were 1.7 ± 0.2 and 0.2 ± 0.1 mg L^–1, respectively, dominated by the hydrophilic fraction. The throughfall of the three forest sites became enriched up to three times in DOC in the hydrophobic fraction, but not in DON. Maximum concentrations of DOC and DON (7.9–13.9 mg C L^–1 and 0.9–1.2 mg N L^–1, respectively) were found in samples from lysimeters at 5 cm soil depth. Hydrophobic OC and hydrophilic ON compounds were released from the O layer and the upper mineral soil. Concentrations of OC and ON in mineral‐soil solutions under the cabbage cultivation were elevated when compared with those under the forests. Similar to most temperate soils, the concentrations in the soil solution decreased with soil depth. The reduction of OC with depth was mainly due to the decrease of hydrophobic compounds. The changes in OC indicated the release of hydrophobic compounds poor in N in the forest canopy and the organic layers. These substances were removed from solution during passage through the mineral soil. In contrast, organic N related more to labile microbial‐derived hydrophilic compounds. At least at the cabbage‐cultivation site, mineralization seemed to contribute largely to the decrease of DOC and DON with depth, possibly because of increased microbial activity stimulated by the inorganic‐N fertilization. Similar concentrations and compositions of OC and ON in subsoils and streams draining the forested catchments suggest soil control on stream DOM. The contribution of DON to total dissolved N in those streams ranged between 50% and 73%, underscoring the importance of DOM for the leaching of nutrients from forested areas. In summary, OC and ON showed differences in their dynamics in forest as well as in agricultural ecosystems. This was mainly due to the differing distribution of OC and ON between the more immobile hydrophobic and the more easily degradable hydrophilic fraction.     

Amino acid cycling in three cold-temperate forests of the northeastern USA

Amino acids play a critical role in soil-N cycling. Much of the current research on amino acid cycling has been conducted in arctic, alpine, boreal, and temperate grassland ecosystems. There are no comparable data for temperate forests. We quantified the concentration and production of amino acid N and inorganic N in three forests varying in parent material and tree species composition in Connecticut, USA. Soil samples were collected on three sample dates in 2001 and 2002. At all three sites, a pool of free amino acids was present in soil on all sample dates. Among-site differences in the production of amino acids were related to variations in the activity of proteolytic enzymes, the sensitivity of proteolytic enzymes to the availability of protein substrate, and the presence or absence of a surface organic horizon. Among-site differences in amino acid turnover appeared to be at least partially related to soil C-to-N ratios and their effect on C vs. N limitation to microbial function. Amino acid concentrations in the top 15 cm of mineral soil in these study sites fell within the range of reported values for ecosystems spanning a wide latitudinal gradient, including ecosystems in which amino acids are thought to contribute substantively to plant-N nutrition. The concentration of amino acid N in the organic horizons of these study sites was considerably higher than those reported in the literature. The implications of the results for N capture by temperate forest trees are discussed.     

Total organic carbon and its composition in long-term field experiments in the Czech Republic

Abstract

Total organic carbon content and its composition have been evaluated in the topsoil in the selected plots of 13 long-term field experiments conducted in different soil and climate conditions. The altitude of the sites ranged from 225 – 670 m above sea level. Four variants of the organic and mineral fertilization were selected in each experiment: Nil, which did not receive any organic or mineral fertilizers since the beginning of the experiment, mineral fertilized variant NPK, organic fertilized (manured) variant FYM and both organic and mineral fertilized variant FYM + NPK. Total organic carbon (C) content in the topsoil differed as a result of the soil and climate conditions (it ranged from 0.96 – 1.80% C in the Nil variants) and due to the organic and mineral fertilization. The inert and decomposable part of the soil organic C content was calculated and the hot water soluble carbon content was determined. Relationships between the individual SOM fractions have shown a highly significant correlation, except for the decomposable C calculated as a difference to Nil variant.     

Suprapermafrost Horizons of the Accumulation of Raw Organic Matter in Tundra Cryozems of Northern Yakutia

In the profiles of cryozems (Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosols) developing in tundra of northern Yakutia under conditions of shallow active layer, suprapermafrost horizons of the accumulation of raw organic matter are formed. Taking into account their genesis, stable and regular position in the soil profile, paragenetic links with the overlying horizons and neighboring soil profiles, and a set of diagnostic features and properties, these horizons can be separated as a new type of genetic soil horizons—the organomineral accumulative suprapermafrost horizon (CRO). Its qualitative composition (the ratio of organic and mineral matter in the material) can be reflected at a lower level. In relation to the separation of the new genetic horizon within the framework of the new Russian soil classification system, a new genetic types of soils—cryozem with suprapermafrost accumulation of raw organic matter (suprapermafrost organo-accumulative cryozem)—can be established. Its diagnostic profile has the following horizonation: (O, AO, T)–CR–CRO–┬C.     

Forest floor development and biochemical properties in reconstructed boreal forest soils

Following resource extraction by surface mining in the oil sands region of northeastern Alberta, sites are reclaimed by reconstructing soils using a variety of salvaged organic and mineral materials, and planted to native tree species. This study assessed the influence of three distinct stand types (Populus tremuloides Michx., Pinus banksiana Lamb., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on forest floor development (thickness, morphology, total carbon and nitrogen contents), soil organic matter composition, and associated soil microbial communities. Forest floor and top mineral soil (0–5 cm) samples were collected from 32 sites reclaimed 16–33 years ago. Soil organic matter composition was measured using ramped-cross-polarization ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance, and microbial communities were characterized using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Morphological characteristics indicated little mesofaunal or fungal activities within the forest floors. Stands dominated by P. tremuloides fostered more rapid forest floor development than the coniferous (P. banksiana and P. glauca) stands, and showed a significant increase in forest floor thickness with time since reclamation. Within the P. tremuloides stands, forest floor development was accompanied by temporal changes in soil organic matter composition that reflected inputs from the canopy. Soil microbial community composition differed among reclamation treatments of the reconstructed soils, specifically as a function of their subsoil mineral textures, when canopy cover was below 30%. Above 30%, significant differences became apparent among stand types. Taken together, our results document how canopy cover and stand type were both important factors for the reestablishment of plant–soil relationships at these sites. Furthermore, achieving a canopy cover of 30% emerged as a critical threshold point during soil reclamation.     

Specific features of the morphology and chemical properties of coarse-textured postagrogenic soils of the southern taiga,Kostroma oblast

The properties of loamy sandy postagrogenic soils in the course of their natural overgrowing were studied in the southeastern part of Kostroma oblast. Micromorphological indications of tillage were preserved in these soils at least 35–40 years after the cessation of their agricultural use. In the course of the soil overgrowing with forest vegetation, the bulk density of the upper part of the former plow horizon decreased, the pH and the ash content of the litter horizon somewhat lowered with a simultaneous increase in the acidity of the upper mineral horizon, especially at the beginning of the formation of the tree stand. In 5–7 years after the cessation of tillage, the former plow horizon was differentiated with respect to the organic carbon content. The total pool of organic carbon in the upper 30 cm increased. In the course of the further development, in the postagrogenic soil under the 90to 100-year-old forest, the organic carbon pool in this layer became lower. The soil of the young fallow (5–7 years) was characterized by the higher values of the microbial biomass in the upper mineral horizon in comparison with that in the plowed soil. In general, the microbial biomass in the studied postagrogenic ecosystems (the soils of the fields abandoned in 2005 and 2000 and the soil under the secondary 40-year-old forest) was lower than that in the soil of the subclimax 90to 100-year-old forest. The enzymatic activity of the soils tends to increase during the succession. The restoration of the invertase and, partly, catalase activities to the values typical of the soils under mature forests takes place in about 40 years.     

Monitoring of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Impact Zone of Copper-Nickel Smelter on the Kola Peninsula

The results of landscape monitoring of the concentrations of acid-extractable Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn in soils of the local impact zone of the Severonikel industrial complex on the Kola Peninsula are discussed. The aim of monitoring studies was to reveal the spatial and temporal regularities of variation in the degree of soil contamination by heavy metals. In 2001–2011, the concentrations of acid-extractable compounds of the elements in the upper part of organic soil horizons around this plant exceeded their background concentrations by two orders of magnitude for Cu and Co and by three orders of magnitude for Ni. The degree of topsoil contamination with Ni, Cu, and Co generally corresponded to the distance of the plots from the contamination source and to the modern technogenic load. However, because of the long period of the emissions, their extreme amounts, and complex composition, indirect factors—the degree of technogenic soil degradation, the loss of soil organic matter, saturation of the surface soil layers by the contaminating metals, and competitive relationships between the elements—also affect soil contamination level. The concentrations of all the studied metals in the topsoil are characterized by considerable (1.5 to 7 times) variability in their long-term dynamics. The most important factors of this variability for Ni, Cu, and Co are the organic matter content of the samples and the amount of atmospheric precipitation in the year preceding the sampling. An inverse relationship between element concentrations in the soils and the amount of atmospheric precipitation attests to the dynamic nature and reversible character of the accumulation of heavy metals in the soils.     

黄土高原沟壑区苹果园土壤剖面水分及矿质氮分布特征

面对苹果园大量施肥带来的潜在环境问题,在黄土高原沟壑区典型流域,分别选取不同树龄和地貌类型的苹果园,分析土壤水分含量和土壤矿质氮在土体剖面中的变化,为促进该流域农业发展提供相关数据支持。在陕西长武县王东沟流域,分别选取不同树龄(14,18,23,28,32树龄)和地貌类型(塬、梁、坡地)的果园,用直径为4 cm的土钻,在每株果树周围距离树干1 m处,采集15个不同样地0—400 cm土层样品,12个果园样地0—600 cm土层样品,分别测定土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。结果表明:随着树龄的增加,0—600 cm土壤含水量和贮水量出现明显下降,尤其在300—600 cm处,不同树龄果园贮水量差异显著(P<0.05),贮水量大小表现为18树龄>23树龄>32树龄。流域内各树龄果园各土层铵态氮含量均较低,对矿质氮在土体中的分布基本不构成影响;硝态氮含量较高,矿质氮在土壤中的分布主要受其影响。各果园不同树龄600 cm以上土层硝态氮含量变化幅度较大,且硝态氮主要分布在土层深处。坡地果园18,23,32树龄0—200 cm土层硝态氮累积总量分别占0—400 cm土层累积总量的50%,41%和38%,表现出土壤硝态氮随树龄的增长而向深层累积的趋势。3种地貌类型下硝态氮累积量都表现出随果园树龄增长而增加的特点。黄土高原沟壑区果园土壤深层干燥化和硝态氮累积现象明显,而且随着果园树龄的增加趋于严重。     

Effects of sod-cutting on the nematode community of a secondary forest of Pinus sylvestris L.

Atmospheric S and N compounds accumulate in the surface layers of the forest soil environment, where they affect soil biota and nutrient availability for tree growth. In addition to measures to reduce the input of atmospheric deposition, removal of the ectorganic layers by sod-cutting may contribute to the recovery of the soil ecosystem. In this study, we examined the effects of sod-cutting on the nematode fauna of a Scots pine forest, 1 and 3 years after treatment. Sod-cutting reduced the total numbers of nematodes, nematode taxa, and Maturity Index. The first taxa that colonized the newly developing organic layers after sod-cutting had low colonizer-persister (c-p) values, and appeared to have originated from the tree canopy and mineral soil. Colonization, presumably from nearby untreated plots, was observed 3 years after the sod-cutting. The initial (after 1 year) nematode community of the new organic layer comprised hyphal-, bacterial-, and algal-feeding nematodes, whereas plant-feeders, predators, and omnivores were not detected. The composition of the nematode fauna in the ectorganic layers 15 and 39 months after sod-cutting was highly similar to that of the nematode fauna of the early stages of a primary succession of Scots pine forest in a reference area in the Netherlands. In the mineral soil only insect parasites were negatively affected by sod-cutting.     

Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest

Climate change is predicted to reduce or delay annual wintertime snow pack formation in the forests of the northeastern US. Any delay in snowpack formation could increase soil freezing in winter and, thereby, alter soil characteristics and processes. We examined the hypothesis that delayed snowpack would disrupt soil structure and change organic matter bioavailability in an experimental snow removal study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA. Pairs of reference and snow removal treatment plots were studied in four different sites at HBEF. Snow was removed from November–January of two winters, inducing soil freezing throughout both winters. Size class distribution and organic matter concentration and content of aggregates, and carbon and nitrogen mineralization potential of size fractions were quantified for surface mineral soils in the spring of both years immediately after snowmelt. In the first year of sampling, the only significant effect of snow removal was an increase in the smallest (<53 μm) size fraction of mineral soil. In the second year, snow removal increased organic matter concentrations of macroaggregate (250–2,000 μm) and microaggregate (53–250 μm) size fractions. This change corresponded to an increase in net N mineralization potential and the ratio of N to C mineralized in the macroaggregate fraction, but there were no effects of snow removal on C mineralization. We propose that soil freezing increases the movement of organic matter from organic to mineral soil horizons and increases the N content of mineralizable substrates in mineral soil following years with delayed snowpack formation.     

长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土钾素状况的影响

利用22年肥料长期定位试验,研究施肥对土壤钾素状况的影响。结果表明,1978年到2000年,土壤钾素收支平衡的状况为:氮钾肥处理钾盈余57.72kg/hm2,氮磷钾肥处理钾亏缺192.90kg/hm2。以氮钾肥处理提高土壤中水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、矿物钾最多,依次分别比对照提高5.49倍、1.13倍、2.47倍和1.11倍。氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥处理在土壤中积累各形态钾总量分别占施钾量的19.18%、20.01%。氮钾处理和氮磷钾处理土壤速效钾和土壤缓效钾含量高,在土壤剖面中分布以0—20cm含量高,20cm以下逐层降低。用X-射线衍射测定长期施钾和不施钾的土壤粘土矿物组成为:氮磷钾处理土壤粘土矿物中蒙脱石峰值高;而氮磷处理土壤粘土矿物中蛭石峰值高。     

兰州市南北两山不同灌丛土壤渗透特性

为了探讨不同灌丛类型对土壤渗透特性的影响,通过双环渗透法对兰州市南北两山4种灌木类型(千头柏、红砂、红花锦鸡儿、柽柳)的土壤渗透特性(土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量)进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随着土层深度(0—80 cm)的增加,土壤的渗透性逐渐降低。(2)不同灌丛类型间土壤渗透性表现为红花锦鸡儿>红砂>千头柏>柽柳,主成分分析评价土壤的渗透能力,排序为红花锦鸡儿>红砂>千头柏>柽柳;(3)Horton模型方程对各灌丛类型土壤渗透性的拟合效果最好,比较适合于描述本研究区4种灌丛土壤水分入渗过程。(4)土壤渗透性和土壤理化性质的相关性分析表明,土壤渗透性与总孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮、土壤无机氮、土壤速效磷、土壤速效钾之间分别呈极显著正相关; 与土壤初始含水率、土壤非毛管孔隙度之间分别呈显著或极显著正相关; 与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。(5)结合相关性分析,筛选出9个极显著或显著影响土壤渗透性的土壤理化性质因子,综上,结果为今后该区域在人工林营建过程中树种的选择及现有林分抚育管理提供一定的理论依据。     

Soil phosphorus status and turnover in central-European beech forest ecosystems with differing tree species diversity

Problems in phosphorus (P) nutrition of forest trees raise questions concerning the soil P concentrations, pools and turnover in forests. In addition, it is not clear if, and to what extent, tree species diversity has an influence on the soil P status and turnover. The aim of this study was to investigate the P status and turnover in beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) -dominated forest ecosystems on loess over limestone and to elucidate what role heterogeneities in tree species diversity would play. The soils of mixed species stands contained more organically bound P (710–772 kg ha⁻¹) than those of pure beech stands (378 kg ha⁻¹), whereas the inorganic P content differed little between the stand types. A large proportion (44–55%) of the total soil P was organically bound. This fraction was mainly dependent on the clay content of the soils and not on the tree diversity. The P input with leaf litter (1.4–2.1 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) showed a tendency to increase with increasing diversity. The apparent P turnover times in the organic surface layers differed, with shorter turnover times in mixed species stands (2–3 years) than in pure beech stands (10 years). Possible explanations for the different turnover times were differences in the litter quality, interactions in mixed species litters and the soil pH and base saturation. Hence, the tree species mainly influence the apparent P turnover time in the organic surface layer, whereas the P concentrations and pools in the mineral soil are determined by the soil properties, particularly the clay content.