猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白在杆状系统中的表达与纯化

猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)基因有两个主要的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)。其中,ORF2编码病毒的主要结构蛋白核衣壳蛋白(Cap)。为了在昆虫细胞中表达Cap蛋白,本研究将重组穿梭质粒Bacmid-iel-ORF2经脂质体转染至昆虫细胞中,获得重组杆状病毒。经过噬斑克隆实验,获得稳定、高效表达Cap蛋白的重组杆状病毒,病毒滴度可达到1×109 pfu/m L。免疫印迹实验表明重组Cap蛋白可与PCV2阳性血清发生特异性反应,证明该重组蛋白具有良好的免疫活性反应。本研究为提高PCV2灭活疫苗病毒滴度及免疫原性奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白在杆状病毒表面的展示

本试验将猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)去核定位区ORF2基因克隆到杆状病毒表面展示转座载体pBacSC中,转化DH10Bac大肠杆菌感受态,经抗性及蓝白斑筛选得到含ORF2基因的重组杆状病毒DNA,以脂质体介导法将此重组DNA转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒。对重组病毒进行Western-blot分析和免疫金电子显微镜检测。结果表明,PCV2 Cap蛋白在重组杆状病毒中获得表达;免疫金电子显微镜观察表明,重组蛋白展示在杆状病毒囊膜上。本试验成功构建表面展示PCV2 Cap蛋白的重组杆状病毒,为下一步应用重组杆状病毒作为亚单位疫苗奠定基础。     

PCV2b Cap蛋白重组杆状病毒的构建及鉴定

猪圆环病毒(PCV)能够引起多种综合征和疾病,给养猪业造成了较大的经济损失。PCV2毒株在2003年后以PCV2b取代PCV2a成为临床感染的猪群中最为流行的基因型。PCV基因组为单股负链环状DNA,其中ORF2编码病毒核衣壳蛋白Cap蛋白,Cap蛋白是主要的免疫原性蛋白。本研究利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统将PCV2b的Cap蛋白基因克隆到杆状病毒载体中,通过制备杆粒、转染sf9细胞,获得表达PCV2b Cap蛋白的重组杆状病毒毒株,从IFA、SDS-PAGE及Western-blotting分析结果可以看出,该重组杆状病毒毒株成功表达了PCV2b Cap蛋白,为制备PCV2b Cap蛋白亚单位疫苗打下基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型衣壳蛋白(Cap)在293T细胞中的亚细胞定位

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2基因编码病毒的核衣壳蛋白(Cap),该蛋白属于病毒保护性抗原,具有重要免疫功能。本研究以PCV2871毒株基因组为模板,用特异性上下游引物扩增获得ORF2基因,利用真核表达载体构建了表达PCV2Cap蛋白的重组质粒pCAGGS-ORF2。采用脂质体将pCAGGS-ORF2转染至293T细胞,用抗PCV2-Cap单克隆抗体对重组质粒转染细胞进行了免疫活性分析和免疫荧光检测,表明Cap蛋白在细胞中获得表达;利用共聚焦显微镜对Cap蛋白在293T细胞中的亚细胞定位观察结果表明,转染24h后可见Cap蛋白的表达随培养时间延长显著增多,72h达到高峰,表达的Cap蛋白主要分布在细胞核中。构建的pCAGGS-ORF2真核表达重组质粒在293T细胞中的表达,为进一步PCV2基因疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2a和2b双亚型Cap蛋白在杆状病毒表达系统中的表达及对小鼠的免疫效果试验

试验通过PCR分别获得PCV2a和PCV2b的Cap基因,顺次克隆入pFast Bac-Dual载体质粒,获得携带2a和2b型Cap基因的重组质粒Cap-pFast Bac Dual,转化E.coli DH10Bac感受态细胞,通过蓝白斑筛选获得重组杆粒Cap-Bacmid,以脂质体法将重组杆粒转染Sf9细胞,获得表达Cap蛋白的重组杆状病毒。PCR能从重组杆状病毒中扩增出相应大小的Cap基因片段,蛋白电泳和ELISA法鉴定表明,Cap蛋白成功表达。采用重组杆状病毒肌内注射免疫小鼠(每只相当于8μg Cap蛋白),免疫后14 d血清中产生PCV2抗体,免疫后28 d用PCV2a和PCV2b强毒株攻击,荧光定量PCR法检测结果显示,免疫组小鼠脾脏中PCV2基因组拷贝数极显著低于未免疫对照组。结果表明,PCV2a和PCV2b双亚型重组Cap蛋白能开发成猪圆环病毒防控的新型疫苗。     

猪圆环病毒3型Cap蛋白的表达与鉴定

为了表达猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus type 3,PCV3) Cap蛋白,按照昆虫细胞密码子偏嗜性对ORF2基因进行优化并在N端加上His标签基因,合成的ORF2基因片段克隆入pFastBac Dual杆状病毒穿梭载体;将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH10-Bac感受态后通过蓝白斑筛选获得重组杆粒Bacmid-C2;将重组杆粒转染至SF9细胞5 d后收集细胞上清液;连续传代3次观察细胞病变。将接毒后的SF9细胞样通过Western blot及间接免疫荧光(IFA)进行Cap蛋白表达的鉴定。利用蔗糖密度梯度离心对病毒样颗粒的Cap蛋白纯化后进行透射电镜观察。结果显示：SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测发现重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中能够有效表达Cap蛋白,且与His-tag单抗及PCV3阳性血清发生特异性反应;IFA进一步鉴定感染了重组病毒的昆虫细胞与His单抗产生特异性荧光;透射电镜可以明显观察到14～17 nm左右形态规则的病毒样颗粒(VLPs)。PCV3 Cap蛋白的成功表达和鉴定将为研究Cap蛋白的免疫原性和空间结构奠定基础,也为探讨开发PCV3的亚单...     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2基因在Sf9细胞中表达及免疫原性研究

利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)核衣壳(Cap)蛋白。将优化合成的PCV2 ORF2基因克隆到杆状病毒转移载体p Fast HTA中,并将鉴定正确的重组质粒p Fast HTA-Cap2转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞,经蓝白斑筛选得到含有目的基因的重组杆状病毒质粒(r Bac-Cap2),转染至Sf9细胞,获得重组杆状病毒,对感染重组杆状病毒的细胞培养物进行重组蛋白的表达,进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析,并对表达的重组蛋白进行小鼠免疫试验及其病毒血清中和试验。SDS-PAGE分析表明,优化合成的PCV2 ORF2基因得到表达,蛋白分子质量大小为33 ku;Western blot证实重组蛋白能够识别抗PCV2阳性血清,表明重组蛋白具有反应原性;小鼠免疫试验结果显示,该蛋白能刺激机体产生特异性抗体,具有较好的免疫原性;病毒血清中和试验证实,抗PCV2 Cap血清抗体具有中和病毒的活性,中和效价为1∶42。该蛋白在杆状病毒系统中的成功表达,为PCV2感染的诊断及亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型CC株ORF3基因的克隆与原核表达

为原核表达猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的ORF3编码蛋白,本研究采用PCR方法以PCV2的CC株的基因组DNA为模板扩增ORF3基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3),经IPTG诱导表达.SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达的重组蛋白约为31ku,并且以包涵体形式存在;western blot分析表明,ORF3重组蛋白能够与鼠抗His标签单克隆抗体发生特异性反应,表明原核表达的ORF3重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性.     

表达猪圆环病毒2型Rep蛋白的重组杆状病毒的构建与鉴定

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)是近年来新发现的引起断奶仔猪多系统衰弱综合征的主要病原,含有两个主要的阅读框ORF1和ORF2,分别编码复制相关蛋白(Rep)和核衣壳蛋白(Cap)。为了探究ORF1基因结构及其与功能的关系,本研究利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统将PCV2的ORF1基因克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacTMDual中,获得重组转移载体pFBD-ORF1,再将其转化进含穿梭载体Bacmid的感受态细胞DH10Bac中,经蓝白菌落筛选获得含有ORF1基因的重组穿梭载体rBacmid-ORF1,经脂质体介导转染昆虫细胞sf9,获得重组杆状病毒rAc-Rep,SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析可见大小约为36ku的特异性条带,表明rAc-Rep在sf9中成功表达了PCV2Rep蛋白。     

猪圆环病毒Cap蛋白的分泌表达及其免疫原性研究

探索利用杆状病毒表达系统(Bac-to-Bac expression system)分泌表达猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)Cap蛋白及将其作为亚单位疫苗的应用价值。将PCV2 Cap基因克隆到已插入蜂毒信号肽(Melittin)的转移载体pFastBacⅠ中,将鉴定正确的重组质粒(pFastBAC-Cap)转化至DH10Bac大肠杆菌感受态细胞,经抗性及蓝白斑筛选得到含Cap基因的重组杆状病毒DNA(Bacmid-Cap),转染提取的Bacmid-Cap DNA转染至sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒(rBac-Cap),应用无血清培养的High Five细胞进行重组蛋白的表达及条件优化。重组蛋白通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析(SDS-PAGE)证明:在重组杆状病毒感染的High Five昆虫细胞中获得分泌表达,并可产生较高浓度的重组蛋白;Western blotting结果显示:重组蛋白可被猪PCV2的特异性抗体所识别,表明重组蛋白具有反应原性;应用重组蛋白免疫BALB/C小鼠试验结果显示:该蛋白可刺激小鼠产生较高水平的特异性抗体。该研究成功分泌表达了PCV2 Cap蛋白,该蛋白能够刺激机体产生免疫应答,为PCV2亚单位疫苗的研制打下基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.