施锌对玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率、产量及籽粒品质的影响

施用ZnO 4.2kg/hm~2对玉米N、K元素的吸收利用存在极显著协和作用,可分别提高N、K肥料利用率35.84％和141.07％,增产7.63％,籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和全糖含量分别增加5.63％、5.37％、2.69％和2.29％。Zn对P的吸收利用是拮抗作用,施Zn肥显著降低P肥利用率。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮磷钾肥施用对饲草产量和养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了苏丹草-黑麦草轮作中N、P、K肥施用对饲草的产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响.结果表明:N、P、K肥的施用可分别使饲草鲜草产量提高6.1倍、1O.6倍和O.6倍,各处理差异均达显著水平.N肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施N处理相比分别提高6.9倍、3.5倍和4.7倍;P肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施P处理相比分别提高5.9倍、23.2倍和7.3倍;K肥施用后饲草对N,P和K的吸收量与不施K处理相比分别提高O.3倍、O.7倍和7.4倍.N、P、K肥的施用可相互促进肥料表观利用率的提高.P、K肥的施用有利于缓解土壤酸化,轮作后各处理土壤有机质含量无显著差异,缺P处理的土壤NH4 -N含量明显较高,施N处理土壤中P含量明显降低,缺N、缺P处理轮作后土壤K含量明显高于其他处理.     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

不同施肥处理对连续三季作物氮肥利用率及其分配与去向的影响

采用室外盆栽试验系统研究了不同施肥处理对连续3个生长季作物生长状况、标记^15N利用率及其分配与去向的影响。结果表明,高量氮肥的施用能显著提高作物的生长和产量,而化肥配施玉米秸秆在第1生长季表现为抑制,第2、第3生长季则相反。作物体内来自标记氮肥的含量和比例随生长季的增加显著下降,高量氮肥和玉米秸秆的施用能显著提高其含量和比例（P〈0.05）。标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率随作物生长季的增加而降低,而标记氮肥的累积作物利用率和总损失率随着生长季的增加而增加,经过连续3季作物的吸收利用,标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率、累积作物利用率和总损失率分别平均为15．82％、61．11％和23．07％。标记氮肥的作物利用率和损失率主要发生在第1生长季内,高量氮肥的施用降低了标记肥料氮在土壤中的残留率,增加了氮素损失率;与单施化肥处理相比,化肥配施玉米秸秆能明显增加标记肥料氮在土壤和作物中的回收率,降低氮素损失率,提高比例为21．74％,从而说明在施肥当季,通过施入高C/N比有机物料玉米秸秆合理调节土壤中C源和N素营养的施用比例,可以达到增加氮肥在土壤中的残留率,提高氮肥利用率的目的。     

氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥 ,增加了干物质中N ,Mg的百分含量 ,但减少了P和K的百分含量 ;施N情况下 ,N ,P ,Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥 ,增加了干物质中P的百分含量 ,减少了Ca ,Mg的百分含量 ;N ,P ,K ,Ca的吸收总量增加 ,Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥 ,增加了干物质中K的百分含量 ,减少了Ca ,Mg的百分含量 ,K ,P的吸收总量增加 ,N ,Ca ,Mg的吸收总量减少     

不同肥料和N减量施用对旱作玉米生产的影响

通过在山西寿阳旱农试验区进行玉米地不同肥料和N减量处理试验，得出：普通肥、增效肥以及增效肥减量施用后对玉米出苗率、株高生长以及产量的影响效果不同；其增产、增效作用的排序为：增效复合肥〉普通复合肥〉增效尿素〉普通尿素，施用增效复合肥对植株生长、植株N和K含量状况有所改善；增效复合肥和增效尿素的N利用率为13．1％～27．3％和0．9％～14．2％，优于普通肥料；N减量15％施用后，玉米产量不但没有显著减少，而且增效肥的N利用效率最高，尿素的N利用效率与N100％施用差异不大。N减量30％和45％施用的产量之间没有显著差异，减量越大，N的利用效率反而越高。通过氮肥合理减量施用，可以达到提高氮肥利用率、节本增效和减少养分向环境流失的目的。     

不同氮肥形式对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收及氮素平衡的影响

通过黑土区田间试验,研究不同氮肥对玉米N、P、K吸收量、肥料利用率、玉米产量和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:玉米植株N、P、K积累大小顺序为NKP;玉米对N的吸收主要集中在籽粒和叶片,分别占总吸N量的51.77%~55.32%和34.42%~36.49%,P在籽粒中的吸收量高达57.08%~64.75%,K的吸收主要集中在叶片,占总吸K量的37.15%~54.16%;等量磷钾肥条件下,施用等量不同形式氮肥可以显著促进作物地上部养分的吸收、提高作物产量,N、P、K含量和产量分别最高增加43.94%,33.35%,69.05%,16.77%,且收获期土壤铵态氮大于硝态氮;半控比掺混肥显著提高玉米植株、各器官氮磷钾吸收量和产量,得到最高的氮、磷、钾肥利用率,分别为58.57%,45.49%,89.07%,且收获期土壤硝态氮与铵态氮含量最低,氮素盈余最少,降低对环境污染。     

氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥，增加了干物质中N，Mg的百分含量，但减少了P和K的百分含量；施N情况下，N，P，Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥，增加了干物质中P的百分含量，减少了Ca，Mg的百分含量；N，P，K，Ca的吸收总量增加，Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥，增加了干物质中K的百分含量，减少了Ca,Mg的百分含量，K，P的吸收总量增加，N，Ca,Mg的吸收总量减少。     

土壤酸度的调节对烤烟根系生长与烟叶化学成分含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究实施石灰调节土壤酸度对烤烟生长和烟叶化学成分含量影响的结果表明，土壤pH值从5.0调节至5.5-6.6，能明显促进根系生长和烤烟对N、P、K元素的吸收，提高N、P、K肥料利用率，土壤pH值调节在7.0以上，根系生长受抑制。随土壤pH值增加，烟碱、总N、Ca含量增加，总糖、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu和B含量下降，K含量变化不大。土壤pH值调节至5.6-6.6，烤后烟叶各化学成分含量较适中，品质较好。酸性土壤施石灰要注意配施适量的Mg肥和微肥。     

生物复混肥施用量对土壤养分及作物生长的影响

通过盆栽试验,以等养分量的有机无机肥做对照,研究了生物复混肥施用量对土壤有效N、P、K含量及玉米和油麦菜生长的影响.结果表明:生物复混肥的施用可以显著提高土壤有效N、P、K含量;施 N 量为 0.1 g/kg土的生物复混肥处理可以显著提高玉米和油麦菜的 N、P、K 吸收量及玉米的生物量.     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

钾镁锌硼钼肥对椪柑产量和品质的影响

在成龄椪柑桔园连续3年施肥试验结果表明,施用钾、镁、锌、硼和钼肥对椪柑产量和品质有不同程度的影响。在红泥土和河沙土上氮磷钾平衡施较不施钾显著增加椪柑产量,分别增产14.3%和13.5%。在施用氮磷钾基础上施镁、锌、硼和钼肥,可使红泥土上椪柑果实产量依次平均增产8.6%、7.9%、7.4%和2.7%,可使河沙土上的椪柑果实产量依次平均增产4.3%、4.2%、3.1%和2.2%。施钾能增加果实的维生素C、全糖和可溶性固形物含量,而能降低全酸含量和糖/酸比。在施用氮磷钾基础上施镁、锌和硼能增加椪柑果实的维生素C、全糖和可溶性固形物含量。施钼肥导致果实中全酸含量的提高和糖/酸比的降低。在红泥土和河沙土上施钾使椪柑果皮增厚,施镁使果皮变薄,施锌硼对果皮影响甚微,施钼能明显地使果皮增厚。     

Nutrient Balance in Relation to High Yield and Good Quality of Potato on an Acid Purple Soil in Chongqing,China

A field experiment was carried out to study nutrient balance among N,P,K and Mg in potato cultivation on an acid purple soil in Chongqing,China,The experiment included 8 treatments with equal P rate of 120 kg P2O5 hm^-2 :N0K2,N1K2,NK2K2,N3K2,N2K0,N2K1,N2K1Mg and N2K3,where N0,N1,N2 and N3 stand for the N rates of 0,75,150 and 225 kg N hm^-2 ,and K0,K1,K2 and K3 for the K rates of 0,165,330 and 495kg K2O hm^-2,respectively,Among the treatments designed ,Treatment N2K2 with a nutrient suply ration of N:P2O5:K2O:MgO=1.25:1.275:0.28 gave the highest tuber yield nd dry matter ,highest starch and Zn and lowest NO3^- contents in tuber,and high N,P and K use effciency with and uptake ratio of N:P:K:Mg=11.38:1:13.32:0.33 by tuber,Yield and starch and protein contents of tuber were the lowest in Treatment N0K2.Dry matter was the highest N,P and K utilization rates .Statistical analysis showed that yields of tuber and starch were in a positive linear correlation with the uptake amount of various nutrients and protein of the potato tuber was in a significantly positive linear correlation with tuber N content and in a singificantly negative linear correlation with tuber K and Mg contents .Balaced application of N,P,K and Mg fertilizers(Treatment N2K2)was recommended for realiztion of high yield and good quality in potato cultivation.     

氮、磷、钾肥对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响

运用3414试验设计,在大田试验条件下研究氮、 磷、 钾肥不同配比对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响,提出适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）卡因菠萝分别增产15.5、 4.8和12.6 t/hm2,增产率为16.8%、 4.5%和13.1%,增加纯收入34800、 11000和27600 Yuan/hm2,农学效率分别为39.3、 42.3和29.6 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及对产量的贡献率均表现为N＞K2O＞P2O5, 肥料农学效率则表现为P2O5＞N＞K2O。在 P2（100 kg/hm2）K2（500 kg/hm2）基础上,施氮降低果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量,增加了可溶性糖含量,而在N2（400 kg/hm2）P2（100 kg/hm2）基础上,施钾增加果实中维生素C、 可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量,施用磷肥对果实品质影响不大。对卡因菠萝产量效应函数进行频率分析法寻优得出,卡因菠萝目标产量超过105 t/hm2, 95%置信区间的优化施肥量为氮（N）281.27~436.48 kg/hm2、 磷（P2O5）64.03~121.69 kg/hm2、 钾（K2O）428.59~628.55 kg/hm2,N、 P2O5、 K2O的最优施肥量配比为1∶0.15~0.43∶0.982.23。研究结论可为果农从事卡因菠萝栽培提供施肥参考。     

施用氮、磷、钾对密植梨枣生长与叶片养分季节动态的影响

以山地梨枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lizao)为试验材料,采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了黄土丘陵区山地滴灌下施用氮磷钾对矮化密植梨枣叶片8种营养元素（N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn）季节动态变化规律以及施肥对梨枣生长,产量及品质的影响。结果表明:不同生育期梨枣叶片养分含量变化具有一定的规律性。开花坐果期（5月上旬至7月上旬）,叶片N、P、K含量处较高水平,Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn含量处于较低水平。果实膨大期（7月中下旬到8月下旬）,叶片N、P有一个相对稳定的含量,K快速下降,而Fe、Mn、Zn含量上升。果实成熟期（9月初到10月初）,叶片N、P、K含量下降,Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn则是缓慢上升并趋于稳定。叶片N、P、K、Mn含量之间呈正相关,Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn含量之间也呈正相关关系,叶片N、P、K之间达极显著正相关关系,而N、P、K与Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn含量之间呈负相关关系。施氮肥可促进前期枣树新枝生长和枣果膨大;施磷肥可提高产量,达到33210 kg/hm2;施钾肥可明显提高枣果品质。     

A nutritional survey of peach orchards in the murrumbidgee irrigation areas of New South Wales

Abstract

A nutritional survey of 23 commercial peach orchards was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (M.I.A.) of New South Wales during three growing seasons (1961–62, 1962–63 and 1963–64). Sampling sites were chosen to provide the widest possible coverage of peach orchards of above average productivity. Leaf and soil samples were taken from each site for chemical analysis.

The lighter textured (loamy sand) soils were found to have low reserves of N, P, Ca, Mg and K which could limit growth and yield. The heavier textured colluvial (sandy loam) and alluvial (clay loam) soils contained adequate reserves of most nutrients except N and P. Colluvial soils were particularly low in P. On all soils organic matter contents were very low, generally being below 1.0%.

Leaf N, P, K and B contents decreased during the growing season from October to April. In contrast, leaf Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents increased over the same period. Since there was a tendency for the leaf N and P contents to decrease slightly during January, this month is suggested as being the most suitable for the collection of leaf samples for diagnostic purposes. Despite the low reserves of some nutrients as indicated by soil analysis, generally satisfactory levels of leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were found.     

镁、钾营养及其交互作用对水稻产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响

在温室条件下,采用土壤盆栽方法研究了Mg,K营养及其交互作用对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同Mg,K施用量均显著地影响水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素,而且Mg,K营养之间存在显著的互作效应。适量施用Mg,K肥就能显著地增加水稻产量,中Mg高K施用量的产量最高,比不施肥增产28.4%。当土壤在低K施用量时,有利于水稻植株对Mg,N和P的吸收;但在高K施用量下,则抑制Mg,N和P的吸收。在低K和中K施用量时,低量Mg能促进N,P.K的吸收,而高Mg施用量则抑制P和K的吸收。水稻秸秆Mg含量随Mg施用量的增加而增加,但随着K施用量的增加而降低。本研究表明,Mg,K营养之间存在较强的拮抗效应,Mg,K肥的平衡施用对提高水稻产量具有重要意义。     

Critical nutrient concentrations and antagonistic and synergistic relationships among the nutrients of NFT‐grown young tomato plants

Critical concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) with respect to dry matter yield end antagonistic and synergistic relationships among these nutrients were studied in which tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) was grown in recirculating nutrient solution (NFT). Increments of nutrient elements in the nutrient solution increased the proportional rate of the corresponding nutrient elements. Increasing levels of N negatively correlated with plant P and positively correlated with Ca, Fe, and Zn. Iron and Mn contents of the plants were increased and N, K, Ca, and Mg were decreased as a function of P applied. Increases in K in the nutrient solution caused increases in the concentrations of K, N, P, and Zn, and decreases in the concentration of Ca and Fe. Applied Ca increased the concentrations of Ca and N, and decreased the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Potassium, Ca, and Fe contents of the plants were decreased and Zn increased, while N, P, and Mn were not affected by the increasing levels of external Mg. Iron suppressed the plant Mg, Zn, and Mn contents. Synergism between Zn and Fe was seen, while P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were not affected by Zn levels. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Fe were not responsive to applied Mn, however, N and P contents of the plants were decreased at the highest levels of Mn.     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

基于旱地小麦高产优质的氮肥用量优化

  【目的】  探讨长期定位施氮条件下小麦产量与籽粒养分含量的变化，及土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾的变化，为旱地小麦合理施用氮肥，保持土壤肥力，提高产量和改善品质提供理论依据。  【方法】  本研究基于2004年在黄土高原开始的长期定位施肥试验，2015—2017连续3年取样，研究了施氮量对土壤硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量，小麦氮磷钾素吸收利用，籽粒氮、磷、钾含量，地上部生物量、籽粒产量及其构成的影响。  【结果】  与不施氮相比，长期施氮小麦平均增产67.1%，生物量提高52.0%，收获指数提高9.5%；穗数和穗粒数平均分别提高32.5%和40.0%，千粒重下降7.1%。施氮量与产量、生物量呈抛物线关系，获得最高产量6587 kg/hm2的施氮量为N 215 kg/hm2。籽粒氮含量随施氮量增加而增加，磷含量降低，钾含量变化较小。土壤硝态氮含量与施氮量呈显著正相关，小麦获得最高产量时播前和成熟期硝态氮含量分别为7.2和10.3 mg/kg；有效磷含量随施氮量增加而降低，速效钾含量变化较小。氮收获指数、生理效率、偏生产力、农学效率均随施氮量增加而降低。  【结论】  综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和籽粒关键养分含量，研究区域旱地冬小麦产量目标应为6300 kg/hm2，施氮量为N 150 kg/hm2、施磷量为P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2，播前或收获期表层 (0—20 cm) 土壤硝态氮保持在6.0～8.0 mg/kg、土壤有效磷12.0～15.0 mg/kg、土壤速效钾139～140 mg/kg。