低温下不同发酵剂对牛粪与鸡粪混合堆肥养分变化的影响

试验在室外0℃以下,牛粪和鸡粪混合后接种复合发酵剂好氧堆肥,研究复合发酵剂对堆肥养分的影响。结果表明,添加复合发酵剂堆肥的全氮和速效氮含量较对照分别提高24.01%和18.79%,起到了保氮作用。全磷(P)、全钾(K)、速效磷(P2O5)和速效钾(K2O)含量较对照分别提高3.69%、5.24%、7.56%和8.87%。     

接种木质纤维素分解复合菌系对堆肥发酵进程的影响

以具有高效木质纤维素分解能力的复合菌系作为接菌剂,接种到以牛粪、鸡粪和麦秸为材料的堆肥化过程中,测定了各发酵参数和物质成分的变化.利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和末端限制性片断多态性(T-RFLP)分析方法,研究了堆肥发酵过程中微生物群落的动态.结果表明,接菌对堆肥化过程中温度、水分和pH值的影响不大.经63 d发酵之后,接菌处理的半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的减重率比不接菌处理分别高4.3%、3.0%和3.4%.接菌处理的各个发酵阶段C/N比也明显低于不接菌处理.DGGE和T-RFLP的结果显示,接菌后堆肥发酵初期复合系中的 Ureibacillus thermosphaericu、Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis、Tepidiphilus margaritifer、Rhizobiaceae str.M100、C thermobutyricum 和Bacillus thermoamylovorans 菌株大量定殖于堆肥体系中,DGGE图谱中可见接种处理堆肥体系中的条带数少于不接菌处理,而同一水平线的条带亮度明显高于不接菌处理.DGGE和T-RFLP的结果都表明接菌处理的微生物多样性少于不接菌处理.可见接种微生物在堆肥体系中占据优势,抑制了部分杂菌生长,促进了发酵进程.     

不同环境因子对海州香薷堆肥品质与物质转化研究

以海州香薷为堆肥原料,采用纤维素分解菌和effective microorganisms(EM菌)为接种菌剂,对不同的微生物组合、不同环境因子(温度、湿度)的联合堆肥进行了实验室阶段的研究。结果表明,在堆肥制作过程中,各处理含水率明显下降;全C呈明显的下降趋势,全N则呈明显的增加趋势,以纤维素分解菌和EM菌的混合菌剂对堆肥品质影响最为显著,使其C/N下降到17.9。而在室温、含水率为75%条件下,堆肥的品质最佳,其C/N值为13.7,ηC/N为60.8%,达到有机肥料一级腐熟标准。同时,整个堆肥过程中纤维素分解菌始终保持旺盛的活性,其菌群密度保持在2.79×10~5CFU/g干重左右。通过纤维素分解菌和EM菌的协同作用,能够快速高效地降解海州香薷残体。     

不同调控措施对葡萄冬剪枝条堆肥效果的影响

以葡萄冬剪枝条为原料,以饼肥、尿素、碳酸氢铵为氮源,EM菌、生物菌肥发酵剂、秸秆发酵剂为接种外源微生物,设置9个处理,进行为期60天的堆肥,研究了不同调控措施堆体温度、堆肥基质物理性质、pH值、堆体腐熟程度和养分含量的变化。研究结果表明:葡萄枝屑添加不同氮源对堆温影响较大,添加饼肥的处理增加了堆体50 ℃以上高温的持续时间,且处理1（添加饼肥、C/N 20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂）高温维持时间最长,为10天。堆肥结束时,各处理容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度和持水孔隙度都有所增加,且都在理想基质范围内,各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低;除处理6（添加碳酸氢铵、C/N 30∶1、接种生物菌肥发酵剂）外,其他处理种子发芽指数均在1以上,各处理种子发芽指数都可满足植物的生长;处理1全量氮、磷和钾含量相对较高,分别为3.160%、0.959%和1.880%,实际应用价值更大。综合考虑,添加饼肥、调整碳氮比为20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂,为最佳葡萄枝屑基质化发酵配比。     

生物强化技术在污泥堆肥处理中的效果

为了探究生物强化技术在污泥堆肥处理中的优势,以接种量分别为0.2%和0.4%的复合生物菌剂研究对污泥堆肥的作用效果,分析了温度、有机质含量、铵态氮、硝态氮、重金属含量、蛔虫卵死亡率和种子发芽指数(GI)的动态变化,结果表明:接种复合生物菌剂处理较对照组(CK)对堆肥指标有一定的影响,能够提高堆体升温速率及延长高温持续时间、加速有机质的降解、促进铵态氮与硝态氮的转化、降低重金属含量、提高蛔虫卵死亡率、提高种子发芽指数,其中复合生物菌剂接种量为0.4%时作用效果较为明显,有利于污泥堆肥。     

堆肥用微生物及其效果研究进展

通过查阅国内外有关堆肥常用微生物及其效果的文献资料,初步总结了不同原料堆肥常用的微生物菌剂以及作用效果,发现目前秸秆堆肥中常用的添加菌剂有纤维素分解菌、白腐菌以及链霉菌等;粪便堆肥中主要添加芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、霉菌等;动物尸体堆肥中主要添加芽孢杆菌;城市生活垃圾以及其他原料的堆肥中由于原料种类复杂,所用的菌剂也比较复杂,如纤维素分解菌、芽孢杆菌、霉菌、固氮菌等;也有大量的研究采用商业复合菌剂运用于堆肥中,如群林发酵剂(主要由功能菌、丝状真菌、营养体复合而成)、RW酵素剂(主要由真菌、细菌、丝状菌、酵母菌等多种菌株及相关酶复配而成)、VT菌剂系列(富含纤维素分解菌、固氮菌等)等。添加微生物菌剂对提升堆肥质量的效果明显:能有效促进有机物的降解进而促进堆体升温,延长堆肥高温时间,减少堆肥所用时间,促进腐殖质形成;能减少堆肥植物毒性,提高堆肥种子发芽率;能改善堆体的微生物结构及多样性;施肥后,对土壤质量改良效果明显等。     

除氨菌系对牛粪堆肥氮素转化的影响

为了减轻牛粪堆肥过程中NH3释放对环境的污染及氮素损失,在牛粪堆肥时添加除氨菌系,研究其对氮素形态转化的影响。加除氨菌系处理的NH4+-N、NH3较对照分别降低20.47%和61.21%,全氮、NO3--N较对照分别提高11.63%和65.01%,酸解有机氮、氨基酸态氮、酰胺态氮和氨基糖态氮含量分别提高12.42%、11.26%、16.92%和19.51%。表明除氨菌系在牛粪堆肥过程中,能够固定NH4+-N向有机氮各组分转化,减少NH3挥发,具有较好的保氮作用。     

氧浓度对复合菌系MC1纤维素降解能力的影响

堆肥系统内氧浓度一直是影响堆肥进程的重要因子,它决定了堆肥系统中微生物活动的强弱,从而影响堆肥中复杂有机物的分解速率.该文研究了氧浓度对纤维素降解复合菌系MC1功能的影响.通过不同封口方式与不同大小容器培养实验,揭示静置培养条件下复合菌系MC1在纤维素降解过程中,氧浓度对该复合菌系分解纤维素能力的影响.得出复合菌系MC1在微耗氧条件下(＜0.05 mg/L)分解纤维素,分解纤维素最佳的氧浓度范围在0.01～0.02 mg/L,氧浓度过高或过低均不利于纤维素的分解.特定氧浓度有利于复合菌系MC1执行分解功能.     

低温复合菌系对玉米秸秆与牛粪堆肥的影响

玉米秸秆与牛粪混合堆肥是实现秸秆与粪便资源化利用的有效途径之一。将本实验室筛选的一组低温复合菌系接入堆肥中,研究结果表明:在8℃低温条件下,秸秆用量大时升温快、温度高,处理1与处理2堆温在第4 d和第3 d分别为50.8和53.4℃,最高温度分别达到58.4、64.8℃,50℃以上持续了6 d,而不加复合菌系的对照,最高温度为40.9℃,未达到堆肥无害化要求。堆肥结束时,处理1、处理2和对照有机质含量较初始时分别下降了37.54%、33.58%、13.50%;全碳含量分别为26.05%、27.80%、36.55%,较初始分别下降了43.18%、41.54%和19.69%;C/N分别下降了42.83%、41.54%和14.95%;处理1处理2纤维素降解率分别达到37.54%、32.80%,较对照分别提高2.24倍、1.83倍。表明本实验室筛选的低温复合菌系能够使堆肥快速升温,缩短堆肥周期,促进堆肥的腐熟。     

不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆腐的影响

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用好氧堆肥的方式,研究添加三种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温腐熟效果的影响,探索有益微生物菌剂在畜禽废弃物高温堆肥中的作用。分析了堆肥不同时期各处理的堆温、pH值、种子发芽指数、水溶性铵态氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮、有机碳的变化。结果表明,在添加玉米秸秆调节物料碳氮比(25/1)的情况下,添加本研究中所采用的微生物菌剂可以迅速降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,使发芽指数在21 d内达到80%以上,较对照提高45.52%;对水溶性铵态氮的转化和水溶性有机氮的形成都有明显的促进作用,腐熟堆肥的氮素保持提高25.46%;明显提高堆肥初期发酵温度,使堆体在第2 d达到高温阶段,并持续7 d以上,最高温度比对照高4.8℃,满足堆肥无害化卫生要求,大大缩短堆腐周期。综合多项指标分析,接种菌剂M2对促进有机碳的分解、有机氮的形成和提高腐熟效率更为有利。     

Dairy manure treatment effects on manure phosphorus fractionation and changes in soil test phosphorus

In this research, a sequential fractionation procedure coupled with enzyme hydrolysis was used to categorize the phosphorus (P) forms of 18 manure samples collected from in-barn composted bedded pack (beef manure), anaerobic digestion with liquid–solid separation (dairy manure), and liquid–solid separation systems (dairy manure). This research also determined the effects of those P forms on the increase in soil test P (STP) of five soil series. The soils used had initial Bray-1 P ranging from 16 to 43 mg P kg^?1. Total dry-ash P (P_t) of the manures ranged from 1.4 to 15.0 g P kg^?1; total inorganic P (P_it) accounted for 20 to 81 % of P_t; and enzymatically hydrolysable P (P_et) accounted for 5 to 26 % of P_t. Liquid–solid separation tended to concentrate the manure P in the liquid fractions. In contrast, anaerobic digestion did not affect the manure P distribution compared with the undigested raw manure from the same system. No differences in P distribution were found for the compost bedded pack manure. In the soil incubation study, manure and fertilizer were applied at 40 mg total P kg^?1. Separated liquid manure from two systems tended to increase STP more than the separated solid manures from the same systems. Although anaerobic digestion modified some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated manures, it did not clearly impact how digested manure increased STP compared with the raw manures. Overall, the increase in STP after treated manure application was found to be a function of soil clay content and manure P_it?+?P_et applied.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus in extracts and resuspensions of swine manure and cattle manure

Animal manure can be a valuable resource of P for plant growth. Organic phosphates (P_o) are considered bioavailable if they can be hydrolyzed to inorganic P (P_i). Therefore, investigation of the susceptibility of manure P_o to hydrolysis may increase our understanding of manure P_o bioavailability. In this study, we demonstrate that three orthophosphate-releasing enzymes, acid phosphatase from wheat germ, alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa, and fungal phytase from Aspergillus ficcum, were able to hydrolyze certain amounts of P_o in animal manure. A scheme of sequential enzymatic release of P_o in manure was developed and then used to investigate changes in swine and cattle manure P distribution after storage at –20°C, 4°C or 22°C for about a year. Assuming that the P distribution in manure maintained at –20°C remained unchanged (i.e., similar to fresh manure), bioavailable P (P_i and enzyme-hydrolysable P_o) in swine manure remained relatively constant [72.8–76.3% of total P (P_t)]. Soluble but enzymatically unhydrolysable P_o (P_ue) increased from 7.2% to 32.1% of P_t during storage at 4°C. In cattle manure, bioavailable P decreased from 71.6% to 62.9% of P_t, and P_ue increased from 21.7% to 37.2% of P_t during storage at 22°C. These data indicated that the major change during the storage of animal manure for a year was the increase in P_ue, so manure P solubility may increase with storage, but the increase would not produce more bioavailable P in the manure. The effects of storage on the bioavailability of manure P should be further investigated to develop an efficient manure-P management strategy.Trade or manufacturers' names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS     

蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类胡敏酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类胡敏酸,采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析研究了其结构特征。元素分析结果表明,蜉金龟堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(NaHLA)的芳香性低于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而碳水化合物及氮元素含量增加。蜉金龟堆肥氢氧化钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(PAHLA)的碳水化合物和氮元素含量也高于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而自然堆肥PAHLA的芳香性略低于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥。红外光谱分析结果表明,与自然堆肥NaHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA中羧酸脂类化合物、酮类化合物、脂肪族化合物及碳水化合物有所增加。与新鲜牛粪PAHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥PAHLA的碳水化合物、脂肪族化合物、酚类化合物及纤维素酯类减少,同时蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA的酰胺化合物在蜉金龟消化过程中被其吸收。差热分析结果表明,自然堆肥NaHLA的热稳定性高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥,而蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA的脂族化合物、外围官能团和分子内部芳香结构含量较高,分子结构较复杂。蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA存在两个放热峰,而新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥的中温放热峰消失。综上,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥采用两种提取液浸提出类胡敏酸的结构特征存在差异性。     

Agronomic effectiveness of poultry manure composts

Abstract

Two field experiments were conducted to examine the agronomic value of poultry manure composted in the presence of both phosphate rock (PR) and elemental sulphur (S°) (sulphocompost) and PR alone (phosphocompost). Winter cabbage and summer maize were used as test crops. For the first season's winter cabbage, the phosphocompost and sulphocompost were approximately 12% and 60% as effective as urea and both composts were equally effective as urea for the second season's maize crop. The greater agronomic effectiveness of sulphocompost could be attributed to the improved nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency increased PR dissolution and improved S nutrition. Distribution of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) in the soil profile of field plots indicated greater potential for winter leaching of N from urea than poultry manure which could be the reason for the improved residual value of the manure reflected in summer maize yields. The results from the field experiments indicated that composting poultry manure with S° and PR not only reduces environmental pollution associated with manure application, but also increases the agronomic effectiveness of manure.     

Long-term cattle manure application in soil

Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of long-term management practices on level and distribution of soil P and enzyme activities involved in P transformations in soil. Treatments included manure, P, NP, NPK, and NPK plus lime. Cattle manure was applied every 4 years at 269 kg N ha^-1 for over a century and chemical fertilizers were applied every year at 67 kg N, 14.6 kg P, and 28 kg K ha^-1 for over 69 years. Total soil P increase in soils ranged from 4.5 to 10.3 kg P ha^-1 year^-1 with the highest increase detected in the P-treated and the lowest in the manure-treated plot. Approximately 77-86% of the applied inorganic fertilizer-P in the past 69-71 years was recovered either in the harvested grain or remained in the top 30 cm of soil, while only 32% of the applied manure-P was recovered. Microbial biomass C and activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and dehydrogenase were significantly higher in the soil treated with cattle manure. Acid phosphomonoesterase activity, however, was significantly higher in soils treated with chemical fertilizers. Results from this study suggested that manure-P is relatively more mobile than inorganic fertilizer-P. Long-term application of cattle manure promoted microbiological activities and P cycling, but did not result in P accumulation to levels close to those in inorganic P fertilizer-treated soils.     

Treatment of dairy manure effluent using freshwater algae: elemental composition of algal biomass at different manure loading rates

The cultivation of algae on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in animal manure effluents presents an alternative to the current practice of land application. However, the use and value of the resulting algal biomass as a feed or soil supplement depend, in part, on whether the biomass contains any harmful components such as heavy metals. The objective of this study was to determine how the elemental composition of algae changed in response to different loading rates of anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure effluent. Algal biomass was harvested weekly from laboratory-scale algal turf scrubber (ATS) units using four manure loading rates (2, 4, 6, or 9 L m(-2) day(-1)) corresponding to daily loading rates of 0.8-3.7 g of total N and 0.12-0.58 g of total P. Mean N and P contents in the dried biomass increased 1.6-1.8-fold with increasing loading rate up to maximums of 6.5% N and 0.84% P at 6 L m(-2) day(-1). Concentrations of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn showed similar 1.4-1.8-fold increases up to maximums at a loading rate of 6 L m(-2) day(-1), followed by plateaus or decreases above this loading rate. Concentrations of Cd, Mo, and Pb initially increased with loading rate but then declined to levels comparable to those at the lowest loading rate. Concentrations of Si and K did not increase significantly with loading rate. The maximum concentrations of individual components in the algal biomass were as follows (in mg kg(-)(1)): 1100 (Al), 9700 (Ca), 0.43 (Cd), 56 (Cu), 580 (Fe), 5.0 (Pb), 2300 (Mg), 240 (Mn), 3.0 (Mo), 14,700 (K), 210 (Si), and 290 (Zn). At these concentrations, heavy metals in the algal biomass would not be expected to reduce its value as a soil or feed amendment.     

施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上进行了5年的定位试验,研究不同有机肥用量对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥处理与对照处理相比,施用有机肥有明显的增产和稳产作用。不施肥处理,除土壤全钾以外,土壤其他各项养分指标（C、N、P）均有所下降;施用有机肥能显著提高速效P、K养分含量和有机碳及全磷含量。5年时间,低量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量下降了9.19mg/kg,说明低量有机肥并不能保证土壤氮的供给;中量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量略有上升,土壤全氮收支基本平衡;高量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量有明显增加,土壤全氮也有较大程度的盈余。     

我国油菜绿肥研究进展

油菜具有适应区域广、抗逆性强、生产成本低、生物量大、养分含量高、还田易腐解等优势,同时我国南北方分别拥有大量的冬闲田和秋闲田,发展油菜绿肥生产和利用潜力巨大。基于大量研究文献,就油菜绿肥改善土壤理化性质、生态效益、减肥增效以及关键种植和利用技术进行归纳与论述,为油菜绿肥的推广与应用提供参考依据。