中国板栗瘿蜂天敌的研究

从中国11个省市,20个县采集到23,878个栗瘿瘤,并从中育出各种寄生蜂3999头,共30种,分属11个科。对其中分布广、数量多的中华长尾小蜂Torymussinensis Kamijo,葛氏长尾小蜂T.geranii(Walker),玫瑰广肩小蜂Eurytomarosae Nees,黄褐宽缘广肩小蜂Decatoma concinna(Boh.),黑褐宽缘广肩小蜂D.variegate(Curtis),纵脊刻腹小蜂Ormyrus Punctiger var.rulifanusMayr,栗瘿旋小蜂Eupelmus urozonus Dal marl,栗瘿姬小蜂 Tetrastichussp.等进行了较深入的研究。并且通过虫瘿解剖及幼虫形态鉴别确认了它们之间的、以及它们与栗瘿蜂之间的关系。研究表明,栗瘿蜂天敌在栗瘿蜂种群动态自然调节中起重要作用。     

锥栗瘿蜂的分布、危害及寄生蜂调查

【目的】研究锥栗瘿蜂在主要锥栗产区的分布、危害特征及天敌种类,比较近缘种栗瘿蜂的形态特征,为控制其危害提供基础。【方法】于福建、浙江及湖南主要锥栗产区采集瘿蜂虫瘿,调查锥栗瘿蜂及其天敌种类和危害情况。【结果】锥栗瘿蜂虫瘿形态与栗瘿蜂相似,以成虫中胸侧板斜纵刻纹、并胸腹节背板侧隆线等特征可与栗瘿蜂相区分。锥栗瘿蜂分布于福建省周宁县、建瓯市、政和县、寿宁县及浙江省庆元县。多与栗瘿蜂混合发生,混合发生地锥栗瘿蜂羽化成虫的数量比例为0.6%～86.0%。调查地有虫株率100%,锥栗瘿蜂的危害枝率为17.9%～32.9%,每虫瘿内虫室数3个左右。植株的东南西北方位皆可致瘿,于树冠上部形成的虫瘿数显著低于中下部,与栗瘿蜂占据着类似的生态位。调查地锥栗瘿蜂的寄生性天敌种类主要有日本大痣长尾小蜂、栗瘿啮小蜂、栗瘿长尾小蜂、栗瘿旋小蜂及黑褐宽缘广肩小蜂,其中日本大痣长尾小蜂和栗瘿啮小蜂为其优势天敌,对锥栗瘿蜂种群数量起到了明显的自然控制效果。【结论】锥栗瘿蜂分布于福建省周宁县、建瓯市、政和县、寿宁县及浙江省庆元县,在锥栗林与栗瘿蜂占据着类似的生态位。主要寄生性天敌种类为日本大痣长尾小蜂、栗瘿啮小蜂、栗瘿长尾小蜂、栗瘿旋小蜂及黑褐宽缘广肩小蜂。     

竹瘿广肩小蜂与竹环斜纹枯叶蛾——防治病虫害系列科普文章之十

正竹瘿广肩小蜂与竹环斜纹枯叶蛾是竹林的主要害虫。其中,竹瘿广肩小蜂主要危害毛竹叶柄,竹环斜纹枯蛾主要危害竹子叶片。竹瘿广肩小蜂竹瘿广肩小蜂是毛竹的一大害虫。它以幼虫在叶柄中取食,形成虫瘿为害。虫瘿外部被白色粉末,有黄色小竹衣紧紧包住,外形呈长椭圆形,比正常竹节大2~5倍。从外观看,受灾林分的竹叶多而密厚,颜色青翠,     

栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内天敌调查及其优势天敌生物学特性

【目的】栎空腔瘿蜂(膜翅目:瘿蜂科)危害栓皮栎及麻栎的重要害虫,该虫形成虫瘿并在虫瘿内取食危害,隐蔽性强,导致对其进行化学防治非常困难,而用寄生性天敌进行防治可能成为一种非常有效的方法。本研究旨在明确栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内天敌的种类和生物特性,为进一步利用天敌防治栎空腔瘿蜂提供科学依据。【方法】本文通过对栎空腔瘿蜂越冬期和生长期虫瘿进行田间调查和室内解剖,调查虫瘿内天敌种类及其优势天敌生活史和行为特性。【结果】栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内主要有3种优势天敌,均以幼虫在无性虫瘿内越冬。长尾小蜂Torymus sp. 1年发生2代,越冬成虫5月上旬开始出现,产卵于无性虫瘿内,7月上旬第1代成虫出现;广肩小蜂1年发生2代,越冬成虫5月上旬开始羽化,成虫产卵于无性虫瘿内,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化;金小蜂1年发生3代,越冬成虫4月上旬羽化,成虫产卵于有性虫瘿内,第1代成虫5月上旬羽化,成虫羽化后将卵产于无性虫瘿内,第2代成虫6月下旬开始羽化。【结论】栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内主要优势天敌为长尾小蜂、广肩小蜂和金小蜂,可作为栎空腔瘿蜂幼虫生物防治的有效手段。     

早园竹林2种造瘿小蜂及其形成的虫瘿的研究

对浙江省德清县早园竹林进行造瘿昆虫危害和虫瘿类型调查,室内解剖和饲养观测虫瘿中的昆虫幼虫及成虫羽化情况。结果表明:(1)营林方式显著地影响造瘿昆虫2013年的造瘿率,砻糠覆盖样地造瘿率显著低于未覆盖砻糠的样地。(2)整株竹子上共获得349个虫瘿,其中新瘿291个,枯瘿58个;依据虫瘿的形态特征分成联瘿型、叶片型、叶鞘型、光瘿型和顶生型5种类型,其在整株竹子上所占比例分别为40.12%、30.95%、19.77%、6.01%和3.15%。(3)单虫瘿解剖最多可获得6头昆虫的幼虫,而联瘿型、叶片型、叶鞘型、光瘿型和顶生型虫瘿的平均幼虫数分别为1.83、2.88、2.77、1.00和2.27。(4)联瘿型、叶片型和叶鞘型虫瘿羽化出5种301头小蜂,包括竹泰广肩小蜂和刚竹泰广肩小蜂2种造瘿昆虫,栗瘿旋小蜂、点腹刻腹小蜂和纹黄枝瘿金小蜂3种寄生蜂;竹泰广肩小蜂、刚竹泰广肩小蜂和寄生蜂在3种不同类型虫瘿中的比率分别为59:18:1、70:31:2和83:31:6。研究结果将有助于加深对早园竹虫瘿的认识,并为下一步综合防治和生产实践提供理论依据。     

两种竹瘿小蜂的生物学特性研究

竹广肩小蜂和竹长小蜂是竹要瘿小蜂类的优势种。研究表明广肩小蜂１ａ一代，以蛹在虫内越科：成虫２月中旬至４月中旬羽化，３月下旬至４月下旬出瘿，产卵于萌动支芽基部的节间内并形成虫瘿，在虫瘿内完成卵、幼虫和蛹的发育；幼虫发生期４月下旬－９月中旬，５龄，以虫瘿组织为禽。     

刚竹瘿蚊形态及生物学研究

刚竹瘿蚊 Procystiphora sp:在天津1a 发生1代,以蛹在竹小枝内越冬.成虫出现在4月上旬,产卵于早园竹 Phyllostachys propinqua McClure的新芽中,幼虫孵化后钻蛀取食虫瘿内物质,于10月上旬化蛹.刚竹瘿蚊有1种内寄生天敌:瘿蚊柄腹姬小蜂Pediobius sp.;2种外寄生天敌:刺胫广肩小蜂Eurytoma setigera Mayr和栗瘿旋小蜂 Eupelmus urozonus Dalman.另有3种伴生昆虫:竹瘿广肩小蜂 Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker、纹黄枝瘿金小蜂 Homoporus japonicus Ashmead和秆蝇金小蜂Gastrancistrus sp..     

黄刺玫瘿蜂及其寄生天敌的初步研究

黄刺玫瘿蜂Diplolepis sp.危害黄刺玫的叶和花果,分别形成叶瘿、果瘿和花萼瘿。严重受害株的叶被害率可达38%,影响植株生长,导致开花稀少,落叶提前。成虫体长2.8—3.4mm,体黑褐色,足黄褐色。此瘿蜂一年1代,孤雌生殖。以老熟幼虫在落叶上的枯虫瘿内越冬,4月初开始化蛹,4月下旬至5月上旬成虫羽化出瘤;产卵于叶芽和花蕾中,初孵瘿蜂幼虫生长发育迅速,5月20日左右已达老熟,老熟幼虫即在瘤内越夏越冬。幼虫期有两种寄生蜂,即广肩小蜂Eurytoma sp.(占99.7%)和旋小蜂Eupelmus sp.(仅占0.3%),均为单寄生,寄生率可达78.3%。瘤内未发现寄居昆虫。     

栗瘿长尾小蜂初步研究

栗瘿长尾小蜂(Torymus sp.)属长尾小蜂科、长尾小蜂属,是栗瘿蜂幼虫的重要天敌之一。作者在禄劝县板栗生产乡的调查表明,凡是有栗瘿蜂危害的板栗园中,都会找到栗瘿长尾小蜂的踪迹,自然寄生率最高可达80%以上,对栗瘿蜂发生有显著的抑制效果。     

栗瘿绿色长尾小蜂的初步观察

<正>栗瘿绿色长尾小蜂Torymus(synto maspis)SP.(俗称栗瘿长尾小蜂或长尾小蜂),属膜翅目,小蜂总科,长尾小蜂科。是栗瘿蜂的主要天敌。近年来,板栗产区栗瘿蜂发生普遍。为了更好地保护和利用栗瘿长尾小蜂,以控制栗瘿蜂的为害,我们对栗瘿长尾小蜂进行了观察,现将结果初报如下。     

九连山金斑喙凤蝶野外生物学特性观测

[目的]通过连续12 a对金斑喙凤蝶的野外调查观察,研究成虫活动规律,并利用仿生态养殖,观察金斑喙凤蝶卵和幼虫的形态特征与生活习性,研究其生物学特性,以期为金斑喙凤蝶研究与保护提供有效数据。[方法]根据2004—2012年对金斑喙凤蝶成虫活动规律的观察研究,2013—2015年,在金斑喙凤蝶成虫活动期,采用样线踏查的方法,自海拔450 m往山顶海拔1 200 m搜索,调查视野内木兰科植物分布情况,寻找卵和幼虫,收集后带回驻地进行仿生态养殖,观察其形态特征和生活习性。[结果]金斑喙凤蝶在九连山为一年二代,以蛹越冬,第一代成虫发生期为4月上旬至5月中旬,第二代成虫发生期为8月下旬至9月中旬;2013年在木兰科植物金叶含笑上发现卵和幼虫,2014和2015年在深山含笑上发现卵和幼虫,深山含笑为新发现寄主植物,目前除九连山外尚未有报道;幼虫5龄,各龄级幼虫差异较大;预蛹成蛹经历两次蜕皮过程,这是金斑喙凤蝶研究中的一项重大发现。[结论]1)金斑喙凤蝶卵和幼虫的分布与寄主植物分布密切相关,且对生境质量有较高要求,成虫活动范围主要在寄主植物分布范围及其周边;2)金斑喙凤蝶选择生长良好的金叶含笑和深山含笑叶片上产卵,或嗜食深山含笑;3)温度、湿度等环境因子对卵的孵化、幼虫的生长发育以及化蛹和羽化影响较大;4)金斑喙凤蝶雌蝶少,卵孵化率低,幼虫发育历期长,幼虫成活率低,化蛹和羽化率低等是导致其种群数量稀少的主要原因。5)据查,目前尚未有其它蝶类化蛹过程中经历两次蜕皮的报道,预蛹化蛹蜕两次皮是金斑喙凤蝶异于其他蝶类的特殊现象。     

三种金龟子生活习性的观察

三种金龟子生活习性的观察方惠兰，童普元，廉月琰（浙江省林业科学研究所杭州３１００２３）关键词毛黄鳃金龟Ｈｏｌｏｔｒｉｃｈｉａ　ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｈｏｒａ　Ｆａｉｒｍａｉｒｓ，中啄丽金龟Ａｄｏｒｅｔｕｓ　ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ　Ｂｕｒｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ，桐黑异丽金龟Ａ...     

Effect of food,light and host instar on the egg load of the synovigenic endoparasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia canescens</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Laboratory experiments investigated the effect of host instar, light and food on the number of mature eggs in ovaries (egg load) of the synovigenic parasitoid Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). The wasps that developed from third or fifth instar larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were exposed to food (honey) or had no food, had access to water or not, and were reared at the photoperiod 16:8 h light:dark or in continuous darkness at 25 ± 1°C, and 60–70% relative humidity. After death, the parasitoids were dissected to remove the reproductive systems, and mature eggs in ovaries were counted. A three-way ANOVA for egg number with host instar, food and light as factors revealed that egg load varied significantly. In addition, some interactions among the three factors were also found to be significant. The maximum average number (215.80 ± 8.51) of mature eggs was found when the parasitoids developed from third instar larvae, were exposed to continuous darkness and fed with honey. In conclusion, host instar, food supplement and photoperiod could have potential for improving biological control efficacy in stores. However, further studies determining the effect of these factors on egg laying behavior and fecundity should be done.     

几种农药对细皮夜蛾毒杀试验初报

细皮夜蛾(Selepa celtis Moore)近年来在广州地区发生严重,如八宝树(Duabangagranoliflora Roxb.ex DC.)每株树上常可达数千头。细皮夜蛾除危害八宝树外,还危害茶、板栗、梨、番石榴、人面子(Dracontomelon dao(Blanco)Merr.et Rolfe)、大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers.)等。国内过去曾将枇杷黄毛虫(Melanographia flexilineataHampson)的学名误写为本种学名,致使两种害虫记述发生混乱。实际上,有关细皮夜蛾的生物学特性和防治,国内很少报道。为此,我们于1980～1982年在广州石牌,对此虫作了初步研究,现将结果报道如下。     

Untersuchungen über die Eiparasiten (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) der rotgelben Kiefern-BuschhornblattwespeNeodiprion sertifer Geoff. (Hym.: Diprionidae)

IV. Summary 1. Four or five species of egg parasites ofNeodiprion sertifer have been found in central Europe.2.Dipriocampe diprioni is a primary parasite which overwinters as a first instar larva within the host's egg, The larvae complete feeding in early spring and enter an obligatory diapause which lasts until July–August. Under the influence of the parasite, the egg shell of the host turns brownish. The adults emerge from mid-August onward. The univoltine parasite is thus well synchronized with its major host,N. sertifer.3. A second species, or form, ofDipriocampe has been found, the taxonomic status of which is still unresolved. It is here referred to asDipriocampe sp. forma ignorata. Although not yet separable fromD. diprioni morphologically, its biology is quite different. The larvae mature before the winter and the adults emerge in April–May of the following year, being dependent on alternate hosts. This form is exceedingly rare in lowland areas but possibly common at high altitudes. It remains to be seen whether it is a separate species or a polymorphic, non-diapausing form ofD. diprioni. Host eggs attacked byDipriocampe sp.forma ignorata turn blackish.4. Two species ofAchrysocharella have been found,A. ruforum andA. ovulorum. In lowland areas,Achrysocharella spp. attack the eggs ofN. sertifer in a hyperparasitic capacity, developing at the expense of the larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind. There are two or three such hyperparasitic generations during the summer, the last entering hibernation before the new eggs ofN. sertifer make their appearance, thus failing to attack them in a primary capacity.In mountainous areas, where the eggs ofN. sertifer appear earlier,Achrysocharella spp. pass the first generation as primary parasites in the sawfly eggs, and the second (summer) generation as hyperparasites of larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind.5.Tetrastichus oophagus has been associated with the eggs ofN. sertifer in a few cases only, but has been more common as a parasite of the eggs ofDiprion pini.6. The importance of the egg parasites ofN. sertifer has to date been underestimated. Egg parasitism is apparently density-dependent and can reach high values during, and immediately after, the break-down of the sawfly populations.     

美国白蛾生物学特性的研究

通过对美国白蛾的生活史、生活习性,各龄幼虫的鉴别特征、卵的发育温度、各龄幼虫的耐饥力及蛹重与携卵量关系的观察研究,提出了蛹重与携卵量关系的直线回归模型: Y=-580.07+5704.28x.     

Wirkungen von Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die Embryonalentwicklung und das Eischlüpfen bei der SchildzeckeHyalomma marginatum Koch (Acari,Ixodidae)

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on embryonic development and egg hatch ofHyalomma marginatum Koch (Acari, Ixodidae) Effect of different temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40°C) and relative humidity (RH) levels (50, 75, 90%) on embryonic development and hatching ofHyalomma marginatum was investigated. The percentage of dead eggs and embryos, percentage of morphologically normal larvae, percentage of abnormally hatched larvae and percentage of larvae with morphological malformations were determined for each condition. Embryonic development and egg hatch proceeded at 25–35°C in all relative humidity levels tested. However 50% RH was unfavourable for these processes. The optimal conditions for larval development were found to be: temperature of 25–30°C and relative humidity of 75%. Under these conditions 72.7–87.8% of examined egg hatched into normal larvae.     

白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的龄数和龄期测定

采用林间定期调查取样的方法，测定白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的龄数以及各龄的龄期；分别测量不同发育阶段幼虫的体长、体宽(第7腹节最宽处)、前胸背板宽、口缘宽、尾又长和尾叉前缘宽等6项指标，以期找出区分和判定幼虫虫龄的最佳形态特征及指标。结果表明：白蜡窄吉丁幼虫有4龄，尾又及其长度可作为理想的分龄特征和分龄指标；幼虫的口缘宽度也可作为指标之一；体长、体宽、前胸背板宽和尾又前缘宽变异较大，不宜用于分龄。研究还发现：幼虫尾叉内侧的形态特征是区分幼虫虫龄的简洁而方便的方法。利用种群众数龄期法测定各龄的平均龄期分别为：1龄18．1d，2龄11．2d，3龄10．7d，4龄261．2d，幼虫期共为301．3d。     

广西北部湾桐花树毛颚小卷蛾生物学特性及防治

桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick是广西北部湾桐花树的主要害虫,通过室内饲养和林间观察研究,对桐花树毛颚小卷蛾各虫态的形态特征进行了描述,基本了解其生活习性及生活史。该虫在广西北部湾地区1a发生12代,世代重叠。以2~3龄幼虫在桐花树叶片上卷叶越冬,3月上旬开始羽化为成虫,1~2d后即交配产卵,平均每雌产卵量76粒。卵历期2~4d,幼虫历期11~15d,蛹历期7~8d,成虫寿命约6d;该虫有2个明显的危害高峰期,分别出现在春季和秋季。提出桐花树毛颚小卷蛾的初步防治建议。     

Ovipositional preference and larval performance of poplar defoliator, Clostera restitura on different poplar clones in north-western India

We evaluated ten poplar clones (G-3, G-48, L-50/88, L-154/84, L-156/89, S7C8, S7C15,WSL-22, WSL-29 and Uday) for ovipositional preference and larval performance of Clostera restitura. Female moths did not show any preference with respect to clones for oviposition. Significant differences were observed for number of eggs laidon different plant parts. C. restitura laid eggs in clusters, preferably onupper surface of leaf and size of the egg cluster varied from 15 to 167eggs. Clones varied for their relative resistance and susceptibility to C.restitura. L-50/88; L-156/89 were identified as most resistant clone basedon minimum leaf consumption, whereas S7C15 was found to be most susceptible clone to C. restitura. In multiple choice experiments, no feeding preference by C. restitura larvae was detected amongst different poplar clones. After initial settlement of larvae on a particular clone, thelarvae remained confined to that clone and negligible inter-clonal movement was noticed subsequently. The fresh pupal weight was correlated negatively (r = 0.37) with percentage surface leaf area eaten and positively (r = 0.47) with length of larval period, measured on different clones. Relationship between percentage leaf area eaten and length of larval period was negative (r = 0.23). Owing to relative resistance of L-50/88 and L-156/89 against C. restitura, these clones can be recommended for plantation in defoliator prone areas in north-western India.