Impact of DNA damage on the frequency of sperm chromosomal aneuploidy in normal and subfertile men

Background: Various frequencies of sperm aneuploidy are reported in sperms of subfertile patients compared to normal individuals. Moreover, sperm DNA damage is shown to be associated with male infertility. In this study, the rate of DNA damage and frequencies of aneuploidy in sperms of subfertile patients was investigated. Methods: Semen samples were obtained from healthy normal and subfertile (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia) men. The frequency of aneuploidy was assessed using primed in situ labeling (PRINS) analysis with specific primers for chromosomes 18, 21, X, and Y. Sperm DNA damage was assessed using alkaline comet assay. Results: The mean frequencies of disomy for the patients were significantly higher than normal for all chromosomes (P<0.01). The extent of DNA damage in sperms of subfertiles was significantly higher than in normal individuals (P<0.001). The obtained results indicated that higher rate of DNA damages led to higher frequency of chromosomal disomy except for asthenozoospermia samples which exhibited higher rate of DNA damage and lower frequency of chromosomal disomy. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that men with oligozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia have an elevated risk for chromosome abnormalities in their sperm, particularly sex chromosomes. DNA damage might be involved in the process of malsegregation of chromosomes.Asthenozoospermia, DNA damage, Primed in situ labeling (PRINS), Comet assay     

An in vitro comparative study of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and activin A effects on the maturation of preantral follicle-enclosed oocytes from immature Syrian mice

Objectives: It was aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and activin A on the growth and maturation of preantral mouse follicles during the in vitro culture. Methods: Preantral follicles (90-100 mum in diameter) were harvested from 6-8 week-old Syrian mice and cultured in TCM199 culture medium for 6 days to see the effect of FSH and Activin A. Activin A concentrations in the range of 10-200 ng/ml were used, while 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mIU/ml FSH were used in the experiment. Results: Activin A concentration of 100 ng/ml resulted in a significant increase in follicle diameter (170 mum) with the survival rate of 73% as compared to the control (100 mum and 25%, P<0.05). The number of oocytes matured and the percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was 61 and 70%, respectively as compared to the control (20 and 29%, P<0.05). Follicle diameter (190 mum) and survival rate (85%) increased significantly in the presence of 100 mIU/ml of FSH as compared to the control (P<0.05). But, the administration of activin A+FSH increased the effect of both factors on follicular diameter (205 mum as compared to 100 mum in control, P<0.01). Follicle survival, oocyte maturation and GVBD rates were 91, 81 and 89%, respectively (P<0.01). Conclusion: These results have suggested that exposure to FSH and activin A before the formation of antral cavity had positive effect on follicle survival and oocyte robustness.     

The Effect of Vitrification on Mouse Oocyte Apoptosis by Cryotop Method

Background : Oocyte cryopreservation is one of the most important topics in the field of assisted reproductive technology to preserve women fertility, but relationship between cryopreservation and apoptosis is still a matter of debate. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of vitrification on apoptosis in mouse oocytes by Cryotop method. Method: A total of 200 germinal vesicle (GV) and 200 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were obtained from ovaries and fallopian tubes of NMRI mice, respectively and divided into control and experimental groups. Oocytes in experimental group were vitrified by Cryotop using vitrification medium and were kept in liquid nitrogen for one month. The survival rate of oocytes was evaluated after 2 hour incubation time. Then, the oocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL technique and compared with those in control group. The data was compared statistically using SPSS software and chi-square test. Results: The survival rates of vitrified GV (93%) and MII oocytes (88%) showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in survival rate of both vitrified oocyte groups. The incidence of apoptosis in vitrified and control GV oocytes showed no significant difference (13% vs. 7%), but the rate of apoptosis in vitrified MII oocytes increased significantly not only in comparison with MII control group (25% vs. 5%) but also with vitrified GV oocytes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that vitrification increases apoptosis in mouse MII oocytes and apoptosis may play a role in MII oocyte injury after vitrification. Key Words: Vitrification, Apoptosis, Oocytes     

Protective Effects of Restricted Diet and Antioxidants on Testis Tissue in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet

Background:

A high-fat diet (HFD) promotes the oxidative stress formation, which in turn has hazardous effects on reproductive system and fertility. The present study examines the potential positive effects of a restricted high-fat diet (RHFD) and antioxidants consumption on sperm parameters and testis tissue in rats.

Methods:

Male rats (n = 48) were divided into four groups (12 in each group): control group (Cont), HFD group, RHFD, and RHFD with astaxanthin and vitamins E and C group (RHFDA). After 12 weeks, serum analysis and sperm parameters study were performed. Sections of fixed testes were stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin to study the histological changes. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the data.

Results:

HFD fed animals presented significant increase in weight load and serum low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels (P < 0.05). The sperm count in RHFD was lower than three other groups (P < 0.05) and sperm motility of RHFDA group was significantly higher than HFD and RHFD groups (P < 0.05). The histological study was showed a significant increase in spermatogonium number in RHFDA compared to three other groups (P < 0.05). The number of spermatocyte I and spermatid in RHFD was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than Cont and HFD groups.

Conclusion:

HFD and obesity can affect sperm parameters and spermatogenesis and antioxidants consumption may improve their quality. Although the RHFD is a benefit way in weight loss and decrease of LDL-C of serum, but it is suggested that is not effective on sperm quality improvement.Key Words: Spermatogenesis, high-fat Diet, Restricted fat diet, Antioxidants, Astaxanthin     

橡胶树树干注射乙烯利增产效应研究

采用树干注射法在老龄RRIM600橡胶树上进行不同浓度不同剂量的乙烯利刺激试验，结合不同割面位置的乙烯利刺激增产效应进行研究后初步得出：树干注射0.05%的乙烯利2 mL以上即可获得和常规割面涂药法相当的产胶量，注射乙烯利浓度在1%以上其产胶量即可超过常规涂药法，且注药孔与割面的距离在50 cm以内能获得更高的干胶产量。而采用3%的乙烯利注射2 mL的方式可以获得比常规涂药法更高的产胶量，与不使用乙烯利刺激的胶树相比，其净增产率达到123%，是较为适宜的橡胶树树干注射乙烯利的使用浓度和使用量。     

Nitric oxide level in seminal plasma and its relation with sperm DNA damages

BACKGROUND: Evidence supports the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of male reproductive processes such as spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, sperm motion, sperm metabolism and sperm capacitation. However, low concentration of NO is essential in biology and physiology of spermatozoa, but high amounts of NO is toxic and has negative effects on sperm functions. On the other hand, it is established that high amounts of NO have detrimental effects on DNA. The integrity of sperm DNA is an important factor in successful fertility and embryo development. It is hypothesized that supra physiological concentrations of NO in seminal plasma cause sperm DNA damage. The aim of this study was to determine sperm DNA damage by comet assay and its correlation with NO level in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. METHODS: Semen samples were collected from 45 patients and 70 healthy donors. The stable metabolites of NO (nitrite and nitrate) in seminal plasma were measured by Griess assay and DNA damage was determined using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay method. RESULTS: The NO concentration in the seminal plasma of infertile males was significantly higher than fertile males (5.74+/-1.01 microM/L vs. 3.88+/-0.53 microM/L). There was a significant positive correlation between the NO concentration and sperm DNA comet value in infertile males (P<0.01, R=0.598). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the overproduction of NO in genital tract of infertile males has a potential pathogenetic role in the reduction of sperm DNA integrity.     

控释氮肥适量减施对玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

通过连续两年田间试验，研究控释氮肥较农民习惯用量减施对玉米产量与产量构成因素、氮素吸收利用的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为不施氮肥(N0)、农民习惯施氮(FP)、80%控释氮肥(CRU1)、70%控释氮肥(CRU2)、60%控释氮肥(CRU3)。结果表明，与FP处理相比，CRU1和CRU2处理显著提高了玉米产量(P<0.05)，两年平均产量分别提高7.0%和5.4%。CRU1、CRU2处理两年平均玉米氮素最大积累速率和平均积累速率较FP处理分别提高9.6%、6.5%和7.9%、6.2%，玉米氮素最大增长速率出现天数分别提前7.2 d、5.0 d。与FP处理相比，控释氮肥减量施用处理显著提高了氮素回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力(P<0.05)，其中，氮素回收率和偏生产力随控释氮肥减施比例的增加显著增加，氮素农学利用率表现为先增后降，以CRU2处理最高。控释氮肥减量30%(193 kg/hm2)可实现玉米产量和氮素利用率同步提高。     

Neuronal Cell Reconstruction with Umbilical Cord Blood Cells in the Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia

Background: Brain hypoxia-ischemia is a human neonatal injury that is considered a candidate for stem cell therapy. Methods: The possible therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) stem cells was evaluated in 14-day-old rats subjected to the right common carotid occlusion, a model of neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia. Seven days after hypoxia-ischemia, rats received either saline solution or 4 × 10⁵ HUCB cells i.v. Rats in control group did not receive any injection. After two weeks, rats were assessed using two motor tests. Subsequently, rats were scarified for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Our immunohistochemical findings demonstrated selective migration of the injected HUCB cells to the ischemic area as well as reduction in infarct volume. Seven days after surgery, we found significant recovery in the behavioral performance in the test group (12.7 +/- 0.3) compared to the sham group (10.0 +/-0.05), a trend which continued to day 14 (15.3 ± 0.3 vs. 11.9 ± 0.5, P<0.05). Postural and motor asymmetries at days 7 and 14 in the test group showed a significant decrease in the percentage of right turns in comparison to the sham group (75% and 59% vs. 97% and 96%, P<0.05). Conclusion: The results show the potential of HUCB stem cells in reduction of neurologic deficits associated with neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Key Words: Hypoxia-Ischemia, Nerve cell, Umbilical Cord Blood     

Effect of concentrate, dried grass and dried white clover ratios on intake, digestibility and liveweight gain by early-weaned lambs

Early-weaned lambs were offered rations of conventional concentrate, dried grass and dried white clover pellets ad libitum for 52 days. In vivo OM digestibility coefficients of concentrate, grass and clover were 80.0, 53.4 and 66.6% respectively. Dry matter intake of dried grass was similar to that of concentrates but supported significantly lower (P < 0.001) daily gains (0.18 kg). Supplementation of dried grass with an equal proportion of dried clover significantly increased (P <0.05) DM and DOM intake and daily gains. Daily gains by lambs offered the 1:1 grass:clover diet (0.29 kg) were similar to gains by lambs offered either dried clover (0.30 kg) or concentrates (0.30 kg).     

Nutritive value of acetylated and hydrolysed rapeseed proteins in rats

Acetylated, hydrolysed and unmodified rapeseed proteins were compared to casein for nutritive value as determined by net protein ratio (NPR) and nitrogen apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). The NPR and nitrogen ADC values of rapeseed proteins did not change significantly (P<0.05) after hydrolysis but decreased significantly (P<0.05) after 30% and 70% acetylation. Acetylation (30%) followed by protein hydrolysis decreased significantly (P<0.05) the NPR value but increased significantly (P<0.05) the nitrogen digestibility compared to the control and unmodified rapeseed proteins. Casein gave the highest value (P<0.05) for NPR and nitrogen ADC. Modification of rapeseed proteins significantly (P<0.05) decreased the nutritive value, and the effect was more pronounced with increasing level of acetylation.     

The study of developmental capacity of vitrified mouse blastocysts in different straws after transfer to mouse pseudo pregnant

Vitrification is the commonly used method for long-term storage of pre-implantation mammalian embryos. It is an essential part of assisted reproductive technologies. The re-expansion rate, pregnancy and birth rate of vitrified blastocysts using CPS were compared with OPS and Conventional Straw. Female NMRI mice were injected with Gonadotrophins in order induce them for super ovulation. At that time the mice were sacrified by cervical dislocation and dissected of mouse abdomen. The uterine horns were existed blastocysts were collected in PBS and randomly allocated to four groups: vitrification in CPS, conventional straw, OPS and untreated controls. The vitrification solution was EFS40%. After storage for 1 month in liquid nitrogen, the blastocysts were thawed in 0.5 M sucrose for in vitro culture in M16 medium. After 6 h of culture, the numbers of expanded blastocysts was recorded and ready for transfer to uterus of pseudo pregnant mouse. The re-expansion rate of the CPS group (72.1%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than OPS (52.55) and C.S. (38.6%) groups. The pregnancy (70%) and birth rate (45%) of blastocysts in CPS were similar to those of fresh blastocysts (80% and 45.5%) and the pregnancy (10%) and birth rate (5.1%) in Conventional Straws lower than OPS (20 and 7.5%), but were not significantly different. Mouse blastocysts vitrified using CPS had a better result compared with OPS and Conventional Straw. The value of CPS for vitrification of blastocysts may also merit investigation.     

Seed and oil yields of Moringa oleifera variety Periyakalum-1 introduced for oil production in four ecosystems of South America

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a member of Moringaceae family which grows throughout most of the tropics, and is native to sub-Himalayan tracts of north west India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. Moringa seed concentrates 35-45% oil which is considered a great natural cosmetic emollient almost total natural absence of color and odor, and high oleic acid concentration (>73%). To assess their production potential in the Arid Chaco, The Yungas Tropical Forest, Tropical Lowland Forest, and in the Sub-Humid Chaco Ecosystems of South America, a comparative trial was undertaken to determine their seed yield and oil content. Arid Chaco Ecosystem: significant (P < 0.05) difference in seed yields among years were found, with 176.17 and 481.25 kg/tree recorded for 1- and 2-year-old trees, respectively. Sub-Humid Chaco Ecosystems: the difference in seed yield and oil percentage between years was significant (P < 0.05). Comparison between years showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher seed yields, and significantly (P < 0.05) lower oil percentage for the two years old trees, than for the one year old trees. The oil/tree content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for two years old trees than for one-year-old trees. Yungas Tropical Forest Ecosystem: seed oil percentage was significant (P < 0.05) higher in one-year-old trees than in seeds of two years old trees. Overall: over the tree years, oil percentage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for seeds produced at the Arid Chaco than at the Sub-Humid Chaco. The seed/tree yields and the oil/tree content were no significantly (P < 0.05) different among the three ecosystems. However, when oil percentage per tree and seed yield/tree were combined trees from Sub-Humid Chaco and from Yungas Tropical Forest yielded significantly (P < 0.05) higher oil content compared to that from Arid Chaco trees.     

氮肥用量和基追肥比例对密植秋芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响

为了探索红壤旱地密植秋芝麻的节氮高产栽培技术,以品种金黄麻为材料,采用裂区设计,2016和2017年在江西省进贤县研究氮肥用量[即N_1(105kg/hm^2)和N_2(75kg/hm^2)]和基追肥比例[即Z_1(7∶3)、Z_2(6∶4)、Z_3(5∶5)、Z_4(4∶6)、Z_5(3∶7)]对芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响。结果表明,在N_1条件下,2016年Z_3的单株蒴果数较Z_2显著增加25.36%,Z_4的每蒴粒数和Z_2的千粒重较Z_1的分别显著增加19.96%和13.62%;不同的是,2017年Z_2的每蒴粒数较Z_3显著增加22.84%,对单株蒴果数和千粒重无显著影响。在N_2条件下,2016年Z_3的千粒重较Z_4显著增加6.42%,其它处理间的单株蒴果数、每蒴粒数、千粒重都无显著差异;N_2的平均产量(879.0kg/hm^2)较N_1显著增加22.3%;但是2017年N_1的平均产量(1 080.7kg/hm^2)较N_2增加8.1%。相同的是,两年的结果都表现为Z_2处理平均产量最高。芝麻产量表现为随着基肥的比例减少而先增后减。不同时期N_1的光能截获率和叶面积指数都显著高于N_2,且随生长发育进程而先增后减。不同位置的芝麻冠层光能截获率和叶面积指数都有显著差异,且随着测定位置的不断升高而降低。因此,氮肥用量为75kg/hm^2和基追肥比例为6∶4,有利于协调密植秋芝麻的群体冠层结构,保持秋芝麻的高产。     

How to preserve horse chestnut trees from Cameraria ohridella in the urban environment

Control of Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a pest on the horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) was tested using systemic injection in the 4-year period (2002–2005). Imidacloprid and abamectin were used with a single systemic tree injection treatment during May, immediately after blossom. A total of 77,760 leaves were sampled in the field to assess the effect on the number of mines caused by the horse chestnut leaf mining moth by comparing population levels in treated vs untreated trees. The mean number of mines per leaf ranged from 0 to 106.54.Both insecticides contained the pest, and their persistence was indicated by the level of effectives during the second year after treatment. The number of mines on the treated plants decreased significantly, and during the last year not more than three mines per leaf were observed, as against 64 mines on the control plants. Generally the infestation was reduced by up to 82%.Most of the holes in the bark of the treated plants were healed within 6–7 months from the treatment. Only in few trees extravasation of mucilaginous exudates or cracks on the trunk occurred.     

Predicted truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle from hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with altered carbohydrate traits with multi-year samples

Hulless barley breeding lines varying in amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan content (5–10% DM) have been developed at the Crop Development Centre, Canada. The objectives of this large-scale study were to 1) determine and confirm the effect of these new hulless barley lines (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) with altered carbohydrate traits on 1) metabolic characteristics of protein; 2) intestinal digestion of various nutrients and 3) modeling nutrient supply from these barley varieties by using NRC Dairy 2001 model and DVE/OEB system. CDC Copeland was included as a hulled barley control. Among the hulless barley lines, CDC Fibar contained the highest and CDC McGwire contained the lowest total digestible protein (TDP: 147 vs. 116 g/kg DM). HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in intestinal digestible protein (IDP: 40.6% RUP) but relatively lower (P < 0.05) in total digestible protein (TDP: 120 g/kg DM). Compared with hulless barley, hulled barley showed relatively lower (P < 0.05) intestinal digestible protein (38 vs. 53 g/kg DM) and total digestible protein (102 vs. 129 g/kg DM). In modeling nutrient supply from the DVE/OEB system, the results showed hulled barley was lower (P < 0.01) in true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI: 127 vs. 142 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed rumen bypassed feed protein in small intestine (ABCP^DVE: 43 vs. 58 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE: 95 vs. 111 g/kg DM), and lower in degraded protein balance (OEB^DVE: −39 vs. −23 g/kg DM) than the hulless barley lines but greater (P < 0.01) in undigested inorganic matter (9 g/kg DM). From NRC Dairy 2001 model, CDC Fibar was greater (P < 0.05) in degraded protein balance (OEB^NRC: −30 g/kg DM) and metabolizable protein (MP: 118 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines, while hulled barley was relatively lower (P < 0.01) in total metabolizable protein (MP: 83 vs. 105 g/kg DM). Our correlation results suggested that TDP was negatively correlated to amylose (r = −0.85, P < 0.001) but positively correlated to β-glucan level (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) in hulless barley cultivars. The DVE and OEB^DVE as well as MP were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to amylose level but positively correlated to β-glucan level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, altered carbohydrate traits in the hulless barley varieties have the potential to increase intestinal nutrient availability to ruminants and significantly improved the truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle compared to hulled barley. Hulless barley with lower amylose and higher β-glucan level could provide greater (P < 0.05) truly digested protein in the small intestine, better synchronized available energy and N and increase metabolizable protein supply to ruminants.     

Predicted truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle from hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with altered carbohydrate traits with multi-year samples

Hulless barley breeding lines varying in amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan content (5–10% DM) have been developed at the Crop Development Centre, Canada. The objectives of this large-scale study were to 1) determine and confirm the effect of these new hulless barley lines (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) with altered carbohydrate traits on 1) metabolic characteristics of protein; 2) intestinal digestion of various nutrients and 3) modeling nutrient supply from these barley varieties by using NRC Dairy 2001 model and DVE/OEB system. CDC Copeland was included as a hulled barley control. Among the hulless barley lines, CDC Fibar contained the highest and CDC McGwire contained the lowest total digestible protein (TDP: 147 vs. 116 g/kg DM). HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in intestinal digestible protein (IDP: 40.6% RUP) but relatively lower (P < 0.05) in total digestible protein (TDP: 120 g/kg DM). Compared with hulless barley, hulled barley showed relatively lower (P < 0.05) intestinal digestible protein (38 vs. 53 g/kg DM) and total digestible protein (102 vs. 129 g/kg DM). In modeling nutrient supply from the DVE/OEB system, the results showed hulled barley was lower (P < 0.01) in true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI: 127 vs. 142 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed rumen bypassed feed protein in small intestine (ABCP^DVE: 43 vs. 58 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE: 95 vs. 111 g/kg DM), and lower in degraded protein balance (OEB^DVE: −39 vs. −23 g/kg DM) than the hulless barley lines but greater (P < 0.01) in undigested inorganic matter (9 g/kg DM). From NRC Dairy 2001 model, CDC Fibar was greater (P < 0.05) in degraded protein balance (OEB^NRC: −30 g/kg DM) and metabolizable protein (MP: 118 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines, while hulled barley was relatively lower (P < 0.01) in total metabolizable protein (MP: 83 vs. 105 g/kg DM). Our correlation results suggested that TDP was negatively correlated to amylose (r = −0.85, P < 0.001) but positively correlated to β-glucan level (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) in hulless barley cultivars. The DVE and OEB^DVE as well as MP were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to amylose level but positively correlated to β-glucan level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, altered carbohydrate traits in the hulless barley varieties have the potential to increase intestinal nutrient availability to ruminants and significantly improved the truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle compared to hulled barley. Hulless barley with lower amylose and higher β-glucan level could provide greater (P < 0.05) truly digested protein in the small intestine, better synchronized available energy and N and increase metabolizable protein supply to ruminants.     

微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响

设置漫灌常规施肥(CK)、微喷灌常规施肥(MC)以及微喷灌减肥20%(MR)3个处理,研究3种不同水肥处理对华北地区夏玉米营养生长和生殖生长以及最终产量的影响。结果表明,常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够促进玉米灌浆期生物量的积累,MC处理比CK处理显著提高9.58%,成熟期没有显著性差异;微喷灌减肥20%没有造成生物量积累的减少。常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够显著促进玉米子粒的灌浆速率,达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高9.99%,灌浆活跃期比CK高7.20%;微喷灌减肥20%处理,与CK处理相比达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1.60 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高10.59%,灌浆活跃期比CK高14.83%,最大灌浆速率低于CK处理。MC处理玉米产量最高,分别比CK处理与MR处理提高6.70%与5.68%(P0.05);MR处理与CK处理没有显著性差异。     

茶汤对肉仔鸡肉品物性参数的影响

爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡200只,随机分为两组(试验组、对照组),试验组于14日龄起饮用1%茶叶汤,比较研究茶汤对肉仔鸡肉品物性参数的影响。结果:饮用茶汤试验组肉仔鸡胸肉的吊挂滴水损失率减少37%(P<0.05);色调指标的红度(a)值试验组低于对照组27.29%,而黄度(b)值高出对照组110.55%(P<0.05),两组平均色差(△Eab)为2.18,有可感觉到的差异。试验组肉仔鸡腹脂的碘价和酸度值分别低于对照组8.7%和20.5%(P<0.05)。结论:茶汤替代饮水对肉仔鸡的生活机能、肉品色度指标及肉     

Translocation and mechanical spread of a Minnesota isolate of potato virus S in potatoes

Potato cultivars Norland, Kennebec, and Russet Burbank were inoculated with a Minnesota isolate of potato virus S (PVS) in the field. The incidence of secondary infection, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicated that significantly more PVS infection occurred in Russet Burbank than Norland or Kennebec, and that Norland had significantly more infection than Kennebec (P≤ 0.01). Mature plant resistance was not observed. Rapid reinfection of PVS-free seedlots resulted from inoculum point-sources when routine cultivation practices were followed. Reinfection rates were significantly greater for seedlots grown at Grand Forks, ND, when compared with seedlots grown at Becker, MN, during both years of the study (P≤ 0.01). After two years in the field, reinfection rates for Norland (71.8%) and Russet Burbank (73.0%) did not differ significantly, but were significantly greater than the reinfection rate for Kennebec (29.5%) (P≤ 0.01). In greenhouse-grown plants, PVS moved out of rub-inoculated leaves within 24 hr, however, 13 and 20 days were required before PVS was detected with ELISA in foliage above and below the inoculated leaf, respectively. The frequency of PVS detection was significantly greater in foliage above the inoculated leaf compared to foliage below the inoculated leaf (P≤ 0.05). Translocation of PVS from inoculated leaves to daughter tubers occurred within 13 days for Russet Burbank and Norland and within 20 days for Kennebec.     

脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥对小麦分蘖及产量效益的影响

以小麦扬麦25为材料,分析脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥与当地常规配方施肥对小麦分蘖及产量的影响。结果表明:脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥对小麦前期分蘖表现出了促进作用,茎蘖数的增加幅度高于常规配方施肥,且分蘖率的差异更为显著。随着小麦分蘖数开始下降,脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥的成穗率低于常规配方施肥,但差异不显著。从产量构成因素来看,脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥的有效穗数比常规配方施肥高,具差异显著(P<0.05),但在实粒数和千粒质量方面几无差异。综合产量和经济效益来看,脲甲醛复合肥配方施肥通过增穗数、增粒质量达到增产效果,增幅2.93%,增加净效益50.55元/667 m²。