新型城镇化背景下昌黎县农村居民点空间重构评价与分区

改变农村居民点低效利用的现状,可以对其布局实施空间重构优化,能够促进各项要素在农村地域空间上的合理配置,并使农村和农业自觉适应并融入工业化和城镇化发展进程,促进城乡协调联动发展。该文以昌黎县为例,利用GIS手段提取评价单元并进行空间数据的采集和矢量化。充分考虑不同指标组合对评价目标和评价方向的差异影响,并规避相关案例研究中综合分值法的使用对评价指标相互作用的复杂性考虑不足,融合了分层次评价和综合分值法2种方法,构建出两步评价法,实现农村居民点的空间重构分区的评价。两步评价法:1)构建农村居民点空间重构指标体系及多逻辑条件评价标准,实施分层次评价,剔除禁建区并得到农业产业优势、居民点整治潜力及迁聚条件、居民点综合经济和区位条件分级结果。2)选择判别评价法,结合并继承第1步评价结果,建立重构判别准则,进行昌黎县农村居民点空间重构分区,并将昌黎县宜居评价结果与农村居民点空间重构分区图叠合,调整并完善昌黎县居民点空间迁聚规划方案及策略。该研究结果将昌黎县分成优农区、优城区、分流区和低保区,分区提出迁聚重构策略,并结合昌黎县社会经济发展目标构建了"昌黎县城—一级小城镇—二级小城镇—新农村社区"的空间发展格局,针对昌黎县居民点迁聚过程中需要注意的问题进行了讨论。该方案有利于加快昌黎县"十二五"和"十三五"社会发展规划的实施,可以有效地推动该县域的新型城镇化建设进程,因地制宜的推进新农村建设,为实现农村的现代化、工业化和城镇化提供思路。     

深圳市居住区绿化树种抗风性评价方法对比研究与树种分级选择

台风"山竹"过后,对深圳市居住区50种绿化树种风害受损情况和植物形态学指标进行调查统计,通过综合评价法和模糊隶属函数法对50种绿化树种的抗风能力进行评价,并分别对两种评价结果进行聚类对比分析。综合评价法表明一级抗风树种40种,二级抗风树种10种,模糊隶属函数法表明一级抗风树种33种,二级抗风树种17种。两种评价方法的一级抗风树种的交集树种有32种,二级抗风树种的交集树种有10种,两种聚类分级结果中有42种树种完全一样,其余8种树种分类结果相近,表明其对绿化树种的抗风性评价与分级结果较为一致。在今后居住区的规划设计中,应尽可能选用两种评价方法的一级抗风树种的交集树种,合理运用其他树种。     

基于层次分析与可拓理论的水土流失严重程度分区评价

为研究可拓理论在水土流失严重程度分区中的应用,在建立科学合理的边坡水土流失评价指标基础上,将层次分析法与可拓评价法相结合,建立了水土流失严重程度分区评价的物元模型。根据各影响因子建立层次分析判别矩阵,得出各因子的权重与影响度。并以河南省焦作市不同地区的水土流失问题为例,在分析研究区7个水土流失影响因素和危害后果的基础上,提出了边坡水土流失严重程度分区评价指标及分级标准。结果表明,水利部土壤侵蚀强度分级结果与本文分级方法所得结果一致,基于层次分析的可拓评判方法运用于水土流失严重程度分区的评价是合理可行的,能够较好地反映各因素对该地区边坡水土流失问题的影响程度并且判别其危害等级。该文将可拓层次分析法（EAHP）首次应用到水土流失的严重程度分区评价上,为水土流失危险性分区研究提供了一条新的分析思路。     

基于粒子群优化投影寻踪模型的区域土地资源承载力综合评价

为了解决土地资源承载力评价中指标权重赋值客观性差的问题,提出了基于粒子群优化投影寻踪模型的土地资源承载力评价方法,并将其应用于2008年三江平原土地资源承载力综合评价中,结果表明,该方法不仅可有效避免指标赋权时的主观任意性,而且评价结果与实际相符,方法可行有效。评价结果显示,2008年三江平原区域整体土地资源承载力综合评价值为2.621,土地资源的利用对社会的发展和生态环境的保护支撑能力较强,但其对经济技术发展的保障程度较差;三江平原区域内各市县土地资源承载力差异较为显著,应结合区域资源特点,制定科学合理的土地开发利用方案和社会经济发展战略。     

水体重金属污染评价方法对比研究——以扎龙湿地湖水为例

采用对权重公式进行发展的模糊综合评价模型对仙鹤湖湖水重金属污染状况进行了评价和分析,并与灰色关联分析法、分级评价法、内梅罗指数法和单因子指数法进行了评价结果的比较,其中前3种方法的评价结果整体趋势是基本一致的。与实际情况对比表明,模糊综合法和分级评价法评价结果概率分布比较客观真实地反映了整体湖水水质状况,因此模糊综合法对评价对象的整体质量状况评价结果明显。基于评价结果进行了蒙特卡罗（MC）预测,参考各方法的评价结果的蒙特卡罗预测值和湖水水质实际情况,满足湖水评价参数的概率为74.87%,即扎龙湿地仙鹤湖湖水整体水质为Ⅱ级,同时有向Ⅲ级转化的趋势。扎龙湿地仙鹤湖营养状态级别为中度富营养。     

基于介电特征选择的苹果内部品质无损分级

为了快速而准确地利用介电特性对苹果内部品质进行无损分级,该文对500个富士苹果的108种特征值（12种介电参数在9个频率点下）进行了分析筛选,以获取用于5个品质等级富士苹果无损分级的最少介电特征。在整个内部品质的分级过程中,贪心选择法、基于快速聚类的特征子集选择法、稀疏主成分分析法和以信息增益为评价函数的属性排序法共4种方法被用来从108种介电特征中选择出对等级划分最有帮助的关键介电特征。试验结果显示,基于快速聚类的特征子集选择法仅选择了4种特征时分级正确率就达到了80%左右,而贪心选择法的性能明显更优,在分级正确率超过90%时,其选择的特征一般不超过10种,其最优情况为当选择了4种介电特征时,分级正确率为91.22%,而当选择了10种介电特征时,其分级正确率为95.95%。该研究为水果等农产品的品质与病虫害快速无损检测等提供参考。     

三江平原地下水承载能力综合评价模型的构建及其应用

以三江平原为研究背景,分析了三江平原地下水资源开发利用的现状及存在的问题。为解决这些问题,根据地下水资源承载力分析中的结构特点,构建了基于熵权的模糊物元综合评价模型,并将该模型应用到三江平原红兴隆分局,对其12个农场地下水资源承载力进行综合评价,取得了较好的效果。该模型在传统的模糊物元模型的基础上,将熵值法引入权重计算中,有效的解决了多目标决策中权重系数确定的主观性问题,更能全面、客观的对地下水资源承载力进行综合评价,且该模型思路清晰,计算简单,科学合理;为地下水资源承载力评价提供了一种更为简便有效的方法。     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的江苏省生态承载力评价及障碍因素诊断

[目的]以江苏省为研究对象,依据其资源禀赋对2001—2015年的生态承载力进行评价,并对其障碍度进行诊断,为促进该区域生态承载力的提升提供科学依据。[方法]利用DPSIR模型构建评价指标体系,通过熵权法对指标权重进行赋值,采用TOPSIS分析法和障碍度模型进行实证分析。[结果]江苏省生态承载力呈N形的演变态势,综合贴近度处于"差"状态;从分类指标情况看,压力、驱动力和响应子系统评价指数呈不同程度的上升趋势,影响子系统的评价指数呈下降趋势,而状态子系统的评价指数保持稳定;从障碍度诊断结果看,响应子系统是影响江苏省生态承载力的主要障碍因素。[结论]江苏省的社会、经济和生态的耦合协调度较低,应从加大环境财政的投入、完善基础设施建设、加强生态文明制度建设和拓展生态发展空间等方面提出改进策略。     

中国农业绿色发展指标体系的构建与例证

构建指标体系是开展不同尺度农业绿色发展定量分析的基础,可为农业绿色发展的度量评价、系统设计和实现路径探索等科学研究提供方法支撑。本文立足农业和整个食物"生产-加工-消费"系统,以农业绿色发展的科学内涵和实现目标为导向,围绕社会、经济和生态环境3个维度,以"食物生产-加工-消费"全链条为边界,构建了1套适合开展定量研究和评价中国农业绿色发展的指标体系。在收集统计数据和文献资料、计算社会和经济类指标的基础上,引入食物链养分流动模型(NUtrientflowsinFoodchains,Environmente and Resources use, NUFER),实现了对生产、资源与环境类指标的定量计算;此外,本研究还确立了指标选取原则、计算过程和分级标准等。基于该指标体系,采用"自上而下"的研究思路,从全国尺度,通过定量分析氮素,描述了中国农业绿色发展的总体特征,揭示了存在的问题,并探讨了未来的优化策略;从省域尺度,解析了海南省热带岛屿农业绿色发展的特色问题;从县域尺度,分析了河北省各县域农业发展的现状及资源环境代价,为农业绿色发展提供科学支撑和依据;通过对标分析剖析了中国奶业产业发展的差距,探讨了产业挖潜的路径。上述实证研究表明,利用本研究建立的农业绿色发展指标体系与分析模型,能够定量解析不同尺度的农业绿色发展水平和特征,进行农业绿色发展的资源环境代价定量分析;通过对标分析明确产业发展的差距,阐明产业绿色发展的瓶颈问题和限制因素,进而挖掘产业绿色发展的潜力。此外,该指标体系还可用于系统设计农业绿色发展实现路径的研究,为区域农业绿色发展关键技术的开发以及相关政策的制定提供科学支撑。     

基于GIS和模糊数学方法的多方案下农用土地多宜性评价

在可持续发展理论的指导下,以湖北省潜江市后湖农场流塘分场为研究对象,运用地理信息系统(GIS)和模糊综合评价方法,建立了最大生产潜力和最高经济效益两种方案下的土地评价系统.系统中针对不同方案、不同作物分别确立不同的评价指标体系及评价指标分级标准,采用标准化函数的方法对分级标准及评价指标值进行标准化,应用模糊综合评判法和GIS技术确定各评价单元的适宜性等级并绘制土地多宜性评价专题图.结果表明流塘分场的大部分地区在两种方案下多宜性均较好,该结果符合当地实际,客观可行.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.