安徽部分地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

为了调查安徽地区奶牛乳房炎流行情况和筛选病原菌敏感药物.采集了安徽省奶牛主要养殖区的隐性乳房炎奶样,分离、鉴定了主要病原菌,并筛选了敏感药物.结果表明,乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和无乳链球菌,且2种或2种以上病原菌混合感染占大部分,这些主要病原菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、头孢曲松钠和卡那霉素等抗菌药物高度敏感,为奶牛乳房炎的治疗药物的选择提供了直接依据.     

陕西神木奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了了解奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其对抗生素的敏感程度,从而为奶牛隐性乳房炎的有效防治和合理用药提供有利的理论依据。本研究采用兰州奶牛隐性乳房炎检测试剂(ILMT)方法对神木县某奶牛场51头奶牛200份奶样进行隐性乳房炎检测,选取强阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,经革兰染色,生化试验鉴定,对主要病原菌采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为31.37%(16/51),乳区阳性率为17.5%(35/200);引起奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原菌主要有葡萄球菌,链球菌,肠杆菌3大类,且有两种病原菌的混合感染,其中耶尔森菌属和表皮葡萄球菌为主要病原菌;对3大类病原菌都敏感的抗生素药物有环丙沙星、四环素、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素、万古霉素5种药物,目前在临床上可选用此类药物治疗奶牛的隐性乳房炎。     

大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了明确引起大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其发病情况,对大连市不同地区的256头黑白花泌乳奶牛进行调查研究,对奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明,检出奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为65.63%、乳区阳性率为51.95%;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为主,占检出细菌总数的83.33%;体外药敏试验筛选出了对主要病原菌高度敏感的药物,能有效地治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎葡萄球菌分离株药敏试验

为了解辽宁部分地区奶牛隐性乳房炎葡萄球菌的耐药性,采用生化鉴定试验对采集的奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性乳样进行了葡萄球菌的鉴定,采用肉汤微量稀释法测定葡萄球菌分离株对22种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,31株奶牛隐性乳房炎葡萄球菌分离株对22种抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄西林、苯唑西林、青霉素、头孢氨苄、头孢唑林、林可霉素及磺胺甲噁唑耐药率为100%,对喹诺酮类药物敏感。100%葡萄球菌分离株同时耐5类以上(含5类)抗菌药物,以耐7类抗菌药物为主,占38.7%,其余依次为5耐、6耐及8耐,比率分别为35.5%、19.4%和6.5%。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎病原的分离鉴定及药敏试验

在重庆市三个集约化奶牛场选取16头患有临床型乳房炎的奶牛的20个乳区乳样，经分离纯化培养，鉴定出了此类型乳房炎以葡萄球菌、链球菌为主要致病菌，细菌检出率为80％；对分离鉴定出的细菌进行了药敏实验，结果表明沙星类、头孢类等药物对其有良好的抑菌效果，而病原菌对青霉素、链霉素等常用药的耐药性强。     

包头地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离、耐药性检测及治疗试验

为了有效防治包头地区奶牛乳房炎,对包头地区4个规模较大的奶牛场乳房炎患牛进行了病原菌的分离鉴定和耐药性分析,应用敏感药物进行了治疗试验。结果表明:金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌等是引起包头地区奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,并且分离的病原菌对庆大霉素、环丙沙星等抗生素敏感。治疗试验结果表明:采用药敏试验筛选的敏感药物对奶牛乳房炎进行有针对性的治疗,能够获得满意的治疗效果。     

双城市奶牛临床型乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

奶牛乳房炎是造成奶牛生产经济损失的重要原因之一。为了指导双城市奶牛生产,试验对双城市奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌进行了分离鉴定与药敏试验,结果一共分离出76株细菌,主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、大肠埃希菌,药敏试验结果是环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢唑林比较敏感,可以应用这些药物进行治疗。     

高寒地区奶牛乳房炎凝固酶阴性致病葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为调查高寒牧区引起奶牛乳房炎的凝固酶阴性致病葡萄球菌流行现状及耐药情况,本研究对呼伦贝尔地区3个规模化奶牛养殖场采用加州乳房炎测试法(CMT)进行高体细胞牛脂病检测,并采集330份牛奶样品,应用PCR方法、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型和药敏试验等对样品中的葡萄球菌进行分离鉴定和耐药性分析。结果显示,该地区隐性乳房炎发病率达47.8%,共分离和鉴定出9种葡萄球菌60株(34.5%);60株葡萄球菌分为41个克隆谱型;60株葡萄球菌对青霉素和林可霉素的耐药率较高,分别为40.0%(24/60)和50.0%(30/60),表明这两种药是治疗乳房炎常用药物。本研究为高寒地区致病葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎临床合理用药及对病原菌的防控提供实验依据和指导。     

河南省临颍县奶牛乳房炎病原菌感染情况调查与药敏分析

为初步分析临颍县奶牛乳房炎致病菌的种类与感染情况,并对其主要病原菌进行药敏分析,本试验对全县部分地区采集患有奶牛乳房炎的乳汁样品73份,分离并鉴定病原菌。结果表明:共分离96株菌株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、棒状杆菌和大肠杆菌的分离比例分别为38.54%、30.21%、17.71%和13.54%。对金黄色葡萄球菌和乳房链球菌分离菌株的药敏试验结果表明:2种菌株对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星敏感,对青霉素和氨苄西林具有较强的耐药性,不同菌株对其他药物耐药程度有较大差异,提示环丙沙星和恩诺沙星可作为该地区奶牛乳房炎治疗的首选药物。     

河南省遂平县奶牛乳房炎致病菌感染情况调查与药敏试验分析

为了初步分析河南省遂平县奶牛乳房炎致病菌种类与感染情况,采集全县部分乡镇患有奶牛乳房炎的乳汁样品73 份进行调查,分离并鉴定病原菌。结果表明,分离的96 株菌株中,金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、棒状杆菌和大肠杆菌的分离比例分别为38.54%、30.21%、17.71%和13.54%。对金黄色葡萄球菌和乳房链球菌分离菌株的药敏试验结果表明,2 种菌株对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星敏感,对青霉素和氨苄西林具有较强的耐药性,提示环丙沙星和恩诺沙星可作为该地区奶牛乳房炎治疗的首选药物。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.