杨树菌根研究进菌

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生开成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关，菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类活性的提高，加速抗病性物质的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力。     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ 菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和尾叶桉进行单接种或混合接种,研究结果表明,两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖,分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ 菌根和混合菌根,证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种,而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ 菌根感染率在接种初期较高,但随时间的推移有降低的趋势;而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢,但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加的趋势。与单接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苗木相比,外生菌根真菌抑制了ＶＡ 菌根菌在根系上的进一步侵染,体现在较低的ＶＡ 菌根感染率;而外生菌根菌显示出了较强的竞争能力,并能在接种后９ 周时开始形成子实体。在混合菌根中,外生菌根有逐步替代ＶＡ 菌根的发展趋势,两种类型的菌根真菌间存在一定的竞争性作用关系。基质磷（Ｐ）素水平对菌根的形成也有一定的影响     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

毛白杨VA菌根与外生菌根关系的研究

定期从毛白杨扦插育苗地挖取根样，并从中原地区的毛白杨人工林地采集细根（直径小于２ｍｍ）根样，观察统计ＶＡ菌根、外生菌根、混合菌根以及未受菌根菌侵染的１ｃｍ长根段的百分比。结果表明，在苗木的菌根侵染初期，ＶＡ菌根菌的侵染势较强，但优势很快被外生菌根菌取代，两种菌根菌间的负交互作用随苗龄的增加而不断增强。造林地种类和土壤的ｐＨ值对毛白杨两种菌根间的负交互作用关系有制约作用。在强碱性砂土地上，ＶＡ菌根的     

陕西省杨树外生菌根种类的调查研究

对陕西省３５种杨树外生菌根的调查研究，鉴定出９种外生菌根真菌。研究证明，一种外生菌根真菌可侵染不同种杨树；一种杨树又可被不同的菌根真菌侵染，并观察到在同一小根上顶端形成菌套，中部和下部形成泡囊丛枝这一混合型菌根形态。     

湿地松菌根化育苗技术应用研究

湿地松在自然条件下，没有外生菌根真菌与其共生，便生长不良，甚至死亡。中国林科院开发推广的Pt（Pisolithus tinctorius，彩色豆马勃）优良菌株，系与松类共生的最适外生菌根真菌，利用其培育菌根化苗木，不仅能提高苗木质量和产量，在提高造林成活率和促进林木速生丰产等方面发挥着重要作用。     

中国杨树菌根种类、隶属、效应及研究方向

概述了与杨树共生的菌根真菌共74种,其中内生菌根真菌(VA)18种,外生菌根真菌56种,及其在分类学上的隶属关系,其中VA菌根真菌分属1门1纲3目2亚目4科6属18种,外生菌根真菌分属2门3纲6目14科25属56种;菌根真菌在不同杨树上的分布,其中VA菌根真菌在25种杨树及杨树多种上,外生菌根真菌在11种杨树及杨树多种上。杨树是我国重要的造林树种,菌根真菌对杨树的生长能起很大效应:生长的影响、酶活性的影响、营养元素吸收的影响、抗旱性的影响、抗溃疡病的影响。最后提出了5项今后研究方向:1)筛选目的杨树品种上形成菌根的最佳种类;2)开展不同立地类型优良菌种的筛选;3)进行苗木菌根化技术措施的探究;4)加强适合杨树生长的菌根菌剂研究;5)应用分子生物学技术研究菌根真菌与植物之间的相互作用机理。     

外生菌根真菌对植物促生抗逆作用机制研究进展

外生菌根真菌（ECM）为土壤真菌与陆地植物根系形成的一种互惠共生体,是森林生态系统关键的组成部分。作为生态系统的重要组分,外生菌根真菌具有较强的适应能力,可适应干旱、盐碱、重金属污染等逆境条件,外生菌根真菌侵染宿主植物根系可促进宿主植物生长、土壤养分吸收与利用、提高抗逆和抗病能力、改善土壤环境微生物群落结构。林业生产与菌根关系密切,外生菌根真菌是林木生长必不可少的重要组成部分,森林的可持续经营离不开外生菌根真菌,菌根化育苗与造林可显著提高林木成活率、促进苗木对土壤中营养元素的吸收利用和植物生长、提高植物抗逆性。文中系统阐述了外生菌根真菌促进植物生长、增强宿主植物对重金属污染、干旱、盐碱以及病虫害胁迫抗性的机制及生物修复作用,同时对外生菌根真菌资源开发、环境因子对外生菌根真菌资源的影响及利用现代技术深入研究外生菌根真菌作用机制提出了研究建议与展望。     

混合接种Glomus与Pisolithus菌株对尾叶桉矿质营养吸收的影响

对混合接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苏格兰球囊霉和ＥＣＭ真菌彩色豆马勃影响尾叶桉苗期矿质营养元素吸收情况进行了研究。接种菌根真菌对苗木吸收Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和Ｂ产生了较大的影响，主要体现在促进苗木对上述营养元素的吸收和积累。从试验苗木植株营养元素的含量来看，接种苗木Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和Ｂ分别为未接种苗木相应元素的３．５８～７．００，２．６７～２．８９，２．６５～３．１８和２．７８～３．８８倍，其中混合接种更有利于苗木对矿质营养元素的吸收。但接种菌根真菌对试验苗木各部分营养元素的相对含量（浓度）的影响不同，且影响其在植株根系及枝叶中的运输和分配。接种这两种菌根真菌还影响苗木根系酸性磷酸酶的活性，其中混合接种及单接种ＥＣＭ菌的苗木，其根系磷酸酶活性均高于未接种对照苗。菌根真菌对苗木矿质营养元素及酸性磷酸酶活性的影响，在一定程度上反映了菌根真菌的接种效应。     

尾叶桉混合菌根合成及其接种效应研究(英文)

尾叶桉是我国南方重要的速生造林树种之一．同其它桉属树种一样,尾叶桉不仅可以形成外生菌根或内生菌根,而且可以同时与这两种类型的菌根真菌形成混合菌根．试验采用优良内生菌根菌苏格兰球囊霉（ Ｇｌｏｍ ｕｓ ｃａｌｅｄｏｎｉｕ ｍ） 和外生菌根菌彩色豆马勃（ Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓ ｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ） 对尾叶按进行接种．根系显微观察结果表明,接种菌株均能感染根系并合成相应类型的菌根,在混合菌根合成过程中,两种真菌间存在一定的竞争作用．试验苗根系菌根感染率与苗木５ 个月时的生物量呈正相关（ ｒ２ ＝０７９ , Ｐ ＝ ００５ ） ．与未接种对照苗相比,３ 种接种处理苗生长量和生物量均有显著增加,差异极显著（ Ｐ ＝ ００１） ．接种菌根菌还有利于促进苗木根系对基质营养元素的吸收,其中混合接种方式效果更佳．研究证实了尾叶桉苗期菌根依赖性较大,其中对混合菌根的依赖性最大．     

浙江地区的银杏VA菌根真菌

通过对浙江地区银杏共生菌根的调查研究,肯定了银杏为内生菌根树种,并首次发现,自然界有４属共９种真菌能使奶杏形成ＶＡ菌根,其中硬囊霉属（Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ）１种,球囊霉属（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ）５种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ）１种,巨孢囊霉素（Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ）２种。     

Mycorrhizal formation of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar cuttings

In order to discover which ectomycorrhizal-(ECM) fungi have better growth-promoting effects on poplars, cuttings from four poplar species were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi by three methods. We investigated the status of mycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on the growth of the poplars. The results show that Xrocomus chrysentero (Xc), Boletus edulis (Be), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Laccaria amethystea (La) formed clear ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the poplar seedlings. Among these four ECM fungi, Xc had the greatest ability to develop mycorrhizae with all four poplar species. Be shows a greater ability to form mycorrhizae with Populus deltoides Bartr cv. ‘Lux’ (Poplar I-69). Pt and La had relatively weaker abilities of colonization. The other five ECM fungal species, i.e., Scleroderma luteus (Sl), Leccinum scabrum (Ls), Boletus speciosus (Bs), Calvatia craniiformis (Cc) and Rhizopogen luteous (Rl) could not easily form mycorrhizae with poplar seedlings grown in sterilized substrates, but could do so in non-sterilized soil. With the method of drilling and injecting liquid inoculum, a simple operation, the mycorrhizal infection rates were higher than with the other two methods, applying solid inoculum as fertilizer at the bottom of the pots and dipping roots in the inoculum slurry. P. simonii Carr. formed mycorrhizae with most of the nine ECM fungi. P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ’san Martino’ (Poplar I-72) and P. deltoids Harvard x P. deltoids Lux (Poplar NL-351) had the highest compatibility with Pt. Poplar I-69 shows the highest compatibility with Xc. The study indicates that the optimal ECM fungi for poplars I-69, I-72 and NL-351 were Be, Xc and Pt, respectively. The optimal fungi for P. simonii Carr. were Xc and Be. These ECM fungi promoted the growth of the poplar seedlings significantly. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, 31(6): 29–33 [译自: 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Effects of VA mycorrhizae and Frankia dual inoculation on growth and nitrogen fixation of Hippophae tibetana

Through biological inoculation technology, the joint symbiosis of Tibetan seabuckthorn (Hippophae tibetana) in pure culture was identified and the effects of dual inoculation with Frankia and mycorrhizal fungi on the host plants in pot cultures were investigated. The results obtained from the comparative study showed that H. tibetana could form nodules and VA mycorrhiza both in pot and pure cultures. VA mycorrhizae and Frankia can stimulate the growth and the nitrogen fixation ability of host plants, respectively, yet the stimulation of the dual inoculation on the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of the host plants was more significant (p<0.05): stronger nitrogen-fixing ability, higher VA mycorrhizal development and better growth of seedlings in VAH and HR16 dual inoculation.     

菌根对林木生理代谢影响研究进展

菌根作为自然界中最为普遍的一种植物-微生物共生体存在于绝大多数树种的根系中,具有较强的生态适应性和可塑性。在林木菌根形成过程中,菌根真菌参与根系乃至整个林木的生理代谢活动,从而促进林木生长,增强其抗逆性。因此,探究菌根对林木生理代谢的影响及作用机理是林木菌根应用的基础,具有重要的现实意义和科学价值。文中综述了近10余年来国内外有关外生菌根和丛枝菌根对于改善林木碳素营养,促进林木对氮、磷等矿质元素吸收、转运的途径与机制,以及在抗旱性、抗病性、抗重金属等生理代谢方面的研究进展,分析了当前我国林木菌根研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行展望,以期为我国林木菌根研究与应用提供参考。     

四川桉树内生菌根真菌的研究

四川省桉树内生菌根资源菌较丰富，共14种，隶属接合菌亚门内囊霉科的3个属。其中以球囊霉属（Glomus)的近明球囊霉（G.claroideum Schenck and Smith)，缩球囊霉（G.constrictum Trappe)，地表球囊霉（G.versiforme(Karsren)Berch)，摩西球囊霉（G.mosseae)，有较广泛的宿主，为优势菌群，小果球囊霉，大果球囊霉，微丛球囊霉为零星出现，感染宿主相对较窄。通过5种桉树固定标准地的调查，我们发现不同桉树树种内生菌化率有显著差异，且内生菌根真菌随林分年龄增加而增多。     

毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

Mycorrhizal status of an ozone-sensitive poplar clone treated with the antiozonant ethylene diurea

The antiozonant ethylene diurea is proven to prevent growth reductions in forest trees induced by ozone. The community of mycorrhizal fungi could be useful indicator of environmental stress. In this study, response of mycorrhizal fungi and fine roots to a 4-year exposure to ambient ozone and treatment with antiozonant was investigated in ozone-sensitive poplar clone under field conditions. The community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and root length colonization with ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and root endophytic fungi was analyzed in antiozonant-treated poplar plants and in poplar plants irrigated with water. In general, plants protected by antiozonant showed higher total number of fine roots, number of ectomycorrhizal types, Shannon–Weaver diversity index, and Species richness index compared to the plants treated with water. The ectomycorrhizal community shifted from contact exploration type in the trees irrigated with water to short-distance exploration type in ethylene diurea-treated trees. Ozone protectant may beneficially affect the belowground community of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of ozone-sensitive poplar clone.     

Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Mykorrhiza-Pilzen,Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) (Nematoda), Wurzelgallen-Dichte und Wachstum von Bohnenpflanzen

The interaction between certain mycorrhizal fungi andMeloidogyne javanica on the growth and formation of knots on Broad Bean roots was studied.Fusarium equiseti andPythium butleri increased the phosphorus content of the seedlings and reduced the pathological stress on the seedlings through decreasing the number of root knots formed. Such results suggest that VA mycorrhizae might limit nematode activity and could be applied as a nematode control measure. The high rates of phosphorus fertilizers applied to broad bean could also be decreased.     

The influence of VA mycorrhizae on the wilting of Albizia procera and Dalbergia sissoo

The effect of pre-inoculation with VA mycorrhizae on Fusarium wilt of Albizia procera and Dalbergia sissoo was done in a green house trial. Inoculation with Fusarium spp. decreased plant growth compared to noninoculated controls. Mycorrhizal plants were significantly higher than nonmycorrhizal ones. In addition to plant growth, the disease severity caused by Fusarium spp. reduced significantly when inoculated with VA mycorrhizae. The lowest percentage of Fusarium spp. were found on plants when treated with VA mycorrhizae. The population of Fusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere of nonmycorrhizal roots. The P concentration in the leaves of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants were higher in the absence of Fusarium spp.